Studying Geography, Economics, and Citizenship

CHAPTER 2 Studying Geography, Economics, and Citizenship Chapter Overview Throughout human history, people have identified themselves by the country in which they live, by what they do, and by how they interact with each other. To understand history, people must also consider geography, economics, and civics. The study of geography organizes the physical world using maps and other tools. Using geography we can see where we are and how people and ideas move from place to place. Economics tells us how and why people buy and sell goods and services. International trade and other economic systems can greatly affect our lives. Lastly, citizenship describes how people take part in political systems, and how communities grow and change. The rights and duties of citizens are important measures of how our society progresses. All of these areas of study will help you better understand history, what it means to be a citizen, and your place in the world around you. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW TERMS hemisphere Equator Prime Meridian latitude longitude projection physical map political map scale cardinal direction choropleth migration culture capital entrepreneurship supply demand scarcity opportunity cost CHAPTER BENCHMARKS SS.6.G.1.1 Use latitude and longitude coordinates to understand the relationship between people and places on the Earth. SS.6.G.1.2 Analyze the purposes of map projections (political, physical, special purpose), and explain the applications of various types of maps. SS.6.G.1.4 Utilize tools geographers use to study the world. SS.6.G.1.5 Use scale, cardinal, and intermediate directions, and estimation of distances between places on current and ancient maps of the world. SS.6.G.1.6 Use a map to identify major bodies of water of the world, and explain ways they have impacted the development of civilizations. SS.6.G.2.6 Explain the concept of cultural diffusion, and identify the influences of different ancient cultures on one another. SS.6.G.2.7 Interpret choropleths or dot-density maps to explain the distribution of population in the ancient world. traditional economy command economy recession inflation export import globalization judicial branch executive branch legislative branch 31

CHAPTER 2 Studying Geography, Economics, and Citizenship CHAPTER BENCHMARKS, continued SS.6.G.6.1 Describe the Six Essential Elements of Geography (The World in Spatial Terms, Places and Regions, Physical Systems, Human Systems, Environment, The Uses of Geography) as the organizing framework for understanding the world and its people. HE.6.C.2.4 Investigate school and public health policies that influence health promotion and disease prevention. SS.6.E.1.1 Identify the factors (new resources, increased productivity, education, technology, slave economy, territorial expansion) that increase economic growth. SS.6.E.1.2 Describe and identify traditional and command economies as they appear in different civilizations. SS.6.E.1.3 Describe the following economic concepts as they relate to early civilization: scarcity, opportunity cost, supply and demand, barter, trade, productive resources (land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship). SS.6.E.3.2 Categorize products that were traded among civilizations, and give examples of barriers to trade of those products. SS.6.E.3.4 Describe the relationship among civilizations that engage in trade, including the benefits and drawbacks of voluntary trade. SS.6.W.1.3 Interpret primary and secondary sources. SS.6.C.1.1 Identify democratic concepts developed in ancient Greece that served as a foundation for American constitutional democracy. SS.6.C.1.2 Identify how the government of the Roman Republic contributed to the development of democratic principles (separation of powers, rule of law, representative government, civic duty). SS.6.C.2.1 Identify principles (civic participation, role of government) from ancient Greek and Roman civilizations which are reflected in the American political process today, and discuss their effect on the American political process. LA.6.1.6.1 The student will use new vocabulary that is introduced and taught directly. Physical Geography Identifying Make this and label the four tabs Processes, Forces, Land, and Water. Under Processes, identify and describe the processes that operate above and below Earth s surface. Include specific examples. Under Forces, give examples of how forces are changing Earth s surface where you live. Finally, under Land and Water, identify land and water features within 100 miles (161 km) of your community and explain how they influence your life. Step 1 Fold the outer edges of the paper to meet at the midpoint. Crease well. Step 2 Fold the paper in half from side to side. Step 3 Open and cut along the inside of the fold lines to form four tabs. Step 4 Label the tabs as shown. Processes Land Forces Water 32 WORLD HISTORY

