EVOLUTION UNIT Name Read Chapters 1.3, 20, 21, 22, 24.1 and 35.9 and complete the following. Chapter 1.3 Review from The Science of Biology 1. Discuss the influences, experiences and observations that lead Darwin to formulate his theory of evolution by means of natural selection. Chapter 20 Genes within Populations 1. The raw material for evolution/natural selection is. 2. How did Darwin express evolution in his book On the Origin of Species? 3. Unlike his predecessors, Darwin proposed a mechanism by which evolution could occur called. 4. Name and describe Jean-Baptiste Lamarck s proposed mechanism for evolution. 5. What is population genetics? 6. Give an example that illustrates the extent of genetic variability in a natural population. 7. Define polymorphism and heterozygosity.
8. Why was the Hardy-Weinberg equation derived? 9. Identify the 5 conditions that must be met for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to apply (for the frequencies of alleles, genotypes and phenotypes to be constant). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 10. State the Hardy-Weinberg equation and define each element. Be able to solve problems using the Hardy- Weinberg Equation. (This will happen very early in the year, I will help you if you haven t done them before!) p = q = p 2 = 2pq = q 2 = 11. State and define the 5 agents of evolutionary change and describe the extent to which they can change allelic frequencies. d. e.
12. Explain why marriages between close relatives (a example of assortative mating) are discouraged. 13. Describe two causes for the loss of genetic variability in a population, the founder effect and the bottleneck effect (two types of genetic drift.) the founder effect the bottleneck effect 14. Compare and contrast artificial and natural selection 15. For natural selection to occur and result in evolutionary change what three conditions must be met? 16. Clearly distinguish the terms natural selection and evolution. 17. State and give three examples of natural selection in action in natural populations.
18. Evolutionary biologists quantify reproductive success as, the number of surviving offspring left in the next generation. By custom, the most fit individual is assigned what fitness value? What are three components of this fitness? 19. Explain why intermediate sized female water striders leave the most offspring in the next generation. 20. In what two circumstances can selection help to maintain population variation? Give an example of each. 21. Explain the heterozygous advantage of the sickle cell trait and thus another example of how natural selection can maintain variation in a population. 22. Name and describe the three types of natural selection that act on traits affected by multiple genes. 23. Why is it no longer possible to breed a faster thoroughbred?
Chapter 21 The Evidence for Evolution 1. What are the two main pillars of evidence that support the theory of evolution? See introduction 2. Describe two examples of natural selection at work Darwin s Finches and Industrial Melanism. 3. What is reversing the trend of industrial melanism? 4. Describe an example of the success of artificial selection as an effective evolutionary process. 5. What two methods are used to date fossils? 6. Describe an intermediate fossil form that has been found to illustrate a major transition in the history of life, i.e. to fill in a gap in the fossil record. 7. Describe the evolution of the horse as describe by the fossil record.
8. Besides fossil evidence what are two other lines of evidence in support of evolution. 9. Contrast a) convergent and divergent evolution and b) analogous and homologous structures 10. What do you think of Darwin s critics? Chapter 22 The Origin of Species 1. Define speciation. 2. What is a species (the biological species concept)? 3. Name and give examples of three different types of prezygotic isolating mechanisms. 4. State and describe the other category of isolating mechanisms that help species maintain genetic distinctiveness.
5. State two problems encountered in applying the biological species concept. 6. Which is more likely to occur, sympatric or allopatric speciation? 7. What evidence is there for sympatric speciation, occurring instantaneously or over multiple generations? 8. Describe four examples of rapid evolution by adaptive radiation: d. 9. Contrast the two ideas about the rate of evolution, gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. 10. What happened during the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period? Chapter 24 Genome Evolution 1. This chapter explores another line of evidence for evolution. Explain what it is.
2. Compare the human genome with that of the pufferfish the mouse the chimp 3. What accounts for the different rates of genome evolution? Chapter 35.9 The Evolution of Primates 1. What two features distinguish primates from other mammals? 2. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of the following anthropoids: New World Monkeys: Old World Monkeys: Apes: Hominids: 3. According to genetic similarities, which living primate is our closest relative?