A DESCRIPTION OF VENETIC PRONUNCIATION AND GRAMMAR

Th Lu o h Ann Vn A DESCRIPTION OF VENETIC PRONUNCIATION AND GRAMMAR Two pp om hp n THEVENETIC LANGUAGE An Ann Lu om Nw Ppv: FINAL (v 6/2015) And P ä ä b o (Ono, Cnd) www.pbo. Th oow pp ov wo ubj how Vn w wn nd how w ponound, nd Vn mm nd ompon wh Eonn nd Fnnh. Boh om h u doumn. THEVENETIC LANGUAGE An Ann Lu om Nw Ppv: FINAL Th ponunon dw om x dm don bou how h Vn w oundd, bu I dd m own dov h h do phon mk, mo n pzon. Th mm dpon h u o m h n o h Vn npon dbd n h bov doumn whh ppohd h Vn npon d nd h don ppoh o mk umpon nd o h umpon no h npon. Th pop mhodoo houd no nvov n x u, bu onuon houd b hd om h npon hmv, om h onx n h hoo nomon nd whn nn hmv. On on mp u kmn duk d, bu on kp n on h mm nd nd ook o onn mn. Thu h mhodoo dd no poj n known u ono h Vn. Howv, on w Vn w Fnn, I bn o k no o p n Eonn nd Fnnh nd dovd om mjo mm nd w o o h m. In u, mm h mo ow, nd h wh mo dn u w b m n mm u. And h o wh o n uon h Vn w n onnd o Eonn o Fnnh, w MUST nd m n mm. 1

PART ONE: PRONUNCIATION HOW VENETIC SOUNDED A Nw Inpon o h Do n Ann Vn Inpon, nd Ru Phon And P ä ä b o (Ap, Ono, Cnd) ABSTRACT In nohn I w nd v hundd ho xmp o w b n nn pop h Romn d Vn nd Gk En. Wn mo n v nu 500BC, h npon boow h Eun phb, bu u o w onnuou, nd wh do nd no h x n qun mnn h do no pn wod bound k do dd n Eun nd Ln. Tdon ud o h npon hv dd h do om knd o b punuon, nd h xpnon o how h wok no bvb bu humn nu qu h h do punuon b o o hnd hn h wod bound mk o Eun, o whh h Vn mu hv bn w. Th pp o p nv - h h do u phon mk mn mk pzon bu o oh phon bhvou o whh nvov o h ou. Th onp v ood on bu h u o do h o b mp nouh o non o u. In h, h b mp nd hm whv h w om knd o ou-on o n knd. Th do w nouh o h d m wh Vn o b b o d pop. In h Vn w ow u o u onu how h u oundd. Comp wod n od hh pzd Lvonn wh md pzd Eonn, v u om h no how h do modd ound. Th uho o popo h ho h h Vn, h boom o mb d om h Jund Pnnu w dn o h nn Sub u h ou o h mb, nd h h pzon nd ød o modn Dnh um om om. 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Phon Dmnd om Ln nd Eun In nohn I w nd v hundd ho xmp o w b n nn pop h Romn d Vn nd Gk En. Wn mo n v nu 500BC, h npon boow h Eun phb, bu u o w onnuou, nd wh do nd 2

no h x n qun mnn h do no pn wod bound k do dd n Eun nd Ln. Fu 1.1 how v ood xmp o Vn w. In m Romn x bow w h x nomd o om w n d, u Romn phb phon. Fu 1.1 [n LLV E64] (MLV nd LLV n nd h oon n h ou book ndno ) modon..ok.n...vo...o...ku..$..n..... Vn x d n h don h h pon, n h h o. Whn o h nd o h n o o h nx, h h n. In oh npon h m mp un nd om bk on oow h don h (uh h E) pon. Th onvnon o w down Vn x n Romn phb o w hm n Romn phb m,n h modn -o-h, dd h do n h pop p. Nw n, h n don, onnuon on h oh d hown wh v n. In h nw n o h n don mn noh. I don pu om h b unn ou o p. Mo h vn o d h p. On h do no vn p wod bound h b dd no vn hv onp o wod bound bu wo wh h hd whh omm ud n von n p nd do-hnd. No n h bov xmp h do pp mo k ho Ind h m b how h p o d o w pzon wh ho I Th Ann Vn boowd h Eun phb o h w nd hn modd mo om nodu do. Fom h onhp bwn Eun nd Romn Ln n h m, nd oh o, h ound o h Eun phb qu b undood, nd w n um h whn Vn dopd h Eun phb h o dopd ound. Bu n m nw vw o h m, h hn modd ho ound b dd do bo nd om ndd. W nno u oo muh n how Vnoo n h p hv ddd on h ound o h Vn phb. I on ound oup o u. Tho oh hn o m 3

