GSA DATA REPOSITORY 11177 Liu et al. METHODS 1. Decompacting the sediment fill In this paper, 43 well logs (Tables DR1 and DR) and large amounts of published chronostratigraphic data were used to reconstruct Late Cretaceous time-stratigraphic cross sections across the central Utah and Colorado (UT-CO) and southern Wyoming (WY) (Liu and Nummedal, 4) (Fig. 1). These cross sections formed the key data set for subsequent modeling and interpretations (Fig. and Fig. DR1). The WY section was modified after Figure of Liu and Nummedal (4), by changing the ages of time-stratigraphic boundaries based on the time scales from Gradstein et al (4); there are no changes in the actual correlations. In the -D subsidence analysis, the cumulative total subsidence across the UT-CO and WY sections was calculated for different age datums. Four datums were chosen for each section, corresponding to the ages of 75., 8., 83.9 and 9.9 Ma in the UT-CO section and 73.5, 79., 84. and 9.5 Ma in the WY section. We backstripped 17 well-log based stratigraphic columns across WY, as shown in Fig. DR 1, and 4 columns of well log sections across UT-CO, as shown in Fig.. The total subsidence analysis included decompaction and correction for water depth and eustatic fluctuations. Each stratigraphic column was subdivided according to lithology: sandstone, shaly sandstone, shale and limestone, with different empirical values for original porosity, bulk sediment density, and the compaction constant in the exponential porosity-depth relations (see Table 1 of Liu et al., 5, and Pang, 1994). Given the porosity value of sediments at a certain depth, the decompacted thickness was calculated using the relation between sediment thickness and porosity (Sclater & Christie, 198; Angevine et al., 199). The Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway probably had maximum water depth of about 3 meters in the central and eastern parts of the basin (Weimer, 1983; Sageman & Authur, 1994). Paleobathymetry ranges for different depositional environments were extracted from Table in Liu et al. (5). We added the water depth at each stage to the decompacted sediment thickness to determine the amount of subsidence the basin underwent through time. Once decompaction corrections were made, the paleobathymetric estimates for each stratigraphic unit were simply added, producing the total subsidence. The four chosen stratigraphic datums generally followed unconformities and their correlative conformities. The cumulative subsidence calculations for each well-log section at the 1
four datums were aggregated to obtain the -D cumulative total subsidence profiles for the UT-CO and WY sections (Figs. DR and DR3). The eustatic variations were negligible in amplitude relative to the water depths for the time interval considered here (Müller et al., 8).. Restoring the original thrust load Thrust load estimates for the UT-CO and WY sections were derived from cross sections in DeCelles and Coogan (6) (A-A section in Fig. 1) and in Royse (1993) (B-B section in Fig. 1), which traversed the Sevier thrust belt immediately west of the end of our restored basin-wide stratigraphic cross sections (I-I and II-II in Fig. 1). For the A-A section in Fig. 1, DeCelles and Coogan (6) reconstructed the balanced deformation of the thrust belt in central Utah. Four stages of sequentially restored mountain profiles across the thrust belt from 11 to 66 Ma were reconstructed by setting the eastern end of the section as a