Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 8-1980 Effects of Thioridazine (Mellaril) on Titrating Delayed Matching to Sample Performance in Mentally Retarded Adults Timothy Theodore Wysocki Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Wysocki, Timothy Theodore, "Effects of Thioridazine (Mellaril) on Titrating Delayed Matching to Sample Performance in Mentally Retarded Adults" (1980). Dissertations. 2598. http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/2598 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact maira.bundza@wmich.edu.
EFFECTS OF THIORIDAZINE (MELLARIL) ON TITRATING DELAYED MATCHING TO SAMPLE PERFORMANCE IN MENTALLY RETARDED ADULTS by T im othy T h eo d o re W ysocki A D i s s e r t a t i o n S u b m itte d to th e F a c u l t y o f The G ra d u a te C o lle g e in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r th e D e g re e o f D o c to r o f P h ilo s o p h y D e p a rtm e n t o f P s y c h o lo g y W e ste rn M ic h ig a n U n i v e r s it y K a la m azo o, M ich ig an A u g u st 1980
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The c o l l e c t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f many i n d i v id u a l s made t h i s w ork p o s s i b l e. The a p p a r a tu s w as p ro v id e d by D r. R o b e rt L. S p rag u e o f th e C h i l d r e n 's R e s e a rc h C e n te r o f th e U n i v e r s it y o f I l l i n o i s u n d e r NIMH G ra n t #32206, " P s y c h o tr o p ic D rugs an d th e M e n ta lly R e ta r d e d ". W ith o u t t h a t a s s i s t a n c e, t h i s s tu d y w ould p ro b a b ly s t i l l b e in th e p la n n in g s t a g e s. The c o o p e r a tio n o f C a r lo s B u d d in g, M.D., a lo n g w ith D o rin a M ercea, M.D. and L eo p o ld o R o d rig u e z, M.D. was e q u a lly c r u c i a l. A num ber o f v a l u a b le s u g g e s tio n s w e re made by my c o - w o rk e rs S te p h e n E. B re u n in g, P h.d., and V icky D a v is, who a l s o a s s i s t e d in c o n d u c tin g s e s s i o n s. O th e r p e r s o n n e l o f th e C o ld w a te r R e g io n a l C e n te r f o r D e v e lo p m e n ta l D i s a b i l i t i e s who p r o v id e d c r i t i c a l a s s i s t a n c e w e re ; R o b e rt L. R ogan, F a c i l i t y D i r e c t o r ; N e al D a v id s o n, P h.d., D i r e c t o r o f P s y c h o lo g ic a l S e r v i c e s ; Lou A f f o l d e r. P h a rm a c is t ; D o ro th y B a r r y, R.N., D i r e c t o r o f N u r s in g ; W esley L y le, L.P.N.; an d E ile e n V a n V le e t, a u d i o v i s u a l t e c h n ic i a n. I w ould l i k e to th a n k th e m em bers o f my d is s e rta tio n com m ittee fo r th e ir encouragem ent, p a tie n c e and in s p ira t i o n b e f o r e, d u r in g an d a f t e r th e c o m p le tio n o f t h i s p r o j e c t. Sue D ickerm an d id an e x c e l l e n t jo b o f ty p in g th e m a n u s c r ip t. F i n a l l y, my com panion o f th e p a s t 11 y e a r s, M a r c ia, k e p t me g o in g th ro u g h t h i c k and t h i n u n t i l I f i n a l l y c o m p le te d my P h.d. I h o p e I ca n f i n d a way to re p a y h e r. T im othy T h eo d o re W ysocki
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Wysocki, Timothy Theodore EFFECTS OF THIORIDAZINE (MELLARIL) ON TITRATING DELAYED MATCHING TO SAMPLE PERFORMANCE IN MENTALLY RETARDED ADULTS IVeslern Michigan University Ph.D. 1980 University Microfilms I nternetionel 300 N. Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. M I 48106 18 Bedford Row. London W CIR 4E), England
TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... LIST OF TA B LES... L IST OF F I G U R E S... i l i v v C h a p te r I. INTRODUCTION... 1 I I. METHOD... 5 S u b je c ts... 5 S e t t in g an d A p p a r a t u s... 5 P ro c e d u re... 8 I I I. R E S U L T S... 12 IV. D ISCUSSIO N... 22 REFERENCE NOTES... 26 REFERENCES... 27 BIBLIOGRAPHY... 30
L IST OF TABLES TABLE pa g e I SUMMARY OF PERTINENT SUBJECT CHARACTERISTICS... 7
L IST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1 LIMIT OF DELAY REACHED EACH SESSION BY EACH SUBJECT AS A FUNCTION OF DAILY DOSE OF THIORIDAZINE...14 2 THE PERCENTAGE OF CORRECT RESPONSES AT EACH OF THE DELAY VALUES SEPARATELY FOR EACH DOSAGE CONDITION... 16 3 MEAN SAMPLE LATENCY FOR EACH SUBJECT FOR EACH S E S S I O N...19 4 MEAN CHOICE LATENCY FOR EACH SUBJECT FOR EACH S E S S I O N... 21
