Topic 2: MAPPING In order to be adequately prepared for a test on this topic you should be able to:- 1. Find and also provide both FOUR and SIX figure Area and Grid References 2. Calculate distances both straight line and around curves using the appropriate scale 3. Find directions using both cardinal and intermediate points of the compass 4. Calculate compass bearing of one place from another 5. Understand and use the map legend 6. Recognise and read the values of contour lines 7. Recognise which direction a stream is flowing 8. Calculate the approximate gradient of a slope 9. Describe the site and situation of a town or place 1 P a g e
MAPPING 4A Use the textbook Key Skills in Geography (3 rd Edition) from the Library to complete this worksheet and access to a computer. Map Features & Map Types Read the information on p. 14-17 from the textbook and the information on the photocopied handout from Macmillan Keys to Geography ( Working with Maps ). Complete the following: 1. Give definitions for the following words: Word Cartographer Definition Spatial Convention Caption Grid Physical Features Human Features Legend (Key) Symbol 2. Why do cartographers use map symbols? 2 P a g e
3. Fill in... Every map should have a: B O L T S S COMPUTER TASK Using GIS GIS = Geographical Information System, ie. A system for storing and manipulating geographical information on computer. Using Google Maps (a type of GIS), locate your home and mark the best way by walking to get to your local park or recreation area. Use the Get Directions feature to mark your path of travel by walking. Your starting location should be A and the destination should be B. Zoom in to your map so that you can see the street names clearly. Turn off the satellite view if it is on so that you can clearly see the street names. Take a screen shot of your map and paste it into a Word document. Make sure your map includes all the appropriate elements (follow BOLTSS). Print out your map and put it in your folder. 3 P a g e
4. Give a description for the following types of maps and identify which person from the following list might use these maps. Taxi driver Forestry management officer Ship s captain Bushwalker Farmer Tourist planning an overseas trip Interstate truck driver Geography student studying China Map Type Description Person most likely to use... Physical Political Gazetteer Road & Street Topographic Thematic Choropleth Synoptic 4 P a g e
MAPPING 4B Use the textbook Key Skills in Geography (3 rd Edition) from the Library to complete this worksheet and the A3 Victor Harbor RAA maps. Scale & Distance Read the information on p. 20-23, 32-33 from the textbook and the information on the photocopied handout from Macmillan Keys to Geography (p.12-15). Complete the following: 1. Give definitions for the following terms: Word Scale Definition Linear Ratio Distance Pace Data Ratio (RF) 2. Fill in the following... a. A scale of 1:10 000 means that i. 1 millimetre on the map represents on the ground. ii. 1 centimetre on the map represents on the ground. b. A scale of 1:1000 means that i. 2 centimetres on the map represents on the ground. ii. 10 centimetres on the map represents on the ground. c. A scale of 1:50 000 means that i. 15 millimetres on the map represents on the ground ii. 1 centimetre on the map represents on the ground. 3. Draw these linear scales. The lines for all of them should be 10cm long. a. 1cm to 100m 5 P a g e
b. 1cm to 10 000cm c. 1:50 000 4. Write these ratio scales or RFs as sentences. a. 1:50 000 b. 1:100 000 c. 1:1 000 000 5. Complete these sentences: a. Large-scale maps show b. Small-scale maps show 6. Copy out the table on p. 21 of the textbook. Scale Distance on the Ground Shown by 1cm on the map Larger-Scale Smaller-Scale 7. Read p. 32-33 of the textbook Key Skills in Geography and complete the following. a. Scale can also refer to the of an area being observed or studied. This is called an. b. Describe what you would see in a map that was at a i. Local Scale 6 P a g e
ii. Regional Scale iii. National Scale iv. International Scale v. Global Scale 8. Describe the three ways you can measure distance in a straight line. a. b. c. 9. How do you measure distance along curves? 10. Using the A3 Victor Harbor map, calculate the straight line distance of the following sections of road. You may need to measure distance along some curves make sure you do this correctly using one of the methods listed above: a. Ring Route (Welch Rd and Armstrong Rd) between H1 and the roundabout at C7. b. Inman Valley Rd between A5 and the roundabout at C7. c. Bay Rd between A10 and D7 where it becomes Victoria St. d. Torrens St and Hindmarsh Rd between F7 and H4. 7 P a g e
MAPPING 4C Use the textbook Key Skills in Geography (3 rd Edition) from the Library to complete this worksheet. Map References, Longitude and Latitude Read the information on p. 18-19, 46-47, 36-37 from the textbook and the information on the photocopied handout from Macmillan Keys to Geography (p.18-19). DEFINITIONS Give definitions for the following terms: Word Alpha Numeric Definition Grid Coordinates Latitude Longitude Eastings Northings Grid Square Area Reference (AR) Grid Reference (GR) Prime Meridian Greenwich Meridian 8 P a g e
