Summer Review for AP Biology These questions are to help you review the knowledge from your previous science classes that you should already know. AP science classes refer to this as previous knowledge and assume you know it and can work with it without the teacher re-teaching it. This assignment is due on the first day of class. It must be hand written. There will a test on the material by the end of the first week. Basic chemistry: The chemical elements that are most useful in biology are the following: O, C, H, N, Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl and Mg. You do not need to memorize the information about them, but should be able to determine it with a periodic table. For each of these elements, answer the following: 1. What is the name of the element? 2. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does it have? 3. What kind of bonds does it usually make? General questions: 4. What is the charge, location in the atom, and mass of a proton, a neutron and an electron? 5. What information do you need to calculate or determine the following? a. The atomic number of an element b. The mass number of an element c. The weight in daltons (AKA amu) of one atom of an element Back to the basic elements from above: 6. What are the atomic number, mass number and weight in amu of each element? 7. What is the electron configuration of each element and what does it tell you about the atomic structure? 8. Indicate the number of valence electrons for each of the elements and tell how many bonds it can form with other atoms. 9. What is an isotope? List the common isotopes of C and H. Indicate which ones are radioactive and why. General information continued: 10. What subatomic particles are involved in chemical bonds? 11. What is a covalent bond? 12. How is a molecule related to covalent bonds? 13. Distinguish between a molecular formula and a structural formula. Give an example of each. 14. What is a double bond? When would a double bond form? 15. What is meant by electronegativity?
16. How is electronegativity used to determine whether two atoms will form a nonpolar covalent bond or a polar covalent bond or an ionic bond? 17. Give an example of each of the bonds listed in the previous question above. 18. Why are ionic compounds sometimes referred to as salts? 19. How are ions formed? How is the charge on the ion determined? 20. What is meant by a hydrogen bond? 21. How can you determine that hydrogen bonds will form between molecules? 22. What are Van der Waals interactions? 23. Arrange the types of bonds and interactions from questions 10-21 in order from strongest to weakest. Justify your placement. Chemical Numbers: 24. How would you determine how many grams are in a mole of any chemical element or compound? 25. How would you make a 1 M solution of CaCO3? 26. How many molecules of CaCO3 are in the 1 M CaCO3 solution? 27. How many molecules of CaCO3 are there per ml of the solution? 28. If you divide the 1 M solution of CaCO3 into four separate flasks, putting 250 ml into each flask, determine the following: a. How many grams of CaCO3 are in each flask? b. How many molecules of CaCO3 are in each flask? c. How many molecules of CaCO3 are there per ml of distilled water? d. What is the molarity of CaCO3 in each of the four flasks? 29. If you only had a 3 M solution of NaCl and you needed a 1 M solution, how could you make it? You only have distilled water to use in the process. Reading reactions: CO2 + H2O à C6H12O6 + O2 30. Balance the equation above and describe what it tells you. 31. Identify the reactants and products in the equation above. H2 + N2 Û NH3 32. Balance the equation above. 33. Write the names of the chemicals in the reaction. 34. Describe what the reaction tells you. Water: 35. Draw a water molecule and indicate the types of bonds. 36. Add another water molecule to your drawing and indicate the bonds, if any, between them. 37. Explain how the bonding of water provides surface tension to a drop of water.
38. Explain why water has a high specific heat. 39. Explain why water has a high heat of vaporization. 40. Explain why ice floats on liquid water. Solutions: 41. Define the following terms: a. Solute b. Solvent c. Solution d. Aqueous solution e. Hydrophilic f. Hydrophobic g. Molarity Acids and bases: 41. finish and balance this equation: H2O + H2O Û 42. identify the hydronium and hydroxide ions. 43. What is an acid? Give an example. 44. What is a base? Give an example. 45. What does the ph scale tell you? 46. Explain how the ph scale was determined. 47. What is a buffer? 48. If a solution becomes more acidic, does its ph go up or down? 49. How does one neutralize a basic solution? Lab equipment and safety: 50. What safety wear should you have on when in lab with chemicals? 51. How should you be dressed and wear your hair when in a lab with chemicals? 52. What is the appropriate use for each of the following? a. graduated cylinder b. watch glass c. pipet d. test tube e. beaker f. flask g. eyewash h. emergency shower i. ring stand 53. How do you properly mass a chemical on an electronic balance? 54. How do you properly read a graduated cylinder? 55. What do you do with leftover chemicals from a lab activity?