INTRODUCTION The p r e v a le n c e o f p s y c h o tr o p ic d ru g u s e In i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r th e m e n ta lly r e ta r d e d h a s b ee n s u rv e y e d s e v e r a l tim e s in th e p a s t d e c a d e. Lipm an (1970) s u rv e y e d 109 o f th e s e i n s t i t u t i o n s in t h e U n ite d S ta t e s a n d r e p o r t e d t h a t 51% o f th e r e s i d e n t s w ere r e c e i v i n g one o r m ore p s y c h o tr o p ic m e d ic a tio n s on a c h r o n ic b a s i s. Of t h e s e, 58% w e re r e c e i v in g e i t h e r c h lo r p r o m a z in e (T h o r a z in e ) o r t h i o r i d a z i n e ( M e l l a r i l ), two n e u r o l e p t i c d r u g s o f t h e p h e n o th ia z in e f a m ily. S e v e r a l m ore r e c e n t, a lth o u g h l e s s c o m p re h e n s iv e, s u rv e y s r e p o r t e d s i m i l a r r e s u l t s, i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e r e h a s b e e n no c l e a r l y d e c r e a s in g t r e n d in th e u se o f th e s e d ru g s w ith th e m e n ta lly r e ta r d e d in th e p a s t d e c a d e ( S i lv a, 1979; Sprague, 1977; D im ascio, Note 1 ). Thus, i t ap p ears th a t psychot r o p i c d ru g s c o n tin u e to b e w id e ly u s e d a s an a c c e p ta b le m ethod o f t r e a tm e n t f o r th e b e h a v io r p ro b le m s a s s o c ia t e d w ith m e n ta l r e t a r d a - H ow ever, a c o u r t o r d e r e m a n a tin g from th e W y a tt v s. S tic k n e y c a s e (1 9 7 2 ) s t i p u l a t e d t h a t p s y c h o tr o p ic d ru g s s h a l l n o t b e p r e s c r i b e d in a m o u n ts w h ich im p a ir th e a c q u i s i t i o n o r d i s p la y o f h a b i l i t a t i v e r e s p o n s e s ( s e e S p ra g u e an d B a x le y, 1978 f o r a r e v ie w o f th e l e g a l is s u e s s u r r o u n d in g t h e u s e o f p s y c h o tr o p ic d r u g s w ith t h e m e n ta lly r e t a r d e d ). D e s p ite t h i s j u d i c i a l p r e s s u r e to w a rd i n s t i t u t i o n a l r e fo rm, th e p r e s c r i b i n g p h y s i c i a n c u r r e n t l y h a s l i t t l e a v a i l a b l e d a ta upon w h ich t o b a s e s u c h p r e c i s e m e d ic a l ju d g e m e n ts. S p ra g u e an d 1
2 W e rry 's (1 9 7 1 ) re v ie w o f 182 d ru g s t u d i e s w ith th e m e n ta lly r e ta r d e d r e v e a le d o n ly f o u r w h ic h in c lu d e d an y a s s e s s m e n t o f d ru g e f f e c t s on l e a r n i n g o r p e r fo rm a n c e m e a s u r e s. S i m i l a r l y, in a re v ie w o f r e s e a r c h on p s y c h o tr o p ic d ru g e f f e c t s on l e a r n i n g a n d r e l a t e d b e h a v i o r a l p r o c e s s e s in c h i l d r e n, Aman (1 9 7 8 ) fo u n d o n ly n in e s t u d i e s c o n c e rn e d w ith c h lo r p r o m a z in e an d o n ly one i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h i o r i d a z i n e 's e f f e c t s on l e a r n i n g. W h ile i t i s p o p u l a r l y assu m ed t h a t p s y c h o tr o p ic d ru g s w i l l r e n d e r an i n d i v id u a l m ore a m e n a b le to tr e a t m e n t by o t h e r t h e r a p i e s, th e few a v a i l a b l e s t u d i e s do n o t s u p p o r t t h i s a s s u m p tio n. P a u l, T o b ia s a n d H o lly (1 9 7 2 ) s t u d ie d a v a r i e t y o f p s y c h o tr o p ic d r u g s an d r e p o r te d t h a t n o n e o f them a p p e a r e d to f a c i l i t a t e th e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f e i t h e r b e h a v io r m o d i f i c a t i o n o r m i l l i e u th e r a p y. M cc onahey, Thompson an d Zimmerman (1 9 7 7 ) r e p o r t e d d a ta w h ich i n d i c a t e d t h a t c h lo rp r o m a z in e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n c a u s e d a r e ta r d e d woman to e a rn fe w e r r e i n f o r c e r s in a to k e n econom y. B r e u n in g, O 'N e i ll a n d F e rg u s o n ( i n p r e s s ) com pared t h e s e p a r a t e an d co m b in ed e f f e c t s o f p s y c h o tr o p ic d ru g s and a r e s p o n s e c o s t p r o c e d u r e on a v a r i e t y o f i n a p p r o p r i a t e b e h a v i o r s in m e n ta lly r e ta r d e d a d u l t s. Tliey fo u n d t h a t th e r e s p o n s e c o s t p r o c e d u r e a lo n e w as m ore e f f e c t i v e th a n e i t h e r p s y c h o tr o p ic d ru g s a lo n e o r th e two a p p r o a c h e s in c o m b in a tio n w ith o n e a n o t h e r. They c o n c lu d e d t h a t th e d ru g a d m i n i s t r a t i o n may h a v e a c t i v e l y im p a ire d th e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f th e b e h a v i o r a l i n t e r v e n t i o n. M a r h o lin, T o u c h e tte a n d S te w a r t (1979) a n a ly z e d th e e f f e c t s o f a b r i e f w ith d r a w a l o f c h r o n ic c h lo rp r o m a z in e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n on a v a r i e t y o f a p p r o p r i a t e s o c i a l an d a d a p t iv e b e h a v i o r s in f i v e m e n ta lly r e t a r d e d a d u l t s. W h ile th e e f f e c t s o f t h i s
