Chemistry 1B Fall 016 [more] Chemical Kinetics 1 goals for topic 3 kinetics and mechanism of chemical reaction energy profile and reaction coordinate activation energy and temperature dependence of rate constant catalysis 1
chemical kinetics elementary reactions reaction mechanisms reaction energy profile and the reaction coordinate diagram 3 have already covered worksheet 10 sections I-IV 4
this video and : worksheet 10 sections I-VI and VII (6-10) 5 goals for video 13 elementary reactions kinetics and the mechanism of a chemical reaction energy profile and reaction coordinate 6 3
kinetics and mechanism of reaction NO (g) + CO(g) NO(g) + CO (g) at T< 500K if the reaction was a collision between a NO molecule and a CO molecule one might expect for the differential rate law: dno [ ] kno [ ][ CO] dt but the observed rate of reaction is: dno [ ] kno [ ] dt You might ask? 7 elementary reactions the observed kinetics dno [ ] kno [ ] dt NO (g) + CO(g) NO(g) + CO (g) at T< 500K is not consistent with this stoichiometric equation in representing the actual molecular collisions involved in the reaction ok?? but first let s look at reactions where the stoichiometric equation DOES represent the actual collision process. these are called ELEMENTARY REACTIONS 8 4
kinetics and mechanism of reaction back to the question: so what s up DOC?? NO (g) + CO(g) NO(g) + CO (g) at T< 500K answer: the above (stoichiometric) equation NO colliding with CO does NOT represent the molecular mechanism (molecular steps of the reaction) in actuality: the reaction takes place in two steps NO (g) + NO (g) NO(g) + NO 3 (g) NO 3 (g) + CO(g) CO (g) + NO (g) slow fast net reaction NO (g) + CO(g) NO(g) + CO (g) overall reaction 9 mechanism of the reaction NO (g) + CO(g) ô NO(g) + CO (g) overall reaction (T<500K) k slow NO (g) + NO (g) NO(g) + NO 3 (g) k fast NO 3 (g) + CO(g) CO (g) + NO (g) slow fast The two steps are the actual molecular processes by which the reaction occurs and is the MECHANISM the reaction They represent ELEMENTARY reactions The combination of elementary reactions must sum to the overall stoichiometry Species [e.g. NO 3 (g)] appearing in the steps of the mechanism, but not the overall reaction are REACTION INTERMEDIATES 10 5
how to get rate law from mechanism of the reaction T<500K k slow NO (g) + NO (g) NO(g) + NO 3 (g) slow k fast NO 3 (g) + CO(g) CO (g) + NO (g) fast rates for individual steps come directly from the stoichiometry of the ELEMENTARY reactions how to combine rates of elementary reactions to get overall rate equation LOTS OF TRICKS (but we don t have time for many) our ONE example will be slow reaction followed by rapid reaction (like above reaction) 11 how to get rate law from mechanism of the reaction T<500K k slow NO (g) NO(g) + NO 3 (g) slow NO (g) + CO(g) NO(g) + CO (g) k fast NO 3 (g) + CO(g) CO (g) + NO (g) fast since these are ELEMENTARY reactions: dno [ ] dno [ 3] kslow[ NO ] dt dt dco [ ] k fast[ NO 3] [ CO ] dt slow fast since k fast >> k slow as soon as slow reaction produces NO 3 the fast reaction occurs the total rate is the just the rate of the slow step total rate= k slow [NO ] ( nd order in NO, 0 th order in CO) from slide #5: the observed rate of reaction is: d [ N O ] k [ N O ] dt 1 6
factoids about rate laws and mechanisms in general the rate law cannot be written in terms of the stoichiometric coefficients of the overall reaction the rate law for an elementary reaction IS determined by the molecularity (stoichiometry) of the individual step the overall rate law is obtained from combining rate laws of elementary reactions an overall reaction where the measured rate law and the stoichiometric coefficients match MAY or MAY NOT be an elementary reaction 13 the actual process of determining mechanism of a reaction does mechanism fit measured rate law? Ascertain stoichiometry and measure rate of reaction by initial rates or integrated rate expression yes no Use chemical smarts to propose ( invent ) steps of mechanism may be the correct mechanism other mechanisms may give same overall rate; use additional chemical experiments to verify try again Write rate laws for elementary reactions and combine rate laws to get differential rate expressions for overall reaction 14 7