International Date Line MAP REFERENCES 1. Using the map on p19 of the textbook complete that following questions. a. What sport can you play in area H6? b. Name the school in area D5 c. Name the park at E4 d. Name the shopping centre at H8 e. What is the route number of Hoddle Street (D8)? f. Name the sporting ground at B9-10 g. Name the streets at either end of Gordon Street (E2) h. What types of transport can be used in C11 i. Make a list of all the features shown by map symbols in area D7 j. What happens to the road network in area D3 and E3 2. Use the Quirrindi 1:25 000 map on p43 of the textbook to complete the following questions. a. Find the fine black lines that run from the bottom to the top of the map and from left to right. These are the Northings and Eastings. b. What is the feature at each of the following grid references? i. GR801114 ii. GR806117 iii. GR798102 c. What is the grid reference for: i. The hayshed in AR7809 ii. The railway station at AR7811 iii. The bore in AR7808 LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE 3. How many degrees of latitude are there: a. Between the North Pole and the South Pole b. North of the Equator c. South of the Equator 4. What does the label 23.42S tell you about the location of a place? 9 P a g e
5. The circle below represents the Earth. Label the poles and the five main lines of latitude. Shade and label the northern and southern hemispheres. 6. Describe the pattern and spacing of the parallels of latitude. 7. How many degrees of longitude are there west and east of the Greenwich Meridian? 8. What does the label 133.52E tell you about the location of a place? 9. How do the Prime Meridian and the International Date Line divide the globe into eastern and western hemispheres? 10. Describe the pattern and spacing of the meridians of longitude. How are these different from those of the parallels of latitude? 11. Using your atlas, find the geographic coordinates of: a. Christchurch, New Zealand b. Jakarta, Indonesia c. London, UK 12. Using a reference map of Australia in your atlas, find and name the places at: a. 23.42S 133.52E b. 21.10S 149.11E c. 17.57S 122.14E 10 P a g e
MAPPING 4D Use the textbook Key Skills in Geography (3 rd Edition) from the Library to complete this worksheet. Direction and Bearings Read the information on p. 24-25, 52-53 from the textbook and the information on the photocopied handout from Macmillan Keys to Geography (p.8-11). DEFINITIONS Give definitions for the following terms: Word Definition Direction Compass Bearing Meridian True North (TN) Grid North (GN) Magnetic North (MN) 11 P a g e
1. Turn the circle below into a 16-point compass with bearings. Use a protractor to accurately show the bearings. 2. What compass direction is opposite to west? 3. What compass direction is opposite to south-west? 4. What direction is midway between east and south? 5. How can you find north without a compass? List the steps. 6. Name a feature of your school that is south of your classroom. 7. From your classroom in what direction is: a. The school oval b. The main office c. The bike racks d. The music room 8. Direction is often used to describe areas of a country or region. a. Label the map of Australia on the next page with these regions: i. Central Australia ii. North-Western Australia iii. Northern Australia iv. North-Eastern Australia v. Eastern Australia b. Colour each region a different colour. c. Make sure your map follows the BOLTSS criteria. d. Next to each region name, write its bearing from the centre of Australia. vi. South-Eastern Australia vii. Southern Australia viii. South-Western Australia ix. Western Australia (don t confuse this with the name of the state) 12 P a g e
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9. Explain how a protractor can be used to measure a bearing on a map. 10. Use a protractor and the map of Quirindi on p. 43 of the Key Skills in Geography textbook to complete the following. a. What is the direction of Quirindi railway station (GR796118) from Who da Thought It Lookout (GR783108)? What is its bearing? Which is more accurate? Why? b. What is the bearing of Henry Street, at its intersection with Hill Street, from the municipal baths at GR802114? c. What are the bearings of the following places from Yatalunga (GR797095)? i. Who da Thought It Lookout (GR783108) ii. Carbean (GR801085) 11. Label the parts of this compass using Figure 4.14 on p. 53 of your textbook as a guide. 14 P a g e