LESSON 1 SUMMARY Studying Geography SS.6.G.1.1, SS.6.G.1.2, SS.6.G.1.4, SS.6.G.1.5, SS.6.G.1.6, SS.6.G.2.6, SS.6.G.6.1 Displaying the Earth s Surface Before explorers determined that Earth was round and not flat, geographers used maps to show the distance, size, and shape of landmasses and bodies of water on Earth s surface. After early explorers returned with reports from their journeys, the globe became the standard model for representing Earth, not maps. Globes are useful but have limitations. Although a globe can tell you true distance and direction of landmasses and bodies of water, as well as size and shape, they cannot show the level of detail or the variety of data that maps can. Maps and globes are not completely different. Unlike a globe, a map can easily be folded and carried. However, the two have some common features. They both can be used to locate places, and they both are used to identify the hemispheres. 1. MAKING CONNECTIONS Finding the intersection of latitude and longitude allows geographers to pinpoint absolute locations. Use the Internet to find the absolute location of the place where you live. On the lines below, describe why you might use latitude and longitude to compare places on different maps. Hemispheres In order to find places on Earth, geographers divide it into hemispheres. They use a system of imaginary lines. The Equator is an imaginary horizontal line that goes around the middle of the Earth. Everything above, or north, of the Equator is in the Northern Hemisphere and everything below, or south, of the Equator is in the Southern Hemisphere. The Prime Meridian is an imaginary vertical line that divides Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Everything east of the Prime Meridian is in the Eastern Hemisphere, and everything west of the Prime Meridian is in the Western Hemisphere. Finding Places on the Earth Latitude and longitude lines crisscross globes and maps. These lines form a grid system. The two prominent lines in the system are the Equator and the Prime Meridian. All of the lines of latitude and longitude are used to find any place on Earth. WORLD HISTORY 33

LESSON 1 SUMMARY, continued 2. ANALYZING INFORMATION When mapmakers transfer the information from globes to maps, distortions occur. Explain what changes occur when images from globes are translated to maps. Latitude and Longitude 90 N (North Pole) 75 N 60 N 45 N 30 N 15 N 0 (Equator) 15 S 45 W 30 W 15 W 45 E 0 (Prime Meridian) 30 E 15 E 30 S Lines that measure latitude are parallel to the Equator. These lines measure distances north or south of the Equator. Lines that measure longitude circle the Earth from the North Pole to the South Pole. These lines measure distances east or west of the Prime Meridian. When you are looking for a place on a globe or a map, you can use latitude and longitude designations to find it. You can use special symbols called degrees ( ) and minutes ( ) to describe the absolute location of a place. The intersection of the lines of latitude and longitude is the absolute or exact location of a place. From Globes to Maps Because Earth is round and not flat, mapmakers have difficulty showing the exact size, shape, distance, and area of places on Earth. To compensate, they use mathematics to change, or distort, what Earth s surface really looks like by using different kinds of map projections when they draw maps. A projection shows the Earth on a flat piece of paper. There are different types of projections depending on what the mapmaker needs to show. Flattening Out the Planet Mapmakers face several challenges when they try to convert an image of Earth to make a map. When they flatten the image, they distort the actual size and open up spaces, or gaps, in the image. They stretch parts of Earth to fill in the spaces. Because the map is flattened, it cannot show the correct shape or size of a place. One of the two will be incorrect. 34 WORLD HISTORY

Name Date Class LESSON 1 SUMMARY, continued Map Projections ANALYZING MAPS Different map projections make it easy or difficult to ascertain the shape and size of continents and the correct distance between them. Some projections are more realistic than others. Some show true direction and land shapes accurately, while others may distort land on the western and eastern side or the areas near the North and South poles. 3. IDENTIFYING What realistic features of continents does Goode s Interrupted Equal-Area Projection map show? Goode s Interrupted Equal-Area Projection ARCTIC CIRCLE 60 N 30 N TROPIC OF CANCER EQUATOR 0 4. MAKING COMPARISONS TROPIC OF CAPRICORN 30 S 60 S ANTARCTIC CIRCLE Advantage: accurately shows size and shape of continents and bodies of water Disadvantage: the interrupted view can make distances hard to judge Robinson Projection 120 W ARCTIC CIRCLE 60 W 0 60 E 120 E Compare and contrast the three map projections. Which elements are the same about them and which are different? On a separate sheet of paper, explain why you think mapmakers use different projections to show Earth. MERIDIAN OF GREENWICH (LONDON) 30 N TROPIC OF CANCER EQUATOR 0 TROPIC OF CAPRICORN 30 S 60 S ANTARCTIC CIRCLE Advantage: accurately shows size, shape, and distance between continents, especially on eastern and western edges Disadvantage: distorts size and shape of things in the North and South polar regions Winkel Tripel Projection TROPIC OF CAPRICORN 60 N 120 W 60 W 30 N TROPIC OF CANCER EQUATOR 0 ICO TROPIC OF CAPR RN 30 S 60 S 0 60 E 120 E ARCTIC C IRCLE C CIRCL ANTARCTI E MERIDIAN OF GREENWICH (LONDON) 60 N Advantage: most accurate flat representation of a globe Disadvantage: still not a completely accurate representation of a globe WORLD HISTORY 35