DNA synthesizer kinetics and your thought Chem 1B kinetics was complicated!! 006 by National Academy of Sciences k on = 1. 10 7 M 1 s 1, k off = 0.06 s 1, k 1 = 1.5 10 7 M 1 s 1, k 1 = 50 s 1, k = 50 s 1, k = 3 s 1, k 3 = 9.5 10 5 M 1 s 1, k 3 = 100 s 1, k 4 = 150 s 1, k 4 = 40 s 1, k 5 = 100 s 1, k 5 = 9.5 10 5 M 1 s 1, k 6 = 4 s 1, k 6 = 4 s 1, k 7 = 60 s 1, k 7 = 1.45 10 4 M 1 s 1.) Pourmand N et al. PNAS 006;103:6466-6470 15 the reaction coordinate and course of a chemical reaction elementary reaction BrNO NO +Br molecularity? bimolecular E Æ E arev E reac energy vs reaction coordinate (progress of reaction reactants products) transition state (maxima of E vs reaction coordinate) [N---Br bonds breaking, Br---Br bond forming] activation energy (E a =E transition state E reactants ) reverse activation energy (E a rev = E transition state E products ) E reaction ( H)= (E products E reactants ) 16 8
multi-step reaction ( stable ) Reaction Intermediate is at a relative minimum along curve http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/@api/deki/files/916/=intermediate.bmp 17 NO (g) + CO(g) ô NO(g) + CO (g) at T< 500K NO (g) + NO (g) NO(g) + NO 3 (g) NO 3 (g) + CO(g) CO (g) + NO (g) slow fast 18 9
our last video!! 19 onto more kinetics!!! 0 10
Zumdahl figure 15.8 NO (g) + CO(g) ô NO(g) + CO (g) NO (g) + NO (g) NO 3 (g) + NO (g) slow step1 step NO 3 (g) + CO(g) CO (g) + NO (g) fast 1 elementary reactions an elementary reaction represents the molecules colliding in an actual step of the overall reaction the rate law for an elementary reaction is determined by the stoichiometry of the elementary reaction (the order of each reactant is its stoichiometric coefficient) the overall order of an elementary reaction is its molecularity the sum of the individual elementary reactions must yield the equation for the overall reaction 11
elementary reactions and molecularity C N ( particle) nuclear decay 14 k1 14 6 7 elementary reaction 14 d 6C 14 k 1 6C first-order dt molecularity unimolecular O ( g) NO( g) O ( g) NO ( g) k 3 d O3 ( g) dt k O NO 3 second-order bimolecular Cl( g) Cl ( g) Cl ( g) d Cl ( g) dt k3 k Cl Cl 3 third-order termolecular improbable 3 elementary or not??? if A + B C d[ A] ka B dt IS an elementary reaction then [ ][ ] termolecular TRUE if the measured rate law for A + B C da [ ] ka [ ][ B] third order dt then is A + B ö C MAY IS or MAY NOT be an elementary reaction FALSE TRUE a multi-step mechanism for reaction may have a set of elementary reactions that coincidentally leads to the third-order rate law 4 1
Temperature dependence of rate constant Catalysis 5 collision theory and effect of temperature on rate constant k zpe E RT a collision frequency (collisions per sec) probability that a collision will have energy > E a (will get over activation barrier at transition state and become products) orientation factor will colliding molecules be in the right orientation to react? 6 13
Arrhenius equation k zpe E RT a k Ae E RT pre exponential factor (slight dependence on T will be ignored) a Svante August Arrhenius (19 February 1859 October 197) was a Swedish scientist, originally a physicist, but often referred to as a chemist, and one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry. 7 temperature dependence of rate constant (HW 10 #69 Z15.73) k k k k k T T 1 1 Ae Ae 1 E E a a RT RT E a 1 1 a RT E T e R T T1 e Ea RT1 T e T k e T 1 Ea 1 1 R T T1 E 1 1 a ln kt ln k T 1 R T1 T eqn 15.11 know k T1 and E a get k T or measure k T1 and k T get E a 8 14
