Simulations and Measurements of Secondary Electron Emission Beam Loss Monitors for LHC Daniel Kramer,, Eva Barbara Holzer,, Bernd Dehning, Gianfranco Ferioli, Markus Stockner CERN AB-BI BI 4.10.2006 IPRD06, Siena D.Kramer 1
Outline LHC BLM system BLMS design requirements Working principle of SEM Prototype design and vacuum issues Simulations in Geant4 Measurements at 63 MeV Measurements at 1.4 GeV 4.10.2006 IPRD06, Siena D.Kramer 2
LHC Beam Loss Monitoring system ~ 3700 BLMI chambers installed along LHC ~ 360 BLMS chambers required for high radiation areas: Collimation Injection points Aperture limits IPs Beam Dump 4.10.2006 IPRD06, Siena D.Kramer 3
BLMS design requirements Output limits given by electronics (Current to Frequency Converter) er) > 2pA to 1mA for DC currents Worst case to measure: nominal SPS injection lost in a magnet 3 10 13 p + in 20us > 1.5 10 18 p + /s Sensitivity ~ 3 10 4 times lower than ionization chambers (BLMI) Lifetime 20 years (very difficult or impossible to replace due to high radiation) Radiation hardness up to 70 MGy/year 4.10.2006 IPRD06, Siena D.Kramer 4
Secondary Emission Monitor principle Secondary Electron Emission is a surface phenomenon Energy of SE (below ~ 50 ev) is independent on primary energy SE are pulled away by HV bias field (1.5kV) Current integrated between Signal and HV electrode (not between HV and Mass) Delta electrons do not contribute to signal due to symmetry Incoming particle < 10-4 mbar Secondary electrons Bias E field Ti Signal electrode Ti or Al HV electrodes Steel vessel (mass) VHV necessary to eliminate ionization inside the detector Very careful insulation and shielding of signal path to eliminate ionization in air No direct contact between Signal and Bias (guard ring) 4.10.2006 IPRD06, Siena D.Kramer 5
BLMS prototype assembly All components cleaned by standard UHV process Steel parts vacuum fired Fully penetrated TIG welds Pinch off after 300 C vacuum bake out at 10-9 mbar No trapped gas volumes Production version will contain 170 cm 2 of NEG St707 to keep the vacuum < 10-4 mbar during 20 years All electrodes will be from Ti 4.10.2006 IPRD06, Siena D.Kramer 6
Simulations in Geant4 Geometry of BLMS F type implemented including E fields Signal electrode covered by layer of TiO 2 (NIST predefined materials used) QGSP physics list used Readout done in UserSteppingAction by counting produced escaping electrons Photo-Absorption Absorption-Ionization module tested for production of low energy secondaries Produces only energetic delta electrons >~1keV (binary encounter) => Not suitable for this study :o( 4.10.2006 IPRD06, Siena D.Kramer 7
Semi empirical approach Sternglass formula Secondary Emission Yield is proportional to electronic de/dx in surface layer Material parameter Λ calculated from effective penetration distance of SE SEY of each particle crossing TiO 2 /vacuum boundary calculated and SE generated with this probability Low energy correction not used (to match literature values) γ b = Λ de dx el 1 + 1 + 1 E p 0.1836 A p 4.10.2006 IPRD06, Siena D.Kramer 8
Comparison with published data Al2O3 data from C.M.Castaneda 1997 Thin foil measurements TiO2 (Ti) data from G. Ferioli 1996 SPS transfer line SEM calibration 4.10.2006 IPRD06, Siena D.Kramer 9
Prototype tests with 63MeV cyclotron beam in Paul Scherer Institute Current measured with electrometer Keithley 6517A HV power supply FUG HLC14 Pattern not yet fully understood Simulation of delta electron contribution to be made with different HV SEM usable from U > 2V! Comparison with BLMI ~ 1nA with BLMS ~ 3 ua with BLMI Geant4 simulation SEY = 28.2% PSI proton beam 62.9MeV 30JUN06 BLMS prototypes F & C Type HV dependence of SEY SEY charges/p + [%] 40 35 30 25 20 C type F type Geant4 15 10-3 10-2 10-1 10 0 HV [kv] 4.10.2006 IPRD06, Siena D.Kramer 10
Measurements in PS Booster Dump line Older prototype used - Type C Profiles integrated with digital oscilloscope 1.5kV bias voltage 80m cable length Single bunch passage SEY measurements 4.9% (May 06) 5.4% (June 06) Geant4 simulation SEY = 4.4% PSB Dump 16.6.06 1.4 GeV Linearity and Normalized response Secondary electrons 10 x 1010 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Beam intensity [p+/bunch] x10 12 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Secondary Electron Yield [%] 4.10.2006 IPRD06, Siena D.Kramer 11
Measurements in PS Booster Dump line BLMS compared to reference radiation monitor ACEM (Aluminum Cathode Electron Multiplier tube) ACEM not directly in the beam Rise/fall time < 50 ns Dominated by unknown intensity distribution No undershoot or tail observed Time response with ~10 19 protons/s 160ns bunch length Current SEM [ma] BLMS & ACEM in PSB dump 15 June 2006 1 bunch of 1.3 GeV 184*10 10 p+ 180 4.5 160 4 140 3.5 120 3 100 2.5 80 2 60 1.5 40 1 20 0.5 0 0-20 -0.4-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6-0.5 time [µs] Current ACEM [ma] 4.10.2006 IPRD06, Siena D.Kramer 12
Future or ongoing experiments BLMS and BLMI installed on SPS internal Dump comparison in high flux mixed radiation field Scan through beam at 400 GeV in SPS transfer line Calibration in PSI by 250 MeV continuous proton beam High sensitivity outgassing test 4.10.2006 IPRD06, Siena D.Kramer 13
Conclusions Prototype designs of BLMS were successfully tested with proton beams No saturation at maximum required flux Geant4 simulation approach gives satisfactory results Results to be validated by measurements at different energies Next step: prediction of SEM signal at the LHC Collimators in mixed radiation field Vacuum stability still to be verified 4.10.2006 IPRD06, Siena D.Kramer 14
1000.00 LHC top energy Energy stored in the beam [MJ] 100.00 10.00 1.00 0.10 SNS ISR LEP2 LHC injection (12 SPS batches) SPS fixed target SPS batch to LHC RHIC proton TEVATRON SPS ppbar Factor ~200 HERA 0.01 1 10 100 1000 10000 Momentum [GeV/c] 4.10.2006 IPRD06, Siena D.Kramer 15
Reserve plots PSB 1.4GeV 4 May 06 180 BLMS & ACEM in PSB dump 4 May 2006 1 bunch of 216*10 10 p+ 6 160 140 5 120 4 Current SEM [ma] 100 80 60 3 2 Current ACEM [ma] 40 20 1 0 0-20 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 time [µs] 4.10.2006 IPRD06, Siena D.Kramer 16
Reserve plot PSB 1.4GeV 4 May 06 14 x 1010 BLMS in PSB dump 4 May 2006 Integration from Scope signal 12 10 Secondary electrons 8 6 4 2 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 Beam intensity [p+/bunch] 2 2.5 3 x 10 12 80 BLMS in PSB dump 4 May 2006 Scope signal 70 60 50 Current [ma] 40 30 20 10 0-10 -0.2-0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 time [µs] 4.10.2006 IPRD06, Siena D.Kramer 17