ACTIVITY You will need Space (e.g. go out on the oval) Groups of 2-3 A compass A marker (e.g. a pencil case) These instructions Follow these instructions: a. Select an area with about 20 paces of clear ground around you in any direction. Hold the compass in front of you. Turn yourself around so you are facing the same direction as the red end of the compass needle (North). b. Turn the movable compass dial so N on the dial and the red orienteering arrow are pointing in the same direction as the red end of the compass needle. c. Place a marker between your feet. Still facing north, turn the movable compass dial so that 40 on the dial lines up with the travel arrow. Turn and face in the direction of the travel arrow and walk 20 paces in that direction, then stop and remain facing the direction you have just walked (don t turn around!) d. Add another 120 to your first bearing, and turn the compass so that 160 and the travel arrow line up. Turn, face this direction, and walk another 20 paces in that direction. Stop and remain facing the direction you have walked. e. Add another 120 to make a bearing of 280. Turn the compass so that 280 and the travel arrow line up. Turn, face this direction and walk another 20 paces in that direction. f. Where are you? If you are back where you started, congratulations! You have completed a compass walk using bearings. If not, try this activity again. 15 P a g e
MAPPING 5A Use the textbook Key Skills in Geography (3 rd Edition) from the Library to complete this worksheet. Contour Lines, Slope and Gradient Read the information on p. 30-31, 54-57 from the textbook and the information on the photocopied handout from Macmillan Keys to Geography (p.44-47). DEFINITIONS Give definitions for the following terms: Word Definition Spot Height Contour Line Contour Interval Topography Distribution Relief Gradient 16 P a g e
Relative Relief Terrain Knoll Spur Steep Slope Escarpment Plateau Cliff Gorge Valley 17 P a g e
River Saddle Gentle Slope Round Hill Flat Land 18 P a g e
CONTOUR LINES 1. Contour lines, combined with spot heights, are used on topographic maps because they give us the most accurate two-dimensional picture of the land surface. They show us: a. b. c. 2. Using Figure 4.16 on p.54 of the textbook, answer the following questions. a. What is the contour interval on this map? b. Where does the numbering of contours start? Why is this so? c. When a contour isn t numbered, how do you find its height? d. What are the heights of points A and B, X and Y, and Z? Give a reason for each answer. e. What do contours tell us about the slope of the land surface? 3. Turn to p.43 and use the Quirindi map to answer the following questions. a. What is the contour interval on this map? b. Find the approximate height of each of each of the following, writing a brief note to describe how you found its height: i. The centre track at Quirindi racecourse (GR807103) ii. The farm buildings at Melaleuca (GR778095) iii. The saleyards (GR790122) iv. The intersection of Henry and Hill Streets (GR793116) RELIEF & GRADIENT 1. Write out the formula for calculating the gradient of a slope between two points: 2. Write out the formula for calculating the angle of a slope: 19 P a g e
3. Complete the following table by drawing the patterns of contours that show the relief of an area and indicate landforms as given in the description. Refer to photocopied handout for assistance. A round hill is shown with circular lines. A Plateau is an extensive area of flat land with steep slopes around. A river valley has contours forming a U shape that points towards higher land. A ridge is a long and narrow hilltop with closely shaped contours. A cliff/rocky slope has contours that are very close together. A saddle is indicated by two areas of high land with a dip in between. A spur is an area of land that juts out from the side of a mountain or hill. The contours point away from the high land. Lines far apart indicate flat land or gentle slopes. 20 P a g e
4. Complete the following table by describing the gradient and giving an example of the steepness. The first one has been completed as an example. Refer to Figure 4.20 on p.57 of your textbook for assistance. Ratio Percentage Description Example 1:1 100% Precipitous Dangerous to climb looks like a cliff 1:2 1:3 1:5 1:10 1:20 1:30 1:40 1:100 5. Here are some examples of slopes where the vertical distance, horizontal distance or gradient are already identified for you. a. Complete the table by filling in the blank cells. b. Use the last column to place these slopes in order of steepness from flat to steep. Slope Vertical Distance Horizontal Distance Gradient Order A 23 115 B 16 1:51 C 28 448 D 564 1:12 E 1:30 F 480 1:20 21 P a g e
6. Turn to p.43 and use the Quirindi map to calculate the gradient between each of the following pairs of points. Express your answer as a ratio and as a percentage. c. Hillview (GR793092) and Sunnybank (GR781087) d. Who da Thought It Lookout (GR783108) and the corner of Loder and Cook Streets (GR788112) e. Along the railway between the crossing on Corboulds Lane (GR809076) and the bridge at GR795110. 7. Using the contour map provided, complete the following... a. Describe the terrain of a particular section. Give the map reference (GR and AR) of this area. b. If you can find them, give the references of the following contour shapes: i. A spur ii. Gentle Slope iii. Ridge iv. Round Hill v. Escarpment vi. Plateau vii. River Valley viii. Knoll ix. Saddle c. Calculate the gradient in ratio and percentage of at least two of the above features. 22 P a g e