9 Example (by request) A first-order reaction with activation energy E a =50 kj mol -1 has a rate constant of k 300 =3.0 10-1 sec -1 at 300K. What is the rate constant at 310K? What is the ratio of k 310 /k 300? 30 15
adage raise 10K ô twice as fast E a º 50 kj mol -1 at T=98 K 31 catalysis catalyst? substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed itself catalysis changes the reaction pathway catalyzed pathway has lower E a but same E=E products -E reactants 3 16
Catalysis and activation energy http://www.columbia.edu/cu/biology/courses/c005/purves6/figure06-14.jpg 33 general types of catalysis enzymatic catalysis e.g. carbonic anhydrase catalyzes caranh CO + H O HCO 3 + H + removing CO formed in cells during metabolism surface (heterogeneous) catalysis e.g. platinum and rhodium metallic particles in catalytic converter converts CO, NO, N O and NO to CO and N Pt ( metal ) NO (g) + CO (g) Rh ( metal) CO (g) + N (g) homogeneous catalysis (ozone depletion) e.g. O(g) + O 3 (g) O (g) E a =17.1 kj mol -1 uncatalyzed catalyzed by Cl from CCl F +h CClF + Cl Cl(g) + O 3 (g) ClO(g) + O (g) Ea =.1 kj mol -1 catalyzed O(g) + ClO (g) Cl(g) + O (g) Ea =0.4 kj mol -1 catalyzed O(g) + O 3 (g) O (g) 34 17
O(g) + O 3 (g) O (g) O(g) + O 3 (g) O (g) E a =17.1 kj mol -1 uncatalyzed ClO is reaction intermediate ClO + O +O Cl(g) + O 3 (g) ClO(g) + O (g) Ea =.1 kj mol-1 catalyzed O(g) + ClO (g) Cl(g) + O (g) Ea =0.4 kj mol-1 catalyzed O(g) + O 3 (g) O (g) http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/kinetics/pediagrams.htm 35 one last example of mechanism: OH + H 3 CI CH 3 OH + I vs OH +(CH 3 )CI (CH 3 )COH + I H H OH + H C I H C OH + I H H SN reaction rate=k SN [OH - ] [CH 3 CI] second-order bimolecular CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 C I slow I + CH 3 C + + OH fast CH 3 C OH CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 SN 1 reaction rate=k SN1 [C 4 H 9 I] no [OH ] [OH ] 0 slow followed by fast first-order 36 18
chemical kinetics (chapter 15) NC - H 3 C-I NC-CH 3 + I - Kinetics: How fast a reaction proceeds, and the molecular steps involved in a reaction [the mechanism of a reaction]. http://www.bluffton.edu/~bergerd/classes/cem1/sn-e/sn_alternate.html 37 kinetic measurements: how fast will a reaction proceed Catalysis 38 19
goals for lecture 3 kinetics and mechanism of chemical reaction energy profile and reaction coordinate activation energy and temperature dependence of rate constant catalysis 39 Finis!!! BUT one MORE THING 40 0
p the orientation factor ( ONBr ô NO +Br ) what relative orientation of two ONBr molecules will lead to a reaction? (Br------Br bond formation) yes yes no the more particular the reaction is about alignment of colliding molecule the smaller the p factor 41 two-step, slow then fast, first-order with reaction intermediate HW#10 probs 67 and 68 http://guweb.gonzaga.edu/faculty/cronk/chem40/images/reaction_coordinate_sn1.gif 4 1
Example (by request) A first-order reaction with activation energy E a =50 kj mol -1 has a rate constant of k 300 =3.0 ä 10-1 sec -1 at 300K. What is the rate constant at 310K? What is the ratio of k 310 /k 300? Ea ln kt ln A RT Ea 1. ln k310 ln A R (310 K ). ln ln E (300 ) a k300 A R K (same A and E ) subtract: 1 - ln a k E a 1 1 k R 310K 300K 310 ( ) ( ) 300 3 1 5010 Jmol 1 1 1 1 8.3145 310 300 J mol K ( K K ) note unitless 43 example continued ln k E a 1 1 k R 310K 300K 310 ( ) ( ) 300 k k 310 ln ( ) 0.6466 300 3 1 5010 Jmol 1 1 1 1 8.3145 310 300 Jmol K ( K K ) note unitless k310 k300 e (3.010 sec ) 1.91 0.574sec 0.6466 1 1 1 k ( ) 0.6466 k k k 310 310 ln 1.91 300 300 Old adage: raise T by 10º (300 310) double reaction rate (E a 50 kj/mol) 44