Class: Date: APES Fall Final REVIEW Short Answer 1. The difference between chemical and physical weathering of rock is that 2. The difference between weathering and erosion is that 3. Select the correct rock type connected with its mode of origin. 4. A rare rock formation is found 300 km from a matching formation. The continent on which it is found is part of a plate that is moving at a rate of 36 mm/year. Which answer most closely approximates how many years ago the matching rocks were separated? 5. The theory of plate tectonics states the following: 6. Magma circulates in convection cells in the 7. The lithosphere includes 8. The Earth is about billion years old. 9. The elements of Earth are separated such that the 10. Worldwide, the largest density-dependent cause of death is 11. Population size can be estimated using the formula 12. Malthus noted that human populations grow while food supply grows. 13. Using the rule of 70, a population growing at 10% would double in 14. At present, Earth s human population is 15. If women delay childbearing, 16. Populations whose age structure diagrams are narrower at the bottom than at the top have 17. If a population s age structure diagram looks like a pyramid, the population 18. To determine the number of individuals that will be added to a population in a specified time we multiply the growth rate (r) by the 19. The birth rate of a population is expressed as a 1
20. After a forested area such as a national forest is clear-cut, what type of succession occurs? 21. The first plant community that forms on bare rock often includes organisms such as 22. The Black Rhinoceros is considered to be a keystone species because 23. What characteristic best distinguishes predators from parasites? 24. A close interaction between two different species, in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected, is called 25. If you were studying the niche of a species of bird, you might study 26. Which of the following is NOT a type of interspecific interaction? 27. In his 1798 book, An Essay on the Principle of Population, Thomas Malthus stated the power of [the Earth s human] population [to increase] is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man. He explained that our population increases exponentially while we can only increase our food supply linearly. Using our modern terminology, what did Malthus mean by the power of the earth to produce subsistence for man? 28. An exotic species is one which an ecosystem 29. Some predators feed preferentially on the most abundant prey. This type of predation is 30. An ecosystem s carrying capacity for a population is determined by all of the following factors EXCEPT 31. If a population of 100 birds increases to 120 birds the following year, r =. 32. What occurs when a small group from a population colonizes a new area? 33. The variety of genes within a species is called its 2
Figure 5-6 34. Use Figure 5-6. Which of the communities listed has the highest species evenness? 35. Which of the following is not considered to be contributing to the current increase in extinction rates? Figure 5-5 36. Use Figure 5-5. Based on the diagram, which two layers indicate a time period in which there was a major shift in climate? 37. Which type of species would be most vulnerable to environmental changes? 3
38. A population of rabbits with typical variations of traits lives in a meadow with a depression that runs through the middle. Over time, the depression fills in with water and becomes a river, separating the one population into two over a period of several years. This is an example of: 39. Which of the following processes of evolution is not random? 40. Which of the following are processes in which evolution occurs? I. Artificial selection II. Natural selection III. Genetic Drift 41. Which of the following is the best description of evolution? Figure 5-1 42. Use Figure 5-1. Which of the following is a true statement about the comparison between Communities 1 and 2 shown? 43. Use Figure 5-1. Which of the following is the best description of the two communities shown? 44. Which of the following are measurements used to measure diversity within an ecosystem? I. Species wealth II. Species richness III. Species evenness 45. What is most significant when determining the diversity of an ecosystem? 4
46. You observe a mountain that has lush vegetation on one side and a dry desert on the other side. What would be the most likely explanation for your observations? 47. As water freezes or evaporates, what happens to the salinity of the remaining ocean water? 48. What is a positive effect of upwelling? 49. What latitude receives the most direct sunlight throughout the year? 50. Which of the following statements about the Coriolis Effect is incorrect? 51. What is the overall direction of global air currents at the equator? Figure 4-1 52. Use Figure 4-1. Using the diagram above, indicate which of the following has the highest albedo: 53. Which of the following is not true about the sun s energy heating the Earth? 54. Which of the following is the best description of albedo? 55. Which level of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer? 56. In which level of the atmosphere does weather occur? 5
57. What impact does deforestation have on the carbon cycle? 58. Which of the following is the best description of a region s climate? 59. Which of the following is not a part of the carbon cycle? 60. In which step of the nitrogen cycle do plants absorb nitrogen compounds? 61. Which element is the primary component of fossil fuels? 62. A wetland ecosystem has an NPP of 1.02 kg C/m2/year and a GPP of 2.80 kg C/m2/year. How much carbon is being used during respiration of autotrophs? 63. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of GPP (Gross Primary Production)? 64. A forest has a GPP of 3.8 kg C/m 2 /year and the rate of cellular respiration is 2.4 kg C/m 2 /year. What is the NPP? 65. Which of the following shows the complex interactions between species within an ecosystem? 66. The sun is the ultimate source of energy for terrestrial ecosystems. Approximately how much of the potential energy available from the sun s rays hitting the earth is used in photosynthesis? 67. Choose the correct sequence for energy flow within an ecosystem 68. Which of the following are biotic? I. Decomposers II. Energy flow III. Producers 69. Which of the following is not an abiotic factor? 70. A negative feedback loop is 71. In a steady state, 72. In a closed system 73. The difference between potential and kinetic energy is that 74. Types of macromolecules, the basis of biological molecules, include 75. A substance with a ph of 4 has times the hydrogen ion concentration of a substance with a ph of 6. 76. On the ph scale, is neutral. 6
77. Bases contribute to a solution. 78. To produce sodium chloride, common table salt, a single electron in the outer shell of the sodium atom is transferred to the outer shell of the chlorine atom. This is an example of 79. Mass number refers to the 80. Elements that gain or lose electrons to form compounds create 81. The atomic number of an element is 82. Matter is 83. If the worldwide number of births daily is 364,000 and the number of deaths is 152,000, then annually there are an additional people. 84. Human population today is closest to 85. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are 86. The population with the greatest ability to respond to environmental change most likely is the one with 87. Evidence of biodiversity is seen in the 88. Environmental indicators 89. The extinction of mastodons and giant ground sloths in the Americas is attributed to 90. An ecosystem is a location on Earth that includes I. only biotic components II. only abiotic components III. interacting living and non-living components 7