Index A acoustic modes 121 acoustically active terms 126 adaptive grid refinement (AGR) 206 Advanced Regional Prediction System 3 advection term 128 advective form 129 flux form 129 Allfiles.tar 26 alternating direction implicit 132 anelastic system 120, 129 anisotropic turbulence 139 Arakawa C-grid 123 ARPS 16 complete run of 28 computational characteristics 10 design philosophy 9 features 5 file organization 23 parallel version 31 quick start 27 Version 1.0 5 Version 2.0 5 Version 2.5 5 Version 3.0 5 Version 4.0 5 ARPS 4.0 characteristics 13 ARPS dynamic equations 118 continuous form 117 discretized form 123 time integration of 124 arps40 25 compilation and linking of 25 arps40.input 29, 35 arps40.output 30 arps40_pvmt3d 33 arpscvt 25, 266 compilation and linking 266 execution 266 input file 266 arpsdiff 25, 267 arpsextsnd 25, 267 arpsplt 31, 334 arpspltncar 265 arpspltpost 265 compilation and linking 31, 264 control parameters 265 execution 265 graphics plotting 264 input file 265 arpsplt.input 31 arpspltmax 25, 267 arpspltncar 25, 31, 333 arpspltpost 25, 31, 265 arpsprt 25, 266 arpsr2h 25, 207, 267 arpsread 262 arpssfc 25, 29, 70 compilation and linking 230 description 229 execution 230 input parameters 230 arpsskewt 268 arpstern 25, 28, 214, 332, 335 compilation and linking 217 description 217 execution 217 input parameters 218 terrain data conversion 215 arpstern.input 28 ARPStools 268 arpsuser 34 Asselin time filter 63 B background mixing coefficient 53 Barnes analysis scheme 222 Barnes response function 224 base state definition 117 initialization 117 bell-shaped mountain 42 Beltrami flow 298 bottom boundary condition 164 boundary conditions bottom boundary 164 externally forced boundary 163 lateral boundary 155 periodic boundary 157 CAPS - ARPS Version 4.0 375
radiation boundary 158 top boundary 163 wall or mirror boundary 156 zero gradient boundary 158 Brunt-Väisälä frequency 139, 140 buoyancy 120 option for turning off 40 C calling tree of ARPS 73 CAPS 2 information about 1 milestone chart 18 Cartesian velocity 114 Cartesian velocity components 352 cell-tracking 63, 208 Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms 2 CM-5 287 CMAX 284, 286 code optimization 277 code performance 333 code structure. 94 computational domain 153 computational grid 199 an illustration 205 computational instability due to mixing 151 computational mixing 120, 146 coefficients 148 fourth order 55, 149 second order 53, 147 value of coefficients 151 contravariant base vector 345 contravariant velocity 114, 352 contravariant vertical velocity 124 coordinate systems 114 coordinate transformation 199, 342 Coriolis force 51, 120, 130 tests on 301 covariant base vectors 344 Crank-Nicolson scheme 125 Cray T3D 289 cumulus heating 190 cumulus parameterization 57, 190 curvilinear coordinate system 342 curvilinear system 114 D data assimilation package calling tree 256 file list 258 subroutine glossary 255 subroutine list 255 data compression 66 data decomposition 341 data format 259 conversion of 266 data I/O 259 data parallel 290 deformation tensor 134, 136 Del City storm 304, 334 dims.inc 29, 31, 36 dir1deg 25 dir30sec 25 dir5min 25 direct access files 334 discrete operator 10 divergence damping 55, 120, 121, 127 domain translation 64 drag coefficient 59, 60, 176 dtaread description 262 example 262 dynamic equations flowchart 98 E educational program 329 equation of state 118 equation schematic charts 106 explicit time integration 124 ext2arps 25, 29, 69, 117, 236 compilation and linking 238 execution 238 input parameters 238 external boundary condition 65 externally forced boundary condition 163, 239 boundary relaxation 69 data files 69 F CAPS - ARPS Version 4.0 376
FIFE 326 file list 22 flowchart ARPS system 24 basic model control 95 dynamic equations 98 history data output 105 initialization 96 initialization using external data 97 microphysics 102 model output 104 model structure 94 surface physics 103 water substance equations 101 formatted print 65 Fortran-P 285 forward four-dimensional data assimilation 241 forward-backward scheme 124 fourth-order advection 48 frozen-turbulence approximation 209 functional decomposition 340 G geometry configuration 38 Ghostview 264, 293, 294 GrADS iv, 259, 261, 270 command line interface 270 X-window interface 271 graphics package NCAR Graphics 264 ZXPLOT 292 graphics plotting arpsplt 31, 264 arpspltncar 31, 265 arpspltpost 31, 265 gravity wave modes 46, 125 grid structure 153 grid translation 208 gunzip iv gzip iv H HDF iv, 259, 260, 334 raster image files 67 help system 19, 34 High-Performance Fortran 285 history data conversion ARPSCVT 266 history data dump 65 history data format 65, 259 formatted ASCII 260 GrADS 261 HDF 260 NetCDF and packed NetCDF 261 packed binary 260 Savi3D 261 unformatted binary 260 history data output flowchart 105 homogeneous initial state 232 I I/O error 331 ice microphysics 333 definition of symbols 173 rate equations 169 size distribution of rain, snow, and graupel 169 transfer rates between hydrometeor species 170 IEEE binary format 332 inertia gravity wave tests 308 information system 19, 34 initial potential temperature perturbation 40 options 40 initial soil model data 63 initial soil model variables 63 initialization 214 flowchart 96 flowchart using external data 97 of the base state 117 options 214 using 3-D analysis 236 using a single sounding 232 initialization using 3-D external data 332 initializing base state 39 initializing time-dependent fields 39 input/output directory 65 instability of time integration 331 isotropic turbulence 138 J CAPS - ARPS Version 4.0 377