umm o h mo ommon Vn n u 1.1, w nd no du h phon o h Vn phb uh. Fu 1.2 THE BASIC VENETIC PHONETIC ALPHABET WITH ROMAN EQUIVALENTS (wh m modon om un hnk) NOTES ABOUT SMALL ISSUES (dud ) 1 - Th X-k h mo ommon, bu n h ound on o Pdu, h T pnd b wh do nd. 2- Th L- h w hnk omm h om h n b onud wh on o h P- h. Wh o wo pob n om npon. 3 Tdon Vn npon hv umd h h I wh h do on boh d n H. Th o on h H h hh ou, n ov-hh I. I u ound h k J (= Y ) o n H dpnd on uound phon. 4 I bv h h b M-k h pobb n ISS n Eh h, nd no h SH (š)h h bn umd. W how whn nbd no Romn m p om wh $ Th mn pupo o h pp o ov h m o h do ound n h Ann Vn npon. 1.2 Th M o h Do n Ann Vn Inpon Tdon ud o h npon hv dd h do om knd o b punuon, nd h xpnon o how h wok no bvb bu humn nu qu h h do punuon b o o hnd hn h wod bound mk o Eun, o whh h Vn mu hv bn w. On nn w b Eun nd Vn w wn onnuou whou n punuon, bu h md du o d. You hd o ound ou h nd hn o onz h wod. Th Eun ovd h pobm b u do o how h wod bound. Romn oowd h p, nd hn h do dppd nd h w p. Howv, o om mou on, h Vn dd no o xp how wod bound. Th bn pu do on h d o. Thouh h dm mp o np h Vn npon puzzd ov h do. Aod o h pd xpnon, h do w ud o p h n 4

ononn om pd phonoo un, bu w no pn bwn ononn o ononn (obun+onon) oup nd oow vow (monophho o dpho), v b om C(C)V(C) whh hn undwn h du o wkn nd o o h- (*ho... > *.o...) nd nop o pd n v (*.o... > *.o...). A n m b o pn o undnd h u h n u, w mu no o h h numb o nn o Vn npon md. I no nouh o dn w poo o ho, h n mp b n mn o w nn o ondn h m o dmon pn. Bu u b. L u mn h u b n u u, nd b pokn n mn d nd b npd n w n dn w. Fo xmp, how do w know h.o... m om.o... Mb dd, bu mb.o... w mp om zn. Cond ou modn u. How on do ou vow o ononn doppd b dn pk. Fo xmp omon DIFFRENT nd o DIFFERENT. Vn u om hv bn wn onnuou nd h b ow xmp ( hn 100 omp nn, no mn) Th ov nuzd umpon o u h nd pn om om mn h Vn w w hh nddzd nd omzd o h von pok n x h m w o wo n x h m w. Bu h umpon. W hv o ow o h mo nu npon ud om h u o w n G nd wh h w no xuv o om p bu omh h npd von. Evn w w on vb o h dud, vn mo h dud d vd. Thu w k h mo vw, h Vn w dvopd, dd wh, popu d omh h pvd nn o md obj pk hn w hv o ppoh h n ubj o h Vn npon om h pon o vw o b omh o m. You hd ou b ound h nu vow nd ononn omd b h mouh n h mo nu poon nd hn ou hd o mod h nd h wh nonon,, pu, nd oh uh pzon,,. On w o dn h dpu om h mo nu humn ound, b dd punuon. Imn modn u o od u h do no know. H w w down h ound n phon w, nd dd punuon o, h,. I m o m h h ppoh o pu h ound o ph o obvou od, h woud b obvou n nn m. Idn wod bound k w do od, hp u d bu u hv onn pn o wod un. Fo xmp, m w b on h b on wod. Th m b h nd pu u oo. Bu n od o d w h on how wod bound, ou hv o d know h u. Phon w mp podu h ph, nd h w do no nd o know h u. Thu wh h Vn do pn phon punuon. Y, vn h u obvon bou mn o h do oon o, h xpnon m bpodu o h w h u pokn. L h Vn w pzd n S ound bo T n don..o Thn h do obvou hv onhp o ound bo nd/o. Bu bud o mn h h pupo o h do o dn h wod bound nd. I mk mo n h do w ddd ound n S n h nvonmn mp bu h w how h pok. Th m wod..o h how n. Cn w n nd om xmp n whh pn pd. Bu muh muh mo o mn wod o Vn pk who on m w o podu h ound o nn h pok, nd h knw noh bou wod bound, 5