m a n ip u la tio n w e re h ig h ly i n d i v i d u a l i z e d, s e v e r a l o f th e s u b j e c t s r e v e a le d i n c r e a s e s in some a p p r o p r i a t e b e h a v io r s s u b s e q u e n t to th e te r m i n a t i o n o f th e m e d ic a tio n. T h ese e f f e c t s d is a p p e a r e d when th e d ru g a d m i n i s t r a t i o n was r e i n s t i t u t e d. W h ile th e s e few s t u d i e s a r e s u g g e s t i v e, i t i s c l e a r t h a t a w ide r a n g e o f r e s e a r c h re m a in s to b e done in o r d e r to d e te rm in e th e e f f e c t s o f i n t e r a c t i o n s b e tw e e n s p e c i f i c d r u g s, a d a p t iv e b e h a v io r s and b e h a v io r m o d i f i c a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s. T h ere i s a p a r t i c u l a r l y u r g e n t n e e d f o r r e s e a r c h w h ich e s t a b l i s h e s " d o s e - r e s p o n s e " r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r d ru g e f f e c t s on l e a r n i n g an d a d a p t i v e b e h a v i o r s. S p ra g u e, B a rn e s and W erry (1 9 7 0 ) p r o v id e d one su ch study in a com parison of th e e f fe c ts of m ethylphenidate and th i o r i d a z in e on p e r fo rm a n c e o f a " d e la y e d re s p o n s e " t a s k by b e h a v i o r a l l y d iso rd ered c h ild re n. M ethylphenidate in creased accuracy w hile th io r i d a z in e d e c r e a s e d a c c u r a c y on th e t a s k. W h ile th e s u b j e c t s r e c e iv e d two d o se l e v e l s o f e a c h d r u g, no d o s e - d e p e n d e n t e f f e c t s w e re fo u n d. H ow ever, th e a u t h o r s s u g g e s te d t h a t t h i s may h a v e b e e n a r e s u l t o f u sin g a ra th e r narrow dose range and th a t perhaps w ider dosage d if f e r e n c e s may h a v e b e e n m ore s e n s i t i v e to su c h e f f e c t s. The p r e s e n t s tu d y r e p r e s e n t s an a tte m p t to e l a b o r a t e upon th e S p ra g u e e t a l. (1 9 7 0 ) f i n d i n g s by e x a m in in g th e e f f e c t s o f a w id e r a n g e o f d o s e s o f t h i o r i d a z i n e upon p e r fo rm a n c e o f a s i m i l a r d i s c r i m i n a t i o n t a s k. Gumming a n d B errym an (1 9 6 5 ) d e s c r ib e d s e v e r a l v a r i a n t s o f th e m a tc h in g to sam p le d i s c r i m i n a t i o n. In a t y p i c a l d e la y e d m a tc h in g t o sam p le p r o c e d u r e, a sam p le s tim u lu s i s p r e s e n t e d t o th e s u b j e c t.
4 A f te r th e o c c u r r e n c e o f a r e s p o n s e w h ic h i s d e s ig n e d to i n s u r e t h a t th e s u b j e c t a c t u a l l y o b s e r v e d th e sam p le s t im u l u s, th e sam p le d i s a p p e a r s. A f te r a d e la y i n t e r v a l e l a p s e s, two o r m ore co m p a riso n s t i m u l i a r e p r e s e n t e d. The s u b j e c t 's t a s k i s t o c h o o se th e co m p a riso n s tim u lu s w h ich i s i d e n t i c a l to t h e p r e v io u s l y p r e s e n t e d sam p le s tim u - Curaming and Berryman (1965) in tro d u ced a v a ria tio n of th is proc e d u r e w h ich i s te rm e d t i t r a t i n g d e la y e d m a tc h in g to s a m p le. In t h i s p r o c e d u r e, th e d e la y b e tw e e n t e r m in a tio n o f th e sam p le s tim u lu s and p r e s e n t a t i o n o f th e c o m p a riso n s t i m u l i d e p e n d s upon th e a c c u ra c y o f th e s u b j e c t 's p e r fo rm a n c e on p r e v io u s t r i a l s. A c c u ra te p e rfo rm a n c e r e s u l t s in i n c r e a s i n g th e d e la y f o r th e s u b s e q u e n t t r i a l, w h ile i n a c c u r a t e p e r fo rm a n c e r e s u l t s in d e c r e a s in g th e d e la y i n t e r v a l. U sin g t h i s p r o c e d u r e, S c h e c k e l (N o te 2) e s t a b l i s h e d th e l i m i t o f d e la y re a c h e d by m onkeys u n d e r a v a r i e t y o f d ru g c o n d i t i o n s. W ith c h l o r p ro m a z in e, h e fo u n d t h a t th e l i m i t o f d e la y d e c r e a s e d l i n e a r l y w ith in c re a sin g doses of the drug. Dews (1 9 5 5 ), L a t i e s an d W e iss (1 9 6 6 ), L a t i e s (1 9 7 2 ), a n d Thompson (1 9 7 5 ; 1978) h a v e o b s e r v e d t h a t b e h a v io r u n d e r w eak s tim u lu s c o n t r o l w i l l b e m ore s e n s i t i v e t o d ru g m a n ip u la tio n s th a n w i l l b e h a v io r u n d e r s t r o n g e r s tim u lu s c o n t r o l. T h u s, p e r fo rm a n c e a t th e lo n g e r d e la y s in t i t r a t i n g d e la y e d m a tc h in g to sam p le s h o u ld r e a d i l y r e v e a l th e b e h a v i o r a l e f f e c t s o f d r u g s. The p r e s e n t s tu d y, t h e n, was d e s ig n e d to a s s e s s th e e f f e c t s o f t h i o r i d a z i n e on p e r fo rm a n c e o f a t i t r a t i n g d e la y e d m a tc h in g to sa m p le d i s c r i m i n a t i o n by m e n ta lly r e ta r d e d a d u l t s.