reference point. The ages of the chosen restored profiles correspond to the ages of our UT-CO stratigraphic sections, and represented evolution of the whole thrust load. For the B-B section in Fig. 1, we used the published restored cross sections across the thrust belt from Liu and Nummedal (4) but updated the ages of thrust events based on the time scales from Gradstein et al. (4) into 9.5, 84., 79., and 73.5 Ma. 3. Flexural backstripping Our flexural-backstripping methodology is similar to that used by Jordan (1981), and Flemings and Jordan (199), and is not discussed further here. The backstripping was conducted in two steps. First, we used only the thrust load in different stages to model the foredeep and the forebulge, by using a thrust-load density of.8 g/cm 3. Subsequently, we added the load of the age-equivalent sediment wedge to the simulation to reconstruct the complete basin shape. At the chosen four datums we successively removed the overlying strata in the total subsidence analysis along the UT-CO and WY sections, the decompacted sediment thicknesses and their average densities at the each stage were used as components of the input loads in the flexural modeling. The thrust belt and sediment load packages had complicated geometries, so we broke them into a series of rectangular loads, and calculated the total deflection by adding up the deflections caused by each rectangular load of different size (Angevine et al., 199). Finally, the simulated subsidence for the combined thrust, sediment and water loads was subtracted from the total decompacted subsidence to calculate the residual. Computed subsidence profiles for the elastic lithosphere along the UT-CO section are presented in Figure DR. These represent for the time intervals of 98.8 9.9 Ma, 98.8 83.9 Ma, 98.8 8. Ma, and 98.8 75. Ma. Equivalent data for
the WY section are presented in Figure DR3 and represent the time intervals of 97.8 9.5 Ma, 97.8 84. Ma, 97.8 79. Ma, and 97.8 73.5 Ma. Several flexural rigidities, 1 1, 1, 1.5, 1 3, and 1 4 N m, were analyzed in this modeling. We found that 1 3 N m and 1.5 N m provided consistently the best fit for the UT-CO and WY sections, respectively. FIGURE CAPTIONS Figure DR1: Results of correlation of 19 well logs along cross section II-II (Fig. 1), covering the stratigraphic interval from the middle Cenomanian base of Frontier Formation to the upper Campanian Ericson Formation. Wells 7 and 1 include two logs sampling different intervals in order to get complete stratigraphic columns. This section was modified after Figure of Liu and Nummedal (4), by changing the ages of time-stratigraphic boundaries based on the time scales from Gradstein et al (4). Fm is Formation; Mb is Member; ss is sandstone. Figure DR: Flexurally backstripped subsidence profiles across the thrust belt and basin of the UT-CO section (Section A-A and I-I in Fig. 1) for four cumulative time intervals of 98.8 9.9 Ma, 98.8 83.9 Ma, 98.8 8. Ma, and 98.8 75. Ma, based on the time scales from Gradstein et al (4). Arrows indicate movement of the forebulge crest in response to load of thrust belt plus sediments. The flexural rigidity used for this calculation was 1 3 N m. Numbers indicate wells located in Figure 1. Figure DR3: Re-computed, flexurally backstripped subsidence profiles across the thrust belt and basin of the WY section (Section B-B and II-II in Fig. 1) from Liu & Nummedal (4) over four cumulative time intervals of 97.8-9.5 Ma, 97.8-84. Ma, 97.8-79. Ma, and 97.8-73.5 Ma, based on the Gradstein et al (4) timescale. Flexural rigidity used for this calculation was 1.5 N m. Labels are equivalent to those in the caption for Figure DR. REFERENCES Angevine, C.L., Heller, P.L. & Paola, C., 199, Quantitative Sedimentary Basin Modeling. