PLASMA PHASE TRANSITION IN THE WARM DENSE HYDROGEN

the Seventh International EMMI Workshop on Plasma Physics with Intense Heavy Ion and Laser Beams at FAIR PLASMA PHASE TRANSITION IN THE WARM DENSE HYDROGEN G.E. Norman I.M. Saitov V.V. Stegailov December 10 2014

Contents 1. Phase diagram of hydrogen (a review). 2. Nature of the phase transition in warm dense hydrogen 3. History of the problem.

1. Phase diagram of hydrogen (a review)

2012, solid hydrogen

2012, melting line

2004

2012

Summary phase diagram for hydrogen 2013 V. Dzyabura, M. Zaghoo, I.F. Silvera, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110, 8040 (2013)

Warm dense H 2, D 2 Weir ST, Mitchell AC, Nellis WJ. Metallization of Fluid Molecular Hydrogen at 140 GPa (1.4 Mbar). Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 1860 (1996). P. Loubeyre, P. Celliers, D. Hicks, E. Henry, A. Dewaele, J. Pasley, J. Eggert, M. Koenig, F. Ocelli, K. Lee, R. Jeanloz, D. Neely, A. Benuzzi-Mounaix, D. Bradley, M. Bastea, S. Moon and G. Collins, Coupling static and dynamic compression: first measurements in dense hydrogen. High Pres. Res. 24, 25 (2004) V.E. Fortov, R.I. Ilkaev, V.A. Arinin, V.V. Burtzev, V.A. Golubev, I.L. Iosilevskiy, V.V.Khrustalev, A.L.Mikhailov, M.A. Mochalov,V.Ya. Ternovoi, M.V. Zhernokletov. Phase Transition in a Strongly Nonideal Deuterium Plasma Generated by Quasi-Isentropical Compression at Mbar Pressures Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 185001 (2007). J.M. McMahon, M.A. Morales, C. Pierleoni, D.M. Ceperley. The properties of hydrogen and helium under extreme conditions. Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 1607 (2012) V. Dzyabura, M. Zaghoo, I.F. Silvera. Evidence of a liquid-liquid phase

Jumps are discovered in such properties as: density, experiment reflectivity, experiment conductivity, experiment structure Phase transition nature is discussed: metallization pressure dissociation plasma phase transition liquid liquid

2. Nature of the phase transition in warm dense hydrogen

The problem of electron states in dense matter

John Ziman Principles of the Theory of Solids

Electron states in plasmas (two problems) hydrogen atom g n /ΔE n g(e) 0 Z E n = - I/n 2 g n =2n 2 n max n 1 g n En exp( ) kt E 5/2 n E 1/2 ΔE n = 2 I/n 3 E n E 1. Restriction of excited states of atoms -4-2 0 2 4 2. Transition from bound pair excited states to collective excitations of free electrons

The problem of electron states, intermediate between bound and free states. A.V. Lankin, G.E. Norman Crossover from bound to free states in plasmas Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 42, 214032 (12pp), 2009 A.V. Lankin, G.E. Norman Collisional recombination in strongly coupled plasmas Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 42, 214042 (8pp), 2009 A. Lankin, G. Norman Density and nonideality effects in plasmas Contrib. Plasma Phys. 49, No. 10, 723 731 (2009)

Potential profile of electron states in plasma free electrons: plasma waves many-particle fluctuations excited atoms, pair states

Plasma phase transition The phase difference was related to different degrees of ionization Degree of ionization and free electrons concepts do not work anymore in the strongly coupled plasmas. Potential profile of electron states in plasma free electrons: plasma waves Electron states in isolated atom intermediate states excited atoms Free electrons number density is not an observable value The phase difference is related to different plasma frequencies

Saitov I.М. Dielectric properties of Warm Dense Matter 2 2 2 (2) 4 e 1 lim 2 2w f i, f j, k i, q j, i, j, 0 k q k k e k k q k q ij,, k q (2) (1) 2 1 P d 2 2 0 i Dielectric function DFT i (1) ( 2) Kohn Sham Reflectivity Absorbtion Trasmission Plasma frequency Effective free electron density Conductivity Electronic density of states

Dependence of plasma frequency on density for warm dense hydrogen 10, ev T 1500K p 1 0,1, g/ cm 3 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95

Dependence of conductivity on density. Warm dense hydrogen at T=1500K 10 4, (Ohm*cm) -1 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10-1, g/cm 3 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9

Density of states for warm dense hydrogen T 1500K

Density of states for warm dense hydrogen at Fermi level depending on ρ for T 1500K

g r Pair correlation function for warm dense hydrogen T 1500K 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 0.68g/cm 3 0.8g/cm 3 0.73g/cm 3 0.85g/cm 3 0.77g/cm 3 0.9g/cm 3 0 1 2 3 4 r, A

3. History of the problem.

G.E.Norman, A.N.Starostin, Failure of the classical description of nondegenerate dense plasma High Temperature 6, No 3, 394 (1968). Thermodynamics of strongly nonideal plasma High Temperature 8, No 2, 381 (1970) G. É. Norman, A. N. Starostin. Thermodynamics of a dense plasma Journal of Applied Spectroscopy13, Issue 1, 965 (1970) This report was presented to the Second All Union Conference on the Physics of Low Temperature Plasmas, Minsk, November 18 22, 1968.

