Rock Cycle and Rock Types Homework Completion Complete each statement. 1. A(n) is a solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally. 2. Rocks are generally classified as igneous,, or metamorphic. 3. Because of the processes that take place within the, rocks can change from one type to another. 4. The rock cycle is driven internally by heat from, and externally by energy from the sun. 5. rocks form when magma hardens and cools. 6. When igneous rocks cool rapidly, and ions do not have time to unite into an orderly crystalline structure, texture results. 7. An igneous rock that contains mostly pyroxene and olivine has a(n) composition. 8. During the processes of erosion and deposition, sediments that are the in size will be carried the greatest distances before being deposited. 9. Because of the way they form, crystalline limestone and chert are classified as sedimentary rocks. 10. In an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks, the oldest rocks would be at the of the sequence. 11. Most rocks form under conditions found a few kilometers under Earth s surface. 12. Large-scale folding of rocks during the process of mountain building is characteristic of a(n) metamorphism setting. 13. A(n) is a hot, water-rich fluid that is associated with a cooling magma body. 14. Metamorphic rocks that are composed of only one mineral, and that form large interlocking crystals, often have a(n) texture. 15. The parent rock of the nonfoliated metamorphic rock called is commonly a quartz sandstone. Short Answer 16. What is a rock? 17. What are the three major types of rocks? 18. Which type of rock in the rock cycle can only be formed at depths of a few kilometers below Earth s surface? 19. What two sources of energy drive the processes that form rocks in the rock cycle? 20. What is the difference between extrusive igneous rocks and intrusive igneous rocks? 21. What factor most influences the size of mineral crystals in igneous rocks?
22. List and briefly describe the two characteristics used to classify igneous rocks. 23. What are the major erosional agents that can pick up, transport, and deposit the products of weathering? 24. What are the two main groups of sedimentary rocks? 25. What are fossils and why are they useful? 26. Where does most metamorphism take place? 27. What type of metamorphism occurs during mountain building, resulting in the formation of high-grade metamorphic rocks? 28. What are the three agents of metamorphism? 29. Compare and contrast the metamorphic rocks marble and gneiss. 30. How would a fine-grained foliated metamorphic rock be classified? Essay 31. Explain the rock cycle by describing how an igneous rock can become a sedimentary rock, then a metamorphic rock, and then an igneous rock again. 32. What are the most common minerals in clastic sedimentary rocks, and why are these minerals so abundant?
Rocks Answer Section COMPLETION 1. ANS: rock PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 3.1 STA: 11 2. ANS: sedimentary PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 3.2 STA: 11.1 3. ANS: rock cycle PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 3.3 STA: 11.1 4. ANS: Earth s interior PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 3.4 STA: 11.1 11.2 5. ANS: Intrusive igneous PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 3.5 STA: 11.1 11.2 6. ANS: glassy PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 3.6 STA: 9.4 11.1 11.2 7. ANS: ultramafic PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 3.7 STA: 11.1 11.2 8. ANS: smallest PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 3.8 STA: 11.1 11.2 17.1 9. ANS: chemical PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 3.9 STA: 9.3 11.1 11.2 10. ANS: bottom PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 3.10 STA: 11.1 11.2 21.3 21.4 11. ANS: metamorphic PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 3.11 STA: 11.1 11.2 12. ANS: regional PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 3.12 STA: 11.1 11.2 13. ANS: hydrothermal solution PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 3.13 STA: 11.1 11.2 14. ANS: nonfoliated PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 3.14 STA: 9.3 11.1 11.2
15. ANS: quartzite PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 3.15 STA: 11.1 11.2 SHORT ANSWER 16. ANS: A rock is any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet. PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 3.1 STA: 11 17. ANS: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 3.2 STA: 11.1 18. ANS: metamorphic rock PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 3.3 STA: 11.1 11.2 19. ANS: the sun and heat from Earth s interior PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 3.4 STA: 11.1 11.2 20. ANS: Extrusive igneous rocks form when lava cools at Earth s surface, and intrusive igneous rocks form when magma cools below Earth s surface. PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 3.5 STA: 11.1 11.2 21. ANS: the rate of cooling PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 3.6 STA: 9.3 11.1 11.2 22. ANS: texture: size and arrangement of mineral crystals; composition: mineral makeup of the rock PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 3.7 STA: 9.3 9.4 11.1 11.2 23. ANS: water, wind, ice, and gravity PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 3.8 STA: 11.1 11.2 16.6 24. ANS: chemical sedimentary rocks and clastic sedimentary rocks PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 3.9 STA: 11.1 11.2 25. ANS: Fossils are the traces of ancient life that can provide information on the environment, climate, and sedimentary rock age, and can help match up rocks of the same age in different places. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 3.10 STA: 11.1 11.2 22.1 22.3 22.4 22.5 26. ANS:
a few kilometers below Earth s surface PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 3.11 STA: 11.1 11.2 27. ANS: regional metamorphism PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 3.12 STA: 11.1 11.2 28. ANS: heat, pressure, and hydrothermal solutions PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 3.13 STA: 11.1 11.2 29. ANS: Marble is a nonfoliated metamorphic rock, composed of the mineral calcite, from the parent rock limestone; gneiss is a foliated metamorphic rock, composed of quartz, feldspars, and micas, with the common parent rock being granite. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 3.14 STA: 11.1 11.2 30. ANS: as a phyllite PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 3.15 STA: 11.1 11.2 ESSAY 31. ANS: An igneous rock forms when magma or lava cools. Over time, the igneous rock is weathered into small pieces, or sediment. The sediments are eroded and deposited, and become compacted and cemented together, forming a sedimentary rock. If the sedimentary rock is subjected to intense heat and pressure, it can form a metamorphic rock. The metamorphic rock can become buried deep beneath Earth s surface, melt to form a magma, then cool to form an igneous rock again. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 3.3 STA: 11.1 11.2 32. ANS: Quartz and clay minerals are the most common and abundant minerals in clastic sedimentary rocks. Clay minerals are abundant because they are the most abundant products of the chemical weathering of rocks, such as shale. Quartz is a common mineral in clastic sedimentary rocks because it is very durable and resistant to chemical weathering. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 3.9 STA: 10.2 11.1 11.2