S u b je c ts Four a d u lt re s id e n ts of a s ta te in s titu tio n fo r the developm e n ta l l y d i s a b l e d, e a c h o f whom h ad r e c e i v e d a p a r t i c u l a r d a i l y d o s e o f t h i o r i d a z i n e f o r a t l e a s t 150 d a y s p r i o r to th e e x p e r im e n t, s e r v e d a s s u b j e c t s. An i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y team o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s, i n c lu d in g a p h y s i c i a n an d a p s y c h o l o g i s t, h ad i d e n t i f i e d e a c h o f them a s a c a n d i d a t e f o r g r a d u a l w ith d ra w a l fro m th e m e d ic a tio n. C r i t e r i a f o r t h e i r s e l e c t i o n w e re e i t h e r low fr e q u e n c y o r low s e v e r i t y o f in a p p r o p r i a t e b e h a v i o r s a n d / o r in d e p e n d e n t e v id e n c e w hich i n d i c a t e d s p e c i f i c e n v ir o n m e n ta l v a r i a b l e s w hich c o n t r o l l e d th e o c c u r r e n c e o f e x i s t i n g i n a p p r o p r i a t e b e h a v i o r s. The s u b j e c t s w e re r e c e i v i n g no o t h e r p sy c h o t r o p i c o r a n t i c o n v u l s a n t m e d ic a tio n s. T a b le I p r o v i d e s a summary o f o t h e r p e r t i n e n t s u b j e c t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s. E ach s u b j e c t s g u a r d ia n an d th e i n s t i t u t i o n ' s r e s e a r c h c o m m itte e a p p ro v e d t h e s u b j e c t 's p a r t i c i p a t i o n in th e s tu d y a f t e r r e c e i v i n g a d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e p r o c e d u r e s. A ll s u b j e c t s w e re f r e e to w ith d ra w from th e study a t any tim e, subsequent to th e ir own, or th e ir g u ard i a n 's, r e q u e s t. S e t t i n g an d a p p a r a t u s T e s t i n g s e s s i o n s o c c u r r e d i n a room w h ich w as 3.0 m w id e b y 7.1 m 5
T a b le I. Summary o f p e r t i n e n t s u b j e c t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s.
SUMMARY OF PERTINENT SUBJECT CHARACTERISTICS B aselin e Months on Age Body W eight D a ily D ose IQ B a s e lin e S ubject Sex ( Y rs.) (kg) (mg) ( T est) Dose s F 24 5 4.3 800 62 (WAIS) T M 27 7 5.8 400 78 (WAIS) C M 22 7 8.0 400 51 ( L e i t e r ) J F 20 65.0 400 51 ( L e i t e r ) 7 5 33 24
lo n g. The room c o n t a in e d a t a b l e an d a c h a i r w ith an i n t e l l i g e n c e p a n e l m ounted on to p o f th e t a b l e. The i n t e l l i g e n c e p a n e l c o n s i s t e d o f a h o r i z o n t a l a r r a y o f t h r e e 1 5.2 cm s q u a r e p l e x i g l a s re s p o n s e p a n e l s. A p r o j e c t i o n d e v ic e p ro v id e d th e c a p a b i l i t y o f i l lu m i n a t i n g a 5.0 cm s q u a r e in t h e c e n t e r o f each r e s p o n s e p a n e l w ith an y o f t h r e e c o lo rs : red (about 640 nm.), green (about 530 nm. ), or b lu e (about 480 n m.). A ll s u b j e c t s c o u ld a c c u r a t e l y name e a c h o f t h e s e c o l o r s p r i o r to th e e x p e r im e n t. A 1 5.2 cm s q u a r e r e in f o r c e m e n t d i s p e n s e r w as m ounted 1 0.1 cm b e lo w th e c e n t e r r e s p o n s e p a n e l. R e i n f o r c e r s c o n s i s t e d o f " R e e s e 's P ie c e s " c a n d ie s f o r S u b je c t C a n d s t a i n l e s s s t e e l b a l l b e a r i n g s, e x c h a n g e a b le f o r a v a r i e t y o f b a c k u p r e i n f o r c e r s, f o r th e re m a in in g s u b j e c t s. T h ese b ack u p r e i n f o r c e r s w e re c u p c a k e s o r c o o k ie s f o r S u b je c t T, ch e w in g gum f o r S u b je c t J a n d a s s i s t a n c e in w r i t i n g l e t t e r s home f o r S u b je c t S. Once th e e x p e r im e n te r had s e l e c te d a r e i n f o r c e r f o r a g iv e n s u b j e c t, th e same r e i n f o r c e r was u s e d in a l l s u b s e q u e n t s e s s i o n s. S tim u lu s p r e s e n t a t i o n s an d d e l i v e r y o f c o n s e q u e n c e s w e re c o n t r o l l e d a u t o m a t i c a ll y by r e l a y c i r c u i t r y l o c a te d in a n a d j a c e n t room. A p r i n t i n g c o u n te r a n d r u n tim e m e te r r e c o r d e d t r i a l - b y - t r i a l p e r f o r m ance a u t o m a t i c a l l y. The a c c u r a c y o f th e c i r c u i t r y was i n s u r e d p r i o r to e a c h s e s s i o n by s i m u l a ti o n o f s e v e r a l t r i a l s. P r o c e d u r e The s u b j e c t s r e c e i v e d t h i o r i d a z i n e o r a l l y in i t s s u s p e n s io n fo rm i n o r d e r to in s u r e i t s i n g e s t i o n. The w ard n u r s e s a d m in is te r e d
t h e d ru g in two e q u a l d o s e s d a i l y. B a s e lin e d o s e s w e re 800 mg d a i l y fo r S ubject S and 400 mg d a ily fo r the o th er su b je c ts. Ward a tte n d a n t s w ere n o t in fo rm e d o f m e d ic a tio n c h a n g e s f o r any o f th e s u b j e c t s. The assig n ed p h y sician s o rdered and m onitored a l l m edication changes. D u rin g a p r e - e x p e r im e n ta l p h a s e, th e s u b j e c t s r e c e iv e d t r a i n i n g in z e ro d e la y m a tc h in g t o sam p le (Gumming an d B erry m a n, 1 9 6 5 ). The se ssio n s alw ays o ccurred a t th e same hour of th e day fo r a given subj e c t. S u b je c ts re m a in e d a lo n e in th e e x p e r im e n ta l room th r o u g h o u t e a c h s e s s i o n. D i s c r im i n a t i v e s t i m u l i w e re e i t h e r r e d, b l u e, o r g re e n s q u a r e s p r o j e c t e d o n to th e re s p o n s e p a n e l s. At th e s t a r t o f e a c h t r i a l, th e c e n t e r r e s p o n s e p a n e l was i l lu m i n a t e d w ith one o f th e th r e e c o l o r s a s a sam p le s t im u l u s. D e p re s s io n o f th e c e n t e r r e s p o n s e p a n e l te r m in a te d i t s i l l u m i n a t i o n a n d s im u lta n e o u s ly r e s u l t e d in th e i l l u m in a tio n o f b o th s i