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Continuing Education Course Note Series 3. DeCelles, P.G., and Coogan, J.C., 6, Regional structure and kinematic history of the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt, central Utah: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 118, p. 841 864, doi:1.113/b5759.1. 3
Flemings, P.B., and Jordan, T.E., 199, Stratigraphic modeling of foreland basins: Interpreting thrust deformation and lithosphere rheology: Geology, v. 18, p. 43 434. Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., and Smith, A., 4, A geologic time scale: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 37-379. Jordan, T.E., 1981, Thrust loads and foreland basin evolution, Cretaceous, western United States: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, p. 56 5. Liu, S.F, and Nummedal, D., 4, Late Cretaceous subsidence in Wyoming: quantifying the dynamic component: Geology, v. 3, p. 397-4. Liu, S.F., Nummedal, D., Yin, P.G., and Luo, H.J., 5, Linkage of Sevier thrust episodes and Late Cretaceous megasequences across southern Wyoming (USA): Basin Research, v. 17, p. 487 56, doi:1.1111/j.1365-117.5.77.x. Müller, R.D., Sdrolias, M., Gaina, C., Steinberger, B., and Heine, C., 8, Long-term sea-level fluctuations driven by ocean basin dynamics: Science, v. 319, p. 1357-136. Pang, M., 1994, Tectonic subsidence of the Cretaceous Western Interior Basin, United States. PhD Thesis, Louisiana State University, 7 pp. Royse, F.Jr., 1993, An overview of the geologic structure of the thrust belt in Wyoming, northern Utah, and eastern Idaho. In: Geology of Wyoming: Memoir No. 5 (Ed. by A.W. Snoke, J.R. Steidtmann & S.M. Roberts), pp. 73-311. The Geological Survey of Wyoming. Sageman, B.B. and Arthur, M.A., 1994, Early Turonian paleogeographic / paleobathymetric map, western Interior, U. S. In: Mesozoic systems of the Rocky Mountain region, U. S., Rocky Mountain section. SEPM special publication (Ed. by M. Caputo & J. Peterson), pp. 457-47. Sclater, J.G. & Christie, P.A.F., 198, Continental stretching: An explanation of the post-mid-cretaceous subsidence of the central North sea basin. Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 85, p. 3711 3739. Weimer, R.J., 1983, Relations of unconformities, tectonics and sea level changes, Cretaceous of the Denver Basin and adjacent areas. In: Mesozoic paleogeography of the west-central United states: Rocky Mountain Section (Ed. by M.W. Reynold & E.D. Dolly), pp. 359-376. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Paper. 4
Thickness of strata (m) -5 5 1 15 II Well location and numbers 1 34 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 1 13 14 15 16 17 Rock Springs Moxa arch 1 3 4 5 uplift Canyon Creek Mb. 73.5 7.78 Ma 76.38 Ma 79.16 Ma Hilliard shale Rock Springs Fm. Blair ss. Airport ss. 83.99 Ma Baxter shale Frontier Fm. Fluvial sandstone and conglomerate Unconformity Ericson Fm. Steele shale 83.53 Ma Niobrara 88 Ma Carlile shale 9.48 Ma 97.75 Ma 8.64 Ma 83.1 Ma 88 Ma Time line II (X1 km) 73.5 Ma 79.16 Ma 83.99 Ma 9.48 Ma 97.75 Ma Fluvial and coastal plain sandstone and shale Marine sandstone Marine calcareous shale & limestone Marine shale mostly