G. É. Norman, A. N. Starostin. Thermodynamics of strongly nonideal plasma High Temperature 8, No 2, 381 (1970) Thermodynamics of a dense plasma Journal of Applied Spectroscopy 13, Issue 1, 965 (1970)

L.Landau, J.Zeldovich On the Relation between the Liquid and the Gaseous States of Metals Acta Physicochimica URSS 18, 194 (1943) О соотношении между жидким и газообразным состоянием у металлов ЖЭТФ 14, 32 (1944) pressure liquid gas pressure metal dielectric metal dielectric liquid gas temperature temperature

L.Landau, J.Zeldovich On the Relation between the Liquid and the Gaseous States of Metals Acta Physicochimica URSS 18, 194 (1943) О соотношении между жидким и газообразным состоянием у металлов ЖЭТФ 14, 32 (1944) pressure liquid gas pressure metal dielectric metal dielectric liquid gas temperature temperature

Se V.V. Brazhkin, R.N. Voloshin, S.V. Popova, Semiconductor metall transition in liquid Se. JETP Lett. 50, 424 (1990) Переход полупроводник металл в жидком Se. Письма ЖЭТФ 50, 92 (1989).

Norman Starostin 1968 Brazhkin et al, 1989 Norman Starostin 1968

Semiconductor-metal transition in liquid Se Calculation of the density of states Gap formation investigation

Density of states of liquid selenium 80 60 1, 50 g E ev g/cm 3 1 4.8 0, 5.0 40 5.2 5.5 6.0 30 T 1000K g ev 40 20 20 10 0-2 -1 0 1 2 E E, ev f 0 5,0 5,5 6,0 3, g/ cm

Dependence of plasma frequency on density for Se T 1000K

10 1 0,1 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95 Conclusions The plasma plasma nature is established for the fluid fluid phase transition in warm dense H 2 /D 2 which is observed experimentally It looks as if Brazhkin et al transition and plasma phase transition belong to one and the same coexistence curve. The first manifests itself in the vicinity of the liquid liquid solid triple point Another one can be attributed to the partially ionized area Density of closer electron to the states critical and point the characteristic of the transition. gap in it are investigated to verify the semiconductor metal nature of the Brazhkin transition Plasma frequency jump and electron density of states are suggested Norman Starostin to verify the idea nature about of the (a)ppt plasma and phase (b)phase transition diagram for fluids/liquids is not anymore a hypothesis. It is a physical fact supported by new G.E. Norman, I.M. Saitov, V.V. Stegailov. Contrib. Plasma Phys. DOI 10.1002/ctpp.201400088

DFT papers on the phase transition in warm dense hydrogen F. Perrot, M. W. C. Dharma wardana. Equation of state and transport properties of an interacting multispecies plasma: Application to a multiply ionized Al plasma Phys. Rev. E 52, 5352 (1995) S.Scandolo Liquid liquid phase transitions in compressed hydrogen from firstprinciples simulations. Proc. Nat. Acad. of Sciences 100, 3051 (2003) Bonev SA, Schwegler E, Ogitsu T, Galli G A quantum fluid of metallic hydrogen suggested by first principles calculations. Nature 431, 669 (2004) Morales MA, Pierleoni C, Schwegler E, Ceperley DM Evidence for a first order liquidliquid transition in high pressure hydrogen from ab initio simulations. Proc. Nat. Acad. of Sciences 107, 1299 (2010) Lorenzen W., Holst B., Redmer R. First order liquid liquid phase transition in dense hydrogen. Phys. Rev. B 82, 195107 (2010) Tamblyn I, Bonev SA. Structure and Phase Boundaries of Compressed Liquid Hydrogen. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 065702 (2010) M.A.Morales, J.M.McMahon, C.Pierleoni, D.M.Ceperley. Nuclear Quantum Effects and Nonlocal Exchange Correlation Functionals Applied to Liquid Hydrogen at High Pressure Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 065702 (2013)

Атомы идеальный га

pressure liquid gas L.Landau, J.Zeldovich. On the Relation between the Liquid and the Gaseous States of Metals. Acta Physicochimica URSS 18, 194 (1943) ЖЭТФ 14, 32 (1944) Norman Starostin 1968 pressure Norman Starostin 1968 Landau Zeldovich 1943 temperature Landau Zeldovich 1943 liquid gas temperature G.E.Norman, On the metal dielectric transition and possible phase transition in dense (strongly nonideal) plasma. Sov. Phys. JETP 33, 912(1971). ЖЭТФ 60, 1686(1971)