d e r e s p o n s e p a n e ls w ith c o m p a riso n s t i m u l i. One o f th e co m p a riso n s t i m u l i was i d e n t i c a l to th e sa m p le, w h ile th e o t h e r was a n o n -m a tc h in g c o l o r. s tim u lu s v a r ie d ra n d o m ly. P o s it i o n o f th e n o n -m a tc h in g c o m p a riso n E ach o f th e t h r e e c o l o r s a p p e a re d e q u a lly o f t e n a s th e sam p le, m a tc h in g c o m p a riso n an d n o n -m a tc h in g co m p a riso n s t im u l u s. D e p re s s io n o f t h e " m a tc h in g " r e s p o n s e p a n e l te r m in a te d i t s i l l u m i n a t i o n a n d r e s u l t e d in th e d e l i v e r y o f one r e i n f o r c e r, a s w e ll a s th e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a 0.5 s e c, 1000 Hz to n e. D e p re s s io n o f th e " n o n -m a tc h in g " r e s p o n s e p a n e l te r m in a te d th e i l lu m i n a t i o n o f a l l r e s p o n s e p a n e ls f o r a 10 s e c tim e o u t p e r io d. A f a i l u r e t o d e p r e s s e ith e r sid e response panel w ith in 30 sec of the appearance of th e comp a r is o n s t i m u l i a l s o y i e l d e d a 3 0 sec tim e o u t. Such t r i a l s w e re c o n s i d e r e d to b e e q u i v a le n t t o e r r o r s. A t t h e c o n c lu s io n o f th e tim e o u t
10 p e r i o d, o r 5 s e c a f t e r th e d e l i v e r y o f a r e i n f o r c e r, th e c e n t e r r e sp o n se p a n e l w as a g a in i l lu m i n a t e d, p r o v id in g th e s u b j e c t w ith th e o p p o r tu n ity t o i n i t i a t e th e n e x t t r i a l. E v ery t r i a l on w hich an i n c o r r e c t c h o ic e r e s p o n s e w as made was r e p e a te d u n t i l th e s u b j e c t c o m p le te d i t c o r r e c t l y. S essions co n siste d of 30 m inutes of tra in in g in th is d iscrim in a t i o n. P r e - e x p e r im e n ta l t r a i n i n g c o n tin u e d u n t i l a s u b j e c t m a in ta in e d 90% a c c u r a c y o v e r two c o n s e c u tiv e s e s s i o n s. S u b je c ts re m a in e d a t th e b a s e l i n e d o se o f t h i o r i d a z i n e th r o u g h o u t th e p r e - e x p e r im e n ta l t r a i n i n g. Once a l l s u b j e c t s h ad m a s te r e d th e b a s i c d i s c r i m i n a t i o n, t h i o r i d a z in e d o s e s w e re r e d u c e d s y s t e m a t i c a ll y in a m u l t i p l e - b a s e l i n e - a c r o s s - s u b j e c t s d e s ig n ( B a e r, W olf an d R i s l e y, 1 9 6 8 ). C o n c u rre n t w ith th e s e d ru g r e d u c t i o n s, th e s u b j e c t s p a r t i c i p a t e d in b i- w e e k ly a s s e s s m e n ts o f t h e i r p e rfo rm a n c e o f a t i t r a t i n g d e la y e d m a tc h in g to sam p le d i s c r im i n a t i o n. S tim u lu s p r e s e n t a t i o n s an d program m ed c o n s e q u e n c e s o c c u r r e d a s d u r in g p r e t r a i n i n g s e s s i o n s, e x c e p t t h a t a d e la y o c c u r r e d b e tw e e n d e p r e s s io n o f th e illu m i n a t e d c e n t e r r e s p o n s e p a n e l and th e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f c o m p a riso n s t i m u l i on th e s i d e re s p o n s e p a n e l s. The l e n g t h o f th e d e la y i n t e r v a l v a r ie d a c c o r d in g to a t i t r a t i o n s c h e d u le. S e s s io n s b e g a n a t a d e la y o f 0 s e c. Once th e s u b j e c t e m itte d f o u r c o n s e c u tiv e c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s a t t h a t d e l a y, th e d e la y i n t e r v a l was i n c r e a s e d to 1 s e c f o r th e s u b s e q u e n t t r i a l. T h e r e a f t e r, f o llo w in g f o u r c o n s e c u tiv e c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s a t a g iv e n d e la y, th e d e la y v a lu e was in c r e a s e d f o r th e n e x t t r i a l th ro u g h th e p r o g r e s s i o n : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,5,6,7,8,1 0, 1 2, 1 5, 1 8, 2 1, 2 4, 2 7, 3 0, 3 5, 4 0, 4 5, 5 0, 5 5, 6 0, 6 5, 7 0, 7 5, 9 0, a n d
105 s e c. E ach i n c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e r e s u l t e d in d e c r e a s in g th e d e la y i n t e r v a l f o r th e n e x t t r i a l to th e p r e v io u s s t e p in t h i s p r o g r e s s i o n. S e s s io n s en d e d a f t e r th e f i r s t e r r o r f o llo w in g 30 m in u te s o f t a s k p e r fo rm a n c e. I f, d u r in g a g iv e n s e s s i o n, a s u b j e c t p r o g r e s s e d th ro u g h a d e la y v a lu e o f 10 sec w ith o u t an e r r o r, a s l i g h t a l t e r a t i o n in th e t i t r a t i o n p ro c e d u re was f o llo w e d in th e n e x t s e s s i o n. F o r th o s e s e s s i o n s, t h e d e la y v a lu e w as in c r e a s e d f o llo w in g e a c h two c o n s e c u t i v e c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s u n t i l th e f i r s t e r r o r w as m ade. T h e r e a f t e r, t h e s ta n d a r d t i t r a t i o n s c h e d u le w as in e f f e c t f o r th e re m a in d e r o f th e s e s s i o n. T h is a s p e c t o f th e p r o c e d u r e w as in c lu d e d in an a tte m p t to m in im iz e th e i n f l u e n c e o f w i t h i n - s e s s i o n s a t i a t i o n upon a c c u ra c y of p e rfo rm a n c e. The p rim a ry d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w as th e l i m i t o f d e l a y, d e f in e d as the lo n g e st d elay valu e a t which th e su b je c t em itted four consec u t i v e c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s w ith in a g iv e n s e s s i o n. O th e r p e rfo rm a n c e m e a su re s w h ich w e re r e c o r d e d w e re th e sam p le l a t e n c y (tim e i n se c o n d s to p r e s s th e c e n t e r r e s p o n s e p a n e l o n ce th e sa m p le s tim u lu s a p p e a re d ) a n d th e c h o ic e l a t e n c y ( tim e in s e c o n d s t o p r e s s a s i d e r e s p o n s e p a n e l once the com parison s tim u li ap p eared).