LESSON 1 SUMMARY, continued 5. GATHERING EVIDENCE One of the Six Essential Elements of Geography is the Uses of Geography. Identify and describe three ways that people use geography in their daily lives. Six Essential Elements of Geography To understand geography, it helps to understand several elements. The first element is The World in Spatial Terms. This means that when you study a certain place, you first have to determine where the place is located. You ask yourself, Where is it? The next element is Places and Regions. In geography, a place is not just a location. Place may also describe what a location looks like and what is there. For example, place may describe the landforms, plants, or animals found in a region. It may also describe what the people who live there are like. Physical Systems are used to describe what happens in a place. This element describes physical phenomena, such as hurricanes or volcanoes. It might also describe what a place physically looks like and what types of plants and animals live and survive there. Human Systems are just as important as physical systems. When geographers look at human systems, they want to know about borders and movement. They want to know why people live in a certain place. Geographers also study Environment and Society. This element shows the relationship between people and where they live. It helps geographers determine how people use their environment and how the environment is affected by people. 36 WORLD HISTORY

LESSON 1 SUMMARY, continued The last essential element is the Uses of Geography. With advanced technology and new tools, geographers are able to help people in their daily lives, as well as to learn how people, places, and the environment interact. Types of Maps Maps are divided into different types. General-purpose maps show a variety of information. They are often put together in a book called an atlas. An atlas often contains two types of maps: physical maps and political maps. Physical maps show land and water features. They use color to offset different features on the map. Water may be blue and land may be green or brown. Physical maps also show elevation. A physical map will have a key that identifies the meaning of each color. A political map shows countries, borders, cities, and important human-made features. Political maps might also identify physical land features. Reading Maps Most maps have a map key. The map key makes it possible to understand the information on the map. The map key explains the symbols on the map, such as cities, signs, or pictures. Alexander s Empire, 323 b.c. 40 N 30 N 0 20 E Chaeronea 338 B.C. Athens Aegean Sea Danube R. MACEDONIA Granicus 334 B.C. ASIA MINOR Mediterranean Sea Tyre Alexandria EGYPT 400 miles Nile R. 0 400 km Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection KEY 40 E Extent of empire 30 E 50 E 60 E 70 E Alexander s routes of conquest Black Sea Major battle Issus 333 B.C. Euphrates R. Tigris R. SYRIA Babylon ARABIAN PENINSULA Red Sea N W E S Caspian Sea Gaugamela 331 B.C. Susa PERSIA Persepolis Persian Gulf Indus R. TROPIC OF CANCER 20 N Arabian Sea 6. IDENTIFYING EVIDENCE Identify the seas that surround Alexander the Great s empire. ANALYZING VISUALS 7. EXPLAINING What information does the special-purpose map of Alexander the Great s empire show you that a regular physical or political map would not? Why would this information be useful to a historian? UNITED WORLD STATES HISTORY 37

LESSON 1 SUMMARY, continued ANALYZING VISUALS SYNTHESIZING 8. Look at the geographer in the photo. What kind of map could this geographer make to help us understand the landforms in the photo? What information would the map show? A map key will also have a scale that helps the reader identify distance. The scale will help you determine the distance between cities and towns. The scale is indicated by a line that represents the distances on the map. For example, a 1-inch line on the scale might represent five miles on the map. Also on a map key is a compass rose that indicates cardinal directions north, south, east, and west. A geographer uses tools and technology. 9. CREATING GRAPHS Take a survey of the other students in your class to find out what month each student was born. On a separate piece of paper, create a bar graph to represent the data. Label the x-axis with the months of the year, and fill in the information. Special-Purpose Maps Special-purpose maps show specific types of information, such as climate, natural resources, or population. A specialpurpose map may show a military campaign or the boundaries of an ancient empire. Using Charts, Graphs, and Diagrams As you read, often you will use visual aids such as charts, graphs, and diagrams to gain information. Charts are used to show facts. They contain labels that explain the purpose of the chart and what it shows. Charts arrange information in rows and columns. Graphs are used for different reasons and to show different types of information. Bar graphs, which are made up of thick lines, compare data. Line graphs show changes in a period of time. A climate graph combines the two types. To read any type of graph, read the information along the side (y-axis) and bottom (x-axis). One axis will tell you what is being measured, and the other will tell you the unit of measurement. Circle graphs show how something is divided into parts. Diagrams are drawings. A diagram might show the steps in a process, point out how something works, or show how something looks with a part taken out. Population and Culture Historians, like geographers, are interested in the movement of people, ideas, and goods over time. Lyn Topinka/USGS 38 WORLD HISTORY