AP Biology Summer Review 2018 INTRO TO STATISTICS: A. Watch the following videos. Take notes in your composition notebook and answer the following questions directly on this sheet. You must be able to APPLY and/or ANALYZE data on most EVERY assignment throughout this course based on these principles, concepts and practices: 1. Bozeman- http://www.bozemanscience.com/beginners-guide-to-graphing-data (*MUST know when to use each type appropriately!) a. What type of graph uses a best fit line? b. Explain the difference in a bar graph and a histogram. c. What type of graph shows a change over time? d. What type of graph displays a correlation of variables? 1. Distinguish between the independent variable and dependent variable and where they are placed on a graph. e. Which type of graph is best for comparing 2 or more different groups? f. Which type of graph is better for showing distribution of data? g. Explain when a pie graph should be used and give (draw) any example. h. State at least 5 elements that any graph should always display. i. Watch Graphing Data by Spreadsheet. Bookmark it and take notes in your notebook for reference. Also, watch Graphing Data by Hand, if needed.
2. Bozeman- Statistics for Science https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jf9vt4v4ari&list=plllvwazqks2ombpljqm_baqksq7lq86ku a. What is n? b. What is x (bar)? c. What is M? d. What was the range of the sample he gave? e. Explain Degrees of Freedom (with any example) and why the formula is n-1. 3. Bozeman- Standard Deviation http://www.bozemanscience.com/standard-deviation a. What is meant by normal distribution? b. What does standard deviation (SD) measure? c. Can 2 sets of data have the same mean but a different SD? Explain. d. 1 SD means % of the population falls within this range; while 2 SD means % falls in this range. e. Pause the video and calculate the SD from the 2 nd set of data given BY HAND. Show your work. f. Take notes as to how to solve for SD using Excel. You may want to bookmark the video for quick reference for labs we will be doing throughout the course. *Note- The AP Bio Exam only allows you to use a BASIC 4 function (with square root) calculator, so make sure you learn to solve it by hand!
3. Bozeman- Standard Error http://www.bozemanscience.com/standard-error and Kevin Piers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3upypolerjg a. From Bozeman: Explain the significance of standard error among 2 different sets of data with different sample sizes that have the same Mean (in terms of precision). b. From Piers: 1- What do SEM bars that have overlapping Means on a graph indicate? 2- Explain the significance if SEM bars overlap, but the Means do not overlap. 3- Explain the significance if there is no overlap between SEM bars. c. From Bozeman-As stated earlier, make notes (notebook) for calculating & using Excel. Use the example he gave and try it yourself! 4. Go to www.bozemanscience.com/ap-biology/. Watch the videos on AP Biology Practices. TAKE NOTES IN YOUR COMPOSITION NOTEBOOK! *SEE NEXT PAGE FOR PROBLEMS TO SOLVE
D. Solve the following problems IN PENCIL. You must show ALL WORK. Make sure graphs have Titles and are properly labeled WITH UNITS: 1. Graph the following sample data set showing the number of leaf disks that rise in a solution over time as photosynthesis occurs. 2. A- Calculate the mean and standard deviation for the data set of annual monthly rainfall. B- Use the data to sketch the appropriate type of graph. 3. Below are 2 samples of data that were collected (*we will ignore Units & Graph Title for this one): Sample A: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 Sample B: 10, 15, 20 Calculate the mean for Sample A
Calculate the mean for Sample B Are the calculated means sufficient in explaining the data? Why or why not? (*Be specific!) Calculate: SD for Sample A SD for Sample B Explain the significance of the results. Calculate the Standard Error of Mean for Sample A Calculate the SEM for Sample B Graph your results, showing error bars for each. Do the bars overlap? Do the means overlap? Explain whether or not there are significant differences between the 2 populations. 4. A student noticed that the ivy leaves growing on the shady side of a building were larger than ivy leaves growing on the sunny side of the same building. The student collected and measured the maximum width, in centimeters, of 30 leaves from each habitat. Use statistical analysis to determine if it s likely that there is a significant difference in leaf size between the shady and sunny ivy plants with 95% confidence (±2 SE). Graph the data and indicate error bars. (*see next page)
Calculated Results (from collected data): Using the data given and constructed graph, justify the significance between the two samples.
Go to the Mastering Biology site. Register for the class called MBPERRELLA26816 and work through the how to use the website then do the assigned Chemistry review.