CHAPTER II I RESULTS F u lf il l m e n t o f th e c r i t e r i o n f o r d i s c o n t i n u a t i o n o f p r e - e x p e r i m e n ta l t r a i n i n g r e q u ir e d f o u r s e s s i o n s f o r S u b je c t C, th r e e f o r Subj e c t T an d two f o r S u b je c ts S and J. S u b je c ts T and J w ere p la c e d in the community a f te r Days 110 and 121, re s p e c tiv e ly. N eith er p a r tic ip a te d in the study a f te r those d a te s. F ig u r e 1 p r e s e n t s th e l i m i t o f d e la y re a c h e d d u r in g e a c h s e s s io n by e a c h s u b j e c t. A g a in, th e l i m i t o f d e la y w as d e f in e d a s th e l o n g e s t d e la y v a lu e a t w hich th e s u b j e c t e m itte d f o u r c o n s e c u tiv e c o r r e c t re s p o n s e s d u r in g e a c h s e s s i o n. The p e rfo rm a n c e o f a l l s u b j e c t s was c h a r a c t e r i z e d by in c r e a s e s in th e l i m i t o f d e la y a f t e r, and o n ly a f t e r, d o se r e d u c t i o n s had o c c u r r e d. The s o le e x c e p tio n to t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p was t h e d e c l in e in S u b je c t C 's p e rfo rm a n c e when th e t h i o r i d a z i n e d o s e was re d u c e d from 200 mg to 100 mg d a i l y. A d o sag e r e v e r s a l f o r S u b je c t J r e v e a le d i n c r e a s e s and d e c r e a s e s in th e l i m i t o f d e la y a s th e d o se was a lte r n a te ly decreased and in cre ase d. F ig u r e 2 p r e s e n t s th e p e r c e n ta g e o f c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s a t e a c h o f th e d e la y v a lu e s s e p a r a t e l y f o r e a c h d o sag e c o n d i t i o n. A g a in, th e d a ta i n d i c a t e in c r e a s e d a c c u ra c y a t lo w e r d o s e s. In g e n e r a l, th e lo w e r th e d o s e, th e m ore a c c u r a t e w as p e rfo rm a n c e a t e a c h d e la y. T h is e f f e c t was m ore p ro n o u n c e d a t i n t e r m e d i a te an d lo n g d e la y s f o r e a c h s u b j e c t. The d e c re m e n t in S u b je c t C 's p e rfo rm a n c e d u r in g th e 100 mg c o n d i t i o n was th e o n ly c l e a r e x c e p tio n to t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p. F ig u r e 12
F ig u r e 1. L im it o f d e la y r e a c h e d e a c h s e s s io n by e a c h s u b j e c t a s a f u n c tio n o f d a i l y t h i o r i d a z i n e d o s e.
400mg 'Tm g Omg 300 mg 150m 30 60 90 120 150
F ig u r e 2. The p e r c e n ta g e o f c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s a t ea c h o f th e d e la y v a lu e s s e p a r a t e l y f o r e a c h d o sag e c o n d i t i o n. (D ata from b o th o f th e 150 mg c o n d i t i o n s f o r S u b je c t J a^re com bined f o r c l a r i t y o f p r e s e n t a t i o n. )
Subject T DELAY VALUE
17 2 a l s o i n d i c a t e s t h a t, f o r th e t h r e e s u b j e c t s who w e re ta k e n c o m p le te ly o f f o f th e d r u g, th e l a r g e s t p e r fo rm a n c e in c r e m e n ts o c c u r r e d f o llo w in g the re d u ctio n to 0 mg from the p revious dose. The e f fe c ts of th io rid a z in e on mean sam ple laten c y ( th e tim e betw een a v a i l a b i l i t y o f t h e sam p le s tim u lu s an d t h e f i r s t d e p r e s s io n o f the c e n te r panel) appear in F igure 3. S ubjects S and T showed cons i s t e n t i n c r e a s e s in t h i s m e a su re a f t e r e a c h d o s e r e d u c t i o n. The r e s u l t s f o r S u b je c ts C an d J w ere h ig h ly v a r i a b l e. H ow ever, th e s e l a t t e r two s u b j e c t s a l s o a p p e a re d to show i n c r e a s e s i n mean sam p le l a t e n c y d u r in g th e 0 mg c o n d i t i o n. The d r u g s e f f e c t s on mean c h o ic e l a te n c y ( th e tim e b etw e en a v a i l a b i l i t y o f th e c o m p a riso n s t i m u l i and th e f i r s t d e p r e s s io n o f a s i d e re s p o n s e p a n e l) a p p e a r in F ig u r e 4. In g e n e r a l, t h i s m ea su re was l e s s s e n s i t i v e to d o sa g e r e d u c t i o n s. I t t y p i c a l l y re m a in e d s t a b l e, a lth o u g h some i n c r e a s e s o c c u r r e d f o llo w in g r e d u c t i o n s to 0 mg. S ta n d a rd i n s t i t u t i o n a l d a ta c o l l e c t i o n p ro c e d u r e s i n d i c a t e d no s y s te m a tic c h a n g e s in t h e fre q u e n c y o f i n a p p r o p r i a t e b e h a v io r s f o r any of th e su b je c ts. None of th e su b je c ts was p laced back on th io r i d a z in e o r an y o t h e r p s y c h o tr o p ic d ru g w ith in 90 d a y s o f th e c o m p le tio n of th e experim ent.