LESSON 1 SUMMARY, continued Population Shifts Geographers want to know who makes up a population and why it might grow and shrink during a particular period of time. Geographers also study population density, which is the number of people living in a certain area. They use different colors in a choropleth to indicate population density. Culture and Change Culture is a word used to describe people who live in a place or in a certain way. The word describes beliefs, behaviors, and traits that are shared by a group. When people study a culture, they want to learn about the language its members speak, as well as their government, their religion, and their customs. Cultural diffusion happens when different groups mix. An example of cultural diffusion is migration, when people move from one place to another. 10. POSING QUESTIONS Choose a country whose culture you would like to know more about. Name three questions you would like to ask about the culture there. Share your questions with a classmate. 1. 2. 3. REVIEW LESSON 1 1. Comparing and Contrasting Fill in the Venn diagram to compare and contrast a globe and a map. Determine the qualities of the two. List the qualities of each under the appropriate label. Then list the qualities that they share. map both globe 2. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Think about each of these three people: an explorer, an astronomer, a tourist. Write an essay in which you identify which tool a map, globe, or both would be most useful for each of the three, and explain why you think so. WORLD HISTORY 39

LESSON 2 SUMMARY Exploring Economics SS.6.E.1.1, SS.6.E.1.2, SS.6.E.1.3, SS.6.E.3.2, SS.6.E.3.4 1. PRIORITIZING Identify the most important resources for these different kinds of people in the ancient world. farmer: ruler: merchant: 2. COMPARING Compare the life of a farmer and the life of a merchant in the ancient world. Use resources in your comparison, and describe how both occupations contributed to the economies of ancient civilizations. What Is Economics? All economies deal with the exchange of goods and services. Economists study what goods and services are offered; how they are created; and who will use them. Resources and Production People need resources to obtain goods and offer services. Land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship are the major productive resources. Land is needed to obtain the natural resources needed to make the goods. Labor is the work people do. Capital is the money needed to make and distribute the goods. Entrepreneurship is the ability to start and run a business. Technology is also a productive resource one that uses advances in knowledge in practical ways. Today, technology can make the creation of goods easier, cheaper, and more efficient. Civilizations throughout history have needed resources to survive and thrive. Farmers have always depended on land and water. Early rulers needed many workers to complete large projects, and they also needed capital to pay for the resources and labor they needed. Entrepreneurs took risks by establishing businesses, trading their goods, and creating more value in their communities. Supply and Demand A good business is run on the laws of supply and demand. Supply is the amount of a good or service available for sale. Demand is the amount people want to buy. The law of supply is based on the price of goods or services. If something is in short supply, the price will be higher. If there is an abundant supply of something, the price will be lower. Similarly, if the demand for something is high, the price will go up, and if the demand is low, the price will drop. A business has to be careful to balance their supply of goods and services with the demand for them. 40 WORLD HISTORY

LESSON 2 SUMMARY, continued Demand 3. PREDICTING CONSEQUENCES Suppose you are the owner of a car dealership in your town. Suddenly, there is a worldwide shortage of rubber used to make hoses and tires. Using what you have read about supply and demand, explain how this would affect your business. PRICE Equilibrium Supply QUANTITY This chart illustrates supply and demand curves. Price is stable at the equilibrium point because demand and supply are balanced. Demand is not the only thing that can affect supply. Scarcity, or a lack of resources, can be a problem. If a resource becomes limited, the demand may grow. When this happens, people have to look for a replacement for the resource that is in short supply. One other factor related to supply and demand is opportunity cost. Opportunity cost describes the opportunity you have lost when you buy something else. Suppose you earned money that you are free to spend. You choose to buy tickets to an event. Other items you could have bought with the money are part of the opportunity cost of buying the tickets. Managing and Measuring Economies Every country relies on its economic system to keep goods and services flowing to and from its citizens. An economic system describes how goods and services are exchanged, and these systems can vary quite a bit. Economic Systems A traditional economy is one in which people do the same job for generations, providing goods or services for their community. Prehistoric cultures had traditional economic systems, in which certain families or tribes were responsible for supplying certain goods and services for the rest of the society. A command economy is one in which the government or ruling class determines what will be made and sold and who will be able to obtain the product. Some ancient civilizations 4. PREDICTING CONSEQUENCES If you decide to attend college to earn a four-year degree, what is the opportunity cost of this decision? WORLD HISTORY 41