X1 (km) 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 - Well No.1 3 4 5 6 7 8 111 1 13 14 16 4 4 6-4 - 4 6 D (98.8-75. Ma) X1 (km) 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Well No.1 3 4 5 6 7 8 111 1 13 14 16 4 C (98.8-8. Ma) 8 X1 (km) 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1-4 6 X1 (km) 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1-4 6 Well No.1 3 4 5 6 7 8 111 1 13 14 16 4 B (98.8-83.9 Ma) Well No.1 3 4 5 6 7 8 111 1 13 14 16 4 A (98.8-9.9 Ma) Decompacted sediment thickness or total subsidence Simulated cumulative-subsidence driven by thrust plus sediment load Calculated residual subsidence Basin fill removed by thrusting and erosion in later stage(s) Simulated cumulative-subsidence driven only by thrust load Thrust load
Moxa arch Rock Springs uplift 1416 Well No. 1 34 56 7 8 9 1 11 1 13 15 17 1 3 4 5 6 - X 1 km D (97.8-73.5 Ma) 4 1416 1 34 56 7 8 9 1 11 1 13 1517-6 1 3 4 5 6 X 1 km -4-4 C (97.8-79. Ma) 6 8 1-4 - 4 1 34 56 7 8 9 1 11 1 1416 13 15 17 1 3 4 5 6 X 1 km B (97.8-84. Ma) 6-1 34 56 7 8 9 1 11 1 1416 13 15 17 1 3 4 5 6 X 1 km A (97.8-9.5 Ma)
Table DR1: Wells for the central Utah and Colorado (UT-CO) section (Section I-I in Fig. 1) Well no. Operator Well name Section Township Range State 1 Phillips Petroleum Co. United States E 1 7 19S 3E UT Sohio Petroleum Co. Indianola Unit 1 7 11S 5E UT 3 Bow Valley Petroleum Inc. Wilcox 1-4 4 16S 15E UT 4 Tenneco Oil Co. Rattlesnake Canyon -1 19S 19E UT 5 National Fuel Corp. Horse point ST 43-3 3 15S 3E UT 6 Devon Energy Federal 1-3 3 6S 1W CO 7 Maralex Resources Inc. Albertson Ranch 13-4 13 7S 99W CO 8 California Oil Co. Government 1 7 N 9W CO 9 Miami Oil Production Inc. L F Obrian ET AL 1 14 4N 9W CO 1 McCulloch Oil Corp. of Calif. Skeeters 1 8 5N 89W CO 11 Old Operators-Status Unknown Prentiss 3 3N 86W CO 1 Aztec Resources Corp. Carter Creek 1 7 3N 8W CO 13 Landauer Frank Todenhoft 1 4 N 7W CO 14 Rainbow Resourcess Inc. State Lone Tree 1-14 14 11N 67W CO 15 Powder Exploration Inc. Cox 1-5 5 11N 64W CO 16 Vessels Oil & Gas Co. Blake 1 34 1N 6W CO 17 Gross Todd Foster 1 6 11N 6W CO 18 Davis Oil Co. Harms 1 7 11N 59W CO 19 Shell Oil Co. J Klinginsmith 1 1 11N 59W CO Davis, LLC Edward Mike Kindvall 1 15 11N 58W CO 1 Williamson Inc. Lowell Govt G 1 1 11N 57W CO Midwest Oil Corp. Hatch 1 1 11N 55W CO 3 Gilbert M.P. Lebsack-State 16-33 16 1N 51W CO 4 Pape Oilfield Service Inc. Vorce -8 8 1S 49W CO
Table DR: Wells for the southern Wyoming (WY) section (Section II-II in Fig. 1) Well no. Operator Well name Section Township Range State 1 Champion Ventures Inc. Whitney Creek 34-15 1 15 18N 117W WY BP America Production Co. Dry Muddy Creek 1 16 N 114W WY 3 TOC-Rocky Mountain Inc. Strange 1- N 11W WY 4 KERR-MCGEE Oil & Gas Onshore LP Fabian Ditch 53 3-3 3 N 111W WY 5 Davis Oil Co. Dagger Unit 1 19N 17W WY 6 Kestrel Energy Inc. Dines Unit 18 N 15W WY 7 True Oil LLC Clark-Federal 14-4 4 1N 11W WY 7 Davis Oil Co. Dodson-Federal 1 1 1N 1W WY 8 Devon Energy Prod. Co. LP Federal 1X-14-B 14 18N 98W WY 9 BP America Production Co. Echo Springs Deep 1 1 18N 93W WY 1 Wexpro Co. Hollar Springs 1 8 18N 91W WY 1 Cordillera Corp. Sugar Creek Unit 1 6 19N 9W WY 11 Occidental Govt-Midwest 1 8 1N 79W WY 1 Burlington Resources Oil & Gas Co. Miller 14-1 1 18N 76W WY 13 C & K Petroleum Transco-Phelan 1 34 N 67W WY 14 Davis Oil Co. Canyon View-Federal 1 15 1N 64W WY 15 Skelly Oil Co. W. L. Likins 1 5 N 63W WY 16 Skelly Oil Co. M W Henby 1 6 3N 6W WY 17 Mallon Oil Co. Reichart -9 4N 61W WY