F ig u r e 3. Mean sa m p le l a t e n c y f o r e a c h s u b j e c t f o r e a c h s e s s i o n.
I I 5
F ig u r e 4. Mean c h o i c e l a t e n c y f o r e a c h s u b j e c t f o r e a c h s e s s i o n.
Subject T S.0r400mg ISOmg 300m( V / vjv^
CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION From th e d a ta p r e s e n te d in F ig u r e s 1 an d 2, i t a p p e a r s t h a t th e w ith d ra w a l o f c h r o n i c a l l y a d m in is te r e d t h i o r i d a z i n e r e s u l t e d in i n c r e a s e d a c c u ra c y o f d e la y e d m a tc h in g to sam p le p e r fo rm a n c e. The l i m i t o f d e la y in c r e a s e d a f t e r, and o n ly a f t e r, d o se r e d u c t i o n s had o c c u r r e d. T h is c o n c lu s io n i s b o l s t e r e d by th e f i n d i n g t h a t S u b je c t J ' s p e r f o r mance v a r ie d s y s t e m a t i c a l l y w ith th e d ru g d o se th ro u g h a r e v e r s a l o f the dose le v e l. These fin d in g s suggest very stro n g ly th a t th io rid a z in e im p a ir s d e la y e d m a tc h in g to sam p le p e rfo rm a n c e in th e m e n ta lly r e ta r d e d. The p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t th e r e s u l t s r e p r e s e n t a p r a c t i c e e f f e c t can b e d is c o u n te d f o r s e v e r a l r e a s o n s. F i r s t, th e p e r fo rm a n c e o f S u b je c ts S an d C d id n o t im p ro v e d e s p i t e 15 and 34 b a s e l i n e s e s s i o n s, r e s p e c t i v e l y. S eco n d, th e l i m i t o f d e la y s t a b i l i z e d w ith in e a c h o f th e lo n g e r d o sa g e c o n d i t i o n s. F i n a l l y, th e r e v e r s a l e f f e c t o b ta in e d w ith S u b je c t J i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e l i m i t of d e la y was f u n c t i o n a l l y r e l a t e d to t h i o r i d a z i n e d o se d e s p i t e th e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f p r a c t i c e w ith th e ta sk and th e passage of tim e. S e v e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e d r u g 's e f f e c t s on th e l i m i t o f d e la y s h o u ld b e m e n tio n e d. D e s p ite th e f a c t t h a t t h i o r i d a z i n e i s e x c r e te d fro m th e s y s te m v e r y s lo w ly, th e b e h a v i o r a l e f f e c t s o f d o sag e r e d u c t i o n s t y p i c a l l y b eg a n to a p p e a r w ith in s e v e r a l d a y s o f th e d ru g c h a n g e. P eak p e r fo rm a n c e was u s u a l l y r e a c h e d w ith in two to th r e e 22
23 w e e k s. A s i m i l a r e f f e c t was r e p o r t e d by M a r h o lin, T o u c h e tte a n d S te w a r t (1 9 7 9 ). They fo u n d t h a t w ith d ra w a l o f c h r o n ic c h lo rp r o m a z in e e i t h e r r e s u l t e d in b e h a v i o r a l c h a n g e s w ith in 48 h o u rs o r no su c h c h a n g e s w ould b e o b s e r v e d. A se c o n d n o te w o r th y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e s e d a ta i s t h a t, f o r th o s e s u b j e c t s who w e re ta k e n c o m p le te ly o f f o f th e d r u g, th e l a r g e s t in c r e m e n ts in th e l i m i t o f d e la y o c c u r r e d f o llo w in g th e r e d u c tio n to 0 mg. T his fin d in g su g g ests th a t even q u ite low doses of the drug p rod u c e s i g n i f i c a n t i n t e r f e r e n c e w ith p e rfo rm a n c e o f t h i s c o n d i t i o n a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n. The f i n d i n g t h a t t h i o r i d a z i n e im p a ir s p e rfo rm a n c e o f a d e la y e d m a tc h in g to sam p le d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n f ir m s and e x te n d s th e r e s u l t s re p o rted by Sprague, B arnes and Werry (1970). The p re se n t study exte n d e d t h e i r f i n d i n g s to a d i f f e r e n t t a s k an d d e m o n s tra te d t h a t d o s e - d e p e n d e n t d e c re m e n ts in t a s k p e r fo rm a n c e a r e e v id e n t when a b ro a d range of doses is ev a lu ated. The p r e s e n t r e s u l t s a l s o c o n f ir m th o s e from S c h e c k e l 's (N ote 2) i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f c h l o r p r o m a z in e 's e f f e c t s on m onkeys' p e rfo rm a n c e o f a t i t r a t i n g d e la y e d m a tc h in g t o sam p le d i s c r i m i n a t i o n. A lth o u g h S c h e c k e l r e p o r t e d m ore s u b s t a n t i a l d o s e - d e p e n d e n t e f f e c t s th a n w ere o b ta in e d in th e p r e s e n t s tu d y, th e two s t u d i e s r e p o r t s i m i l a r f i n d i n g s d e s p i t e th e u s e o f d i f f e r e n t d r u g s, d i f f e r e n t s p e c ie s a n d c h r o n ic v e r s u s a c u te d ru g a d m i n i s t r a t i o n. The a p p a r e n t i n c r e a s e in mean sam ple l a t e n c y an d mean c h o ic e la t e n c y a t lo w e r d o s e s i s a som ew hat p a r a d o x ic a l f i n d i n g. M ost o f th e b a s i c r e s e a r c h w ith th e p h e n o th ia z in e s i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e s e d ru g s