LESSON 2 SUMMARY, continued 5. ANALYZING INFORMATION Is the market economy of the U.S. more like a traditional or command economy? Explain why you think so using evidence from the text. had command economies, as well as some modern countries with a powerful ruling class. The United States has a market economy. In a market economy, people make economic choices, not the government. People determine what to make, buy, and sell. If other people want what you are making, increasing demand, your business will succeed. If they do not want what you manufacture or sell, your business might fail. Some countries have a mixed economy. In a, mixed economy, the government has some control over the system, while individuals make the remaining choices about what is bought and sold. Measuring Economies Economies expand or shrink over time. This pattern is called the business cycle. When economies expand, the result is a boom. When they shrink, the result is a recession. Recessions often lead to higher unemployment. Businesses may also be forced to close. Governments guard against recessions by watching prices and trying to avoid inflation. Inflation is when the same amount of money buys less goods and services. When this happens, it costs more for people to live. Necessities, such as food and shelter, cost more. Extra activities like movies and sporting events also cost more. There are many causes for inflation, and even experts who study economics usually have different opinions. Regulating inflation can be very difficult. Expansion PEAK Contraction or Recession TROUGH Expansion (LOWEST POINT) PEAK Contraction or Recession This is a model of the business cycle. Notice the economic peaks, as compared to the troughs, or the lowest point in a cycle. 42 WORLD HISTORY

LESSON 2 SUMMARY, continued Trade in World History Trade has been important throughout the history of civilization. Countries trade with each other when they can each benefit from exchanging goods and services. Some countries possess a large supply of certain resources and a scarce supply of other resources they might want. Exports are goods that a country will sell to another country or group. Imports are goods that a country will buy from another country or group. For hundreds of years, European countries exported goods they had in large supply, such as wool, gold, and silver, to Asian countries that had large supplies of things that were hard to find in Europe, like spices and silk. While these kinds of trades are roughly equal in value, both economies benefit because they receive goods that they cannot produce on their own. In ancient times, traders used bartering to obtain goods. In other words, they traded something they had for something they needed directly. A trader might swap cloth for leather goods, or fish for furs. At some point, ancient people invented money. This made trading easier, because money had a set value, was easier to transport than most goods, and could be exchanged for anything. Barriers to Trade Barter System FISH FUR Money System FISH $$$ FUR International trade can be difficult. Wars and other conflicts can interrupt trade. Also, geography can complicate trade because goods have to be transported across great distances. Sometimes a country will restrict trade to protect their traditions. In the 1600s, Japan limited trade with European nations, because they were worried about their own culture being too greatly influenced by the Europeans. 6. MAKING COMPARISONS Consider the differences between a command economy and a market economy. Describe how each type of economy might deal with rising inflation. 7. SYNTHESIZING Use what you know about supply and demand to describe the effect of imports and exports on an economy. Include examples of goods traded between European and Asian countries in the ancient world. WORLD HISTORY 43

LESSON 2 SUMMARY, continued 8. MAKING INFERENCES Using the example of Japan in the 1600s, describe how Japanese culture might be affected by imports from European countries. 9. ANALYZING VISUALS INTERPRETING What does the graph tell you about imports and exports in the United States from 2005 to 2015? Why would it be more beneficial to import goods rather than export goods? Countries often have problems with trade agreements. They must determine which goods are in their best interest to import and export. People do not want goods coming into their country that compete with the sale of goods produced by their own citizens. During the Great Depression, for example, American farmers were worried that importing food from Europe would put them out of business. The government raised taxes on imports of European crops. This led to European countries taxing American crops to protect their own farmers from the same problem. Global Trade Today, countries throughout the world trade with one another. This is called globalization. There are many benefits of this. More countries have access to goods and services they might not be able to produce on their own. Many people are in favor of free trade. With free trade, people can decide freely what they want to buy and sell. This helps economies grow. However, some people worry that free trade makes imports and foreign labor costs too cheap. When imports are cheap, people in a country might lose their jobs producing those same goods that are being imported. TRILLIONS OF DOLLARS 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 YEARS Imports Exports 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 This graph shows U.S. imports and exports from 2005 2015. In 2009, the United States had the largest economy in the world. Every day we trade goods to and from other countries. While this increase in trade between countries has many benefits, it also ties the economies of the trading countries together. Economies are affected when a trade partner is having serious economic difficulties. When the U.S. economy has trouble, it affects all the countries that trade with us. 44 WORLD HISTORY

REVIEW LESSON 2 1. Fill in the chart below. Use the Internet or another reference tool to determine what goods the United States imports and exports. Imports Exports 2. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Using what you have read, determine what would happen if a country like the United States decided not to import or export goods in the future. What would be the effect on the U.S. economy and other world economies? Use examples from your chart of imports and exports. WORLD HISTORY 45