Jacobians of transformation 115, 343 calculation of 199 K Klemp and Wilhelmson open boundary condition 159 Kuo scheme 190 L Lambert conformal projection 44, 194, 197 lateral boundary condition 155 options 49 leaf area index 62 least squares error solution 243 least squares technique 209 list of model variables 358 M make 25 makearps 25, 28, 31, 331 compilation options 26 options of 25, 330 use of 25 map factors 196 map projection 44, 192 options 192 schematics of 193 Mercator projection 44, 194, 198 microphysics 57 autoconversion 166 evaporation rate 166 flowchart 102 ice microphysics 169 Kessler warm-rain parameterization 165 mixing coefficient for momentum 137 for scalars 137 mode-splitting time integration 121, 124, 127 model control flowchart 95 model development project history 5 objectives 6 personnel 6 model domain computational 153 physical 153 physical boundary of 153 moist processes. 56 moisture flux 177 momentum equations 119 momentum fluxes 176 mountain gravity waves 311 moving reference frame 212 MPP implementation 284 N NAMELIST 35 NCAR Graphics iv, 264, 265 nesting one-way interactive 207 two-way interactive 206 NetCDF iv, 259, 261, 334 Neumann boundary conditions 244, 248 non-acoustic and non-gravity wave terms 127 O OLAPS 239 optimal pattern translation 209 Orlanski open boundary condition 159 orthogonal coordinate system 342 output 30 flowchart 104 P Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) 284, 287 PBL depth 60, 174 stable boundary layer 175 unstable boundary layer 175 performance statistics 272 periodic boundary condition 157 physical dimension of model domain 36 Poisson equation alternating direction implicit (ADI) 246 CAPS - ARPS Version 4.0 378
successive over-relaxation (SOR) 246 polar stereographic projection 44, 194, 196 post-processing 259 potential temperature equation 121 pre-processing 214 pressure detrending 50 pressure equation 121 Q questions and answers 330 R radiation boundary condition 50, 158 Rayleigh damping 56, 152 coefficient of 56 e-folding time of damping 152 restart data 39 file name 41 restart data dumps 67 Reynolds stress tensor 133, 136 run name 38 runtime configuration 35 S saturation adjustment 167 Savi3D iv, 259, 261, 270 second-order advection 48, 128 sensible heat flux 176 short-wave radiation 183 small time steps 125 software usage agreement 363 soil model initial data 63 latent heat flux 185 list of variables 188, 189 prognostic equations 181 radiation flux 182 sensible heat flux 185 soil surface moisture 187 soil type 61 sound wave speed 47 sounding file format 232 file name 41 stability condition for acoustic waves 48 for advection 45 for internal gravity waves 45 for mixing terms 53 staggered grid 123 start time 46 stop time 46 subgrid scale turbulence 120, 132 subroutine conventions 11 subroutine glossary 80 super-compressible 47 surface characteristics data 29, 62 surface characteristics data base data format 226 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) 227 soil type data set 227 vegetation type data set 227 surface energy and moisture budgets 181 surface fluxes 58, 176 fluxes over land 177 fluxes over ocean 180 linear distribution of 181 moisture flux 177 momentum fluxes 176 sensible heat flux 176 surface physics 58 flowchart 103 surface roughness 62 symmetry tests 295 T Taylor-Green solution 304 terminal velocity 166 terrain data data sets 356 file name 42 preprocessor 214 terrain data file 28 terrain data set 215 terrain-following coordinate 120, 199 terrain.inc 28 Teten s formula 139 theoretical formulation 113 thermal bubble 40 thermal energy conservation 121 thermodynamic recovery 242 Thomas algorithm 247 CAPS - ARPS Version 4.0 379
time step size large time step integration 45 small time step integration 48 soil model time integration 63 top boundary condition 163 tridiagonal equation system 132 tridiagonal equations 247 true latitude 44 true longitude 45 turbulent fluxes 135 turbulent kinetic energy definition 140 prognostic equation 140 turbulent mixing 52, 133 coefficients of 134, 138 Germano dynamic closure 143 Smagorinsky first-order closure 138 TKE-based 1.5-order closure 140 turbulent Prandtl number 52 typographical conventions vi Z zero gradient boundary condition 158 ZXPLOT iv, 31, 264, 334 availability 293 documentation 293 examples 293 graphics package 292 installation 294, 333 introduction 292 link commands 294 NCAR Graphics interface 293 PostScript interface 293 X-window interface 293 U user support group 34 V validations 295 variables list of 358 variational wind adjustment 249 vegetation fraction 62 vegetation type 61 velocity divergence, 134 vertical grid stretching 43, 199, 200 examples 202 illustration of grid 201 vertically implicit solver 46, 127, 130 W wall or mirror boundary condition 156 Wangara 323 warm rain microphysics 332 water substance equations 122, 130 flowchart 101 workstation cluster 286 CAPS - ARPS Version 4.0 380