Taxonomy and Animal Phylogeny Number of Species Approx. 1.5 million species known Miller and Harley Chap. 7 Taxonomy = Systematics = Phylogeny Taxonomic Hierarchy Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Homo sapiens Binomial Nomenclature Representing the Groups Phylogenetic Trees Ape Mi Feng Apis mellifera Cladograms Abeille à miel Honeybee Honningbier 1
Homologies Analogies (Similarity due to Convergence) Shark: Class Chondricthyes Inheritance due to having shared a common ancestor Orca: Class Mammalia Grouping for Classification Protista: Polyphyletic! Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Chromalveolata Discicristata Excavata Alveolata Stramenopila Unikonta Rhizaria Plantae Opisthokonta Amoebozoa Green plants Cladistic Approach Paraphyletic = Opinion Hylabatidae Hyobates Pongidae Pongo Gorilla Pan Pongidae Gorilla Homo Chimpanzee Human Gorilla Chimpanzee Human 2
Animal Phylogeny Traditional vs. Cladistic Approach Class Reptilia is paraphyletic Traditional vs. Cladistic Approach Protista Animalia Symplesiomorphies Class Reptilia is monophyletic Plesiomorphie = ancestral Apomorphie = derived 2 Body Symmetry 1) Level of Organization Asymmetry Cellular Tissues (digestive tract) Mesoderm (connective tissues, muscles, vascular system) (skin) Organs Organ systems digestive, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory Porifera Autapomorphies Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Synapomorphies Nemertea Bryozoa Brachiopoda Phoronida Arthropoda Onychophora Tardigrada Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata 3
Bilateral Symmetry Radial Symmetry Cephalization Céphalization Median Plane Can divide along radius (-ii) through oral-aboral axis 3) Embryonic Development 3) Embryonic Development Invagination forms the gastric cavity (by the process of gastrulation) Opening to the invagination called the blastopore Becomes a gastrula, blastocoel eventually fills in Fertilized ovule give a zygote (1 single cell) Cellular division in zygote produces blastula, which is formed of blastomeres surrounding a blastocoel 4) Tissues and Body Cavities Blastopore 4) Tissues and Body Cavities Mesoglea Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Eucoelomate Diploblastic Body Plan 4
Acoelomate Mesoderm Pseudocoelomate Eucoelomate 5) Protostome Development Mesoderm 5) Deuterostome Development Protista 1 Animalia 2 Mesoderm 3 4 5 Cellular Organization 7 6 unicellular (1) Parazoa, w/o tissues (2) Tissue Organization Diploblasts (3) Triploblastes (4) Bilateral Symmetry (5) Embryonic Development Protostomes (6) Deuterostomes (7) Porifera Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Bryozoa Brachiopoda Phoronida Arthropoda Onychophora Tardigrada Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata 5
Next Class: Protozoa Miller and Harley Chap. 8 Questions? Photo A.Brown 6