24 re d u c e th e fre q u e n c y o f b e h a v io r m a in ta in e d by p o s i t i v e r e in f o r c e m e n t ( I v e r s e n and I v e r s e n, 1 9 7 5 ). T h u s, w ith d ra w a l o f th e d ru g m ig h t b e e x p e c te d to d e c r e a s e, r a t h e r th a n i n c r e a s e, th e two la te n c y m e a su r e s. O nly f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h c o u ld i d e n t i f y w h ich o f th e many p o s s i b l e v a r i a b l e s i s r e s p o n s ib l e f o r t h i s e f f e c t. In any e v e n t, i t i s c l e a r t h a t n e i t h e r l a te n c y m e a su re d e c lin e d s y s t e m a t i c a lly a s th e d o sa g e o f t h i o r i d a z i n e was r e d u c e d. T h is o b s e r v a tio n i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e o b ta in e d in c r e a s e s in th e l i m i t o f d e la y d id n o t o c c u r b e c a u s e s u b j e c t s w orked m ore r a p id l y u n d e r lo w e r d o s e s o f t h i o r i d a z i n e. F i n a l l y, th e a p p a r e n t a b s e n c e o f in c r e a s e s in i n a p p r o p r i a t e b e h a v i o r s a s d ru g tr e a t m e n t was w ith d ra w n s h o u ld b e i n t e r p r e t e d c a u t io u s l y. The s u b j e c t s s e l e c t e d f o r t h i s s tu d y c a n n o t be c o n s id e r e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f a l l m e n ta lly r e ta r d e d a d u l t s r e c e i v i n g t h i o r i d a z i n e. E ach of th e s u b j e c t s had b ee n i d e n t i f i e d by an i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y team o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s a s an i d e a l c a n d i d a t e f o r th e d ru g r e d u c t i o n. T h u s, th e a b s e n c e o f i n c r e a s e s in i n a p p r o p r i a t e b e h a v io r s p r o b a b ly i l l u s t r a t e s t h e a c c u ra c y o f th e i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y te a m 's p r e d i c t i o n s a b o u t th e e f f e c t s o f d ru g w ith d ra w a l on t h e s e p a r t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a l s. T hese d a ta s h o u ld n o t b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s i n d i c a t i n g t h a t a l l m e n ta lly r e ta r d e d a d u l t s ca n b e ta k e n o f f o f t h i o r i d a z i n e w ith o u t u n d e s i r a b l e b e h a v i o r a l e f f e c t s. The e x t e n t to w h ich th e p e rfo rm a n c e d e c re m e n ts r e v e a le d in th e p r e s e n t s tu d y a r e i n d i c a t i v e of a n e f f e c t w h ich b e a r s p r a c t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e m ust b e a d d r e s s e d by f u t u r e r e s e a r c h. T h ese d a ta s u g g e s t t h a t p e r fo rm a n c e in s i t u a t i o n s r e q u i r i n g t h a t s tim u lu s c o n t r o l p e r s i s t
25 a c ro ss a delay m ight be d isru p te d by th e drug. Examples of such s itu a t i o n s m ig h t in c lu d e i n s t r u c t i o n a l p r o c e d u r e s w h ich r e q u ir e a s p e c i f i c r e s p o n s e to o c c u r some tim e a f t e r an i n s t r u c t i o n, m odel o r prom pt i s p r e s e n te d ( e. g., G a r c ia, 1 9 7 6 ; O 'B rie n an d A z r in, 1972; S t r e i f e l, Bryan and A ik in s, 1974; T o u ch ette, 1968; 1971). P e rh a p s o u r p rim a ry o b l i g a t i o n to th e m e n ta lly r e ta r d e d i s to m ax im ize t h e i r a c q u i s i t i o n an d m a in te n a n c e o f a d a p t iv e b e h a v i o r s. W h ile th e p r e s e n t s tu d y d o e s n o t d i r e c t l y i n d i c a t e t h a t t h i o r i d a z i n e d i s r u p t s a d a p tiv e b e h a v i o r, i t d o e s d e m o n s tra te t h a t th e d ru g im p a ir s a b e h a v i o r a l p r o c e s s w h ich p ro b a b ly fo rm s th e b a s i s f o r much a d a p t iv e b e h a v io r. Any i n d i c a t i o n t h a t a w id e s p r e a d p r a c t i c e m ig h t b e e x e r t i n g u n d e s i r a b l e b e h a v i o r a l e f f e c t s on th e m e n ta lly r e ta r d e d s h o u ld b e ta k e n s e r i o u s l y. U n t i l f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h show s t h a t th e e f f e c t s r e v e a le d in th e p r e s e n t s tu d y a r e w ith o u t p r a c t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e, th e i n d i s c r i m i n a t e u s e of t h i o r i d a z i n e w ith th e m e n ta lly r e ta r d e d sim p ly c a n n o t b e j u s t i f i e d.
REFERENCE NOTES D lm ascio, A. An exam ination of a c tu a l m edication usage in re ta rd a t i o n i n s t i t u t i o n s : A s tu d y o f 2,0 0 0 c a s e s. P a p e r p r e s e n te d a t the C onvention of th e American A sso cia tio n on M ental Def i c i e n c y, P o r t l a n d, O reg o n, 1975. S checkel, C. L. The e f fe c t of chlorporm azine (T horazine) and c h lo r d ia z e p o x id e (L ib riu m ) on d e la y e d m a tc h in g r e s p o n s e s in M acaca m u l a t t a. U n p u b lish e d d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n, Fordham U n i v e r s it y, 1963.
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