transform boundary The San Andreas Fault is undoubtedly the most famous transform boundary in the world. To the west of the fault is the Pacific plate, which is moving northwest. To the east is the North American Plate, which is moving southeast. Photograph by Robert E. Wallace, USGS. 1
A tsunami is formed when continental plates shift suddenly as it did last December off the coast of Indonesia. The huge waves killed thousands. 2
collisional ranges The Himalayas, the highest mountains in the world, were created this way. (In fact, they're still growing.) So were the European Alps. Even the Appalachian Mountains formed when two land masses came together. The Swiss Alps The Appalachian s Blue Ridge Mts. 3
Hawaiian Islands Artist's conception of the movement of the Pacific Plate over the fixed Hawaiian "Hot Spot," illustrating the formation of the Hawaiian Ridge- Emperor Seamount Chain. 4
Rocks and The Rock Cycle
3 Main Rock Types Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
Igneous EXTRUSIVE Forms when lava cools quickly on the Earths surface Forms from molten rock cooling and solidifying INTRUSIVE Magma cools slowly over millions of years deep beneath the surface
IGNEOUS---Extrusive Little or NO Crystals! Lava cools on the surface so fast minerals do not get a chance to form Extrusive rocks can be divided into two categories based on color Dark colors black-brownred Basalt Obsidian Light colors white-graypink Rhyolite
IGNEOUS---Intrusive Large Interlocking Crystals!!! Magma cools slowly over millions of years LARGE CRYSTALS FORM Intrusive rocks can also be divided into two categories based on color Dark colors blackbrown-green Gabbro Light colors white-gray-pink Granite
IGNEOUS---Intrusive Large Interlocking Crystals! Magma cools slowly over millions of years LARGE CRYSTALS FORM Intrusive rocks can also be divided into two categories based on color Dark colors blackbrown-green Gabbro Light colors white-gray-pink Granite
Intrusive Igneous Rocks Formed when magma inside the volcano cools s-l-o-w-l-y Forms large grain crystals Peridotite Gabbro Granite Pegmatitie Diorite
Extrusive Igneous Rocks Formed from lava exiting the volcano and cooling quickly Forms fine-grain crystals Andesite Basalt Obsidian Pumice Rhyolite
3 Main Rock Types Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
How to make a clastic sedimentary rock Weathering and Erosion Transportation Deposition Compaction and Cementation Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary rocks are divided into three categories Chemical Mechanical (Clastic) Organic (Biologic) Minerals are dissolved in the water water is evaporated off and leaves behind chemical sedimentary rocks Examples are Halite, Limestone and Gypsum
Sedimentary rocks are divided into three categories Chemical Mechanical (Clastic) Organic (Biologic) Made from eroded fragments of other rocks Shale Sandstone Conglomerate Microscope grains of mud cemented together Sand grains cemented together Pebble to boulder size fragments cemented together
Chemical Sedimentary rocks are divided into three categories Mechanical (Clastic) Organic (Biologic) Oil (animal remains) Coal (dead plant material) Rocks are formed from the remains of plants and animals which have hardened Coral (sea mammals)
Continental environments alluvial fan Sedimentary rocks, environments and structures
Continental environments eolian deposits Sedimentary rocks, environments and structures
Sedimentary Facies (facies the character of a rock defined by its formation, composition and fossil content) Sedimentary rocks, environments and structures
Transitional environments deltas Sedimentary rocks, environments and structures
A bedding plane is the line separating one layer of compressed rock from the next layer of compressed rock.
Sedimentary structures bedding planes Sedimentary rocks, environments and structures
Sedimentary structures graded bedding Sedimentary rocks, environments and structures
Sedimentary structures graded bedding Sedimentary rocks, environments and structures
Sedimentary structures mud cracks Sedimentary rocks, environments and structures
3 Main Rock Types Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
Metamorphic rocks form from HEAT&PRESSURE Two types of metamorphism Contact Regional Rock surrounding a magma body gets cooked and changes Tectonic forces Metamorphism occurs over a large area
Contact Metamorphism is the ZONE of contact where an Igneous Intrusion meets the existing rock but DOES NOT melt it.
Contact Metamorphism Deep underground, zones of metamorphism form around the hot magma of batholiths. L.Gardiner/Windows Original
CONTACT METAMORPHISM
Contact metamorphism occurs only at the place where the magma contacts rock SHALE SANDSTONE LIMESTONE IGNEOUS INTRUSION SANDSTONE
Regional Metamorphism: occurs over large areas with extreme pressures & temperatures
Regional Metamorphism Tectonic forces smash continents together. The rocks get heated and become semi-molten. The added pressure causes the mineral to separate into bands and sometime to even flow before cooling again!
This extreme heat and pressure is what builds MOUNTAINS
PARENT ROCK Is the rock from which metamorphic rock is formed.
Common Metamorphic Rocks Parent Rock Granite (Igneous Intrusive) Metamorphic Rock Gneiss Shale (Sedimentary) Slate Sandstone (Sedimentary) Quartzite
Parent Rock Metamorphic Rock Limestone (sedimentary) Marble
Extrusive Igneous
A Metamorphic rock is one whose original form has been changed by heat and pressure. This change is called re-crystallization. These changes are not caused by melting. If the rock melted and cooled it would be an Igneous Rock. Changes caused by re-crystallization may include the creation and growth of new mineral crystals. Rocks which are intensely compressed (pressure) can also become metamorphic. Becomes more dense and resistant to weathering
The growth of new minerals may cause the rock to appear banded or foliated stripes of light and dark minerals. SCHIST SHOWS BANDING
pressure pressure pressure
DISTORT It can also (BEND) OR DESTROY ORIGINAL STRUCTURES
The Rock Cycle 48
49
Tectonic Forces: Intrusive Landforms
Batholith
Laccolith
Sill
Dyke
Mesa s & Buttes
Melts at high temp Constructing a Rock Cycle MAGMA (Molten Rock) Cools & Crystalises Metamorphic Igneous Extreme Heat & Pressure Weathers & Erodes Sedimentary Sediment Compressed and compact