nd, b. Th w mp w h h phb pnd ound, nd h do w phon punuon dv. No h vn od, ou n k hd who h on nd h ound o Romn, o w nn h h nv wn bo. H w ound ou nd w b db, vn dd no oow h onvnon p h hv dvopd n h modn u. Th phon w xpnon o h do o nu, h d onvn vn bo ook xmp. I h Vn w o dn d ud b h b n o nohn mb nd hv oon h nd o Euop hn h p on o phon w. Th oud od mpon ph o uom whou know nh bou h wod nd mm. Phonn known o hv d uh phbook, nd Vn w d n h noh nd mjo v, omon m hv boowd Eun w, nd hn ddd h do o phon punuon. I known h h do punuon ppd om bou 300BC, bu h bou h m h Vn hd h znh wh h oon Bn, nd h o n n om h Bh I. 1.3 Rw Phon W v. Wod-Bound W Ann pop n wo down ound n od o podu wh w pokn o pob. In h bnn n vn n Eun h w noh hn o pn ound. Bu, vn h von n n u o, mph, h, pu, h w no nouh. Fo xmp howhoudwdh? Obvou ou know h u, ou n d h ou oud nd onz h wod: how houd w d h? And h w h wh Eun, nd om Vn oo. A onnuou o w no nouh. On hd o d ou oud ov nd ov bo on zd wh w. Thu h w wdom n dd omh o h o ound n od o v h d om udn. On w w o mk v ound u pu, nonon,. Rw phon w. Th oh w, w o u h k wh whh w m od, o how wod bound. Idn wod bound xpod h h n u wod pokn n onn w. Fo xmp h u m w mphz h b. Thu ou knw h wod bound, whn ou d, ou woud mphz h b, nd h nn woud b d o; bu ou hd o d know h u. L u ook h ppoh n mo d. 1.3.1. Rw Phon W Phon w, hu bn n h w om h odd vh, Lk h modn on od do, do noh o mp h x nd h d o. Th phon w w pu od wh h pokn u oundd k. Phonn nd oh d pop, odd ommon ph n h u o h uom n w phon hon o h whn ndd h oud d bk. Th dd no hv o know nh mo bou h u. Sm, modn u who do no know u w w down n w phon hon oo, x wh h h, u h modn 6

ndd phon phb. No know wh h wod bound, h w dd mk o nd h, pu, mph,. Th w phon npon. Oh hn h w npon don n h Romn phb oow Romn onvnon (k h Cnvo buk npon), Vn w, h h hmk o w phon npon: I wn onnuou nd d wh do h m o unon k h mk u mk whn nb ph phon. Thu Vn npon n b vwd npon o wh u pokn, u h do n -pupo mk o pu, mph, h,. Bu h wn Vn u w no nddzd, h do-dv mu hv bn v mp nuv oo. I bv h u w h do w ppd wh om knd o ou-d u (mn pzon) w ppd n h ph. Suh mp onp do-mk v mn pupo w omh h oud b ppd nd undood b non. On m wond wh h Vn w w wn n h w, whn h opon o mk wod bound woud hv md. I u h php Vn w o hh pzd h h Vn wnd o mk ho pzon vn w no n o do o. Bu h noh xpnon. I h Vn ond d, hn w v mpon o od h u o uom. Th pobm wh wod bound w h on h d d know how h u w pokn wh h non,, hn, pzon, w ppd. Fo xmp wh Ln w ud houhou h Romn Emp w hv no d om Romn x how u oundd whn pokn n dn p nd m n ho. Lk Eh od, h oud hv bn mn n/d. Wod bound w do no pu h ound o h u ph. Wod bound w n ou d knw h u, bu ou ndd phbook o u n on mk, ou ndd o od who ph (uh Woud ou k o bu h buu nk?) whou nd o know how bok down no wod. In h, h ph hd o b wn down omp phon onnuou o ound, wh mk ud o nd pu, mph,. Php h do w uh phon mk, whh bm ud o how o pk h who nn, whou hv n d bou wh w h wod nd mm mn whn. I w w ud b d, dd no hv o b vd n on o bonz. Thu. h w hoo h ound on on, bonz nd m n h h m hu b on h p o h b. How muh mo h h h dppd bu w wn on pp o oh o md? Fo xmp Phonn p nudd no ju w on pp, bu o on wx b h oud b md nd ud. 7

Rmn o Phonn w b whh on onnd wx nd w wn upon b u. No h h n h mdd, nd h u oud od up nd p no h pok. I h Vn ud uh wx b, d o w m hv bn don h h bn o. W on wx, pp nd oh phb md woud no hv uvvd o hoo o nd. W do no hv h uon uh xd n nn Sum, wh vd w b von w don ono nd p o, u n h uvv n h h o mn hound o unom b o uu mundn onn, uh nvno o ood nd hopp. 1.3.2 Wod-Bound (Ronzd) Phon W Wh w w x (k h nn) wh bnk p bwn wod nd Romn nd Eun ud do n ph h p do no pp pu. Th h mn o h pon who know h u n d, whou h nd o dd phon punuon. I w know wh h wod, hn om ou m wh h m h o h u, w p h, mph, n h h p uom. I mp h phon w. Fuhmo, wh wod bound hown, h d oud o vw h wod ph mbo. Th on dwbk o w u wod bound, h h d h o d know h u o podu pop, wh w phon w oud b d oundd b n d. 1 Amo h Vn npon, h Cnvo buk xmp vn, nn wh Vn w wn n h Romn hon, wh do v wod bound n h Romn hon, h hn nd phon u. No h whn h Vn w wn n h Romn hon, h w no mo nd o h do. Th hp onm h h do w phon ponunon ud whn wn onnuou, nd w no o n o ho who knw h u, on wod bound w dnd. 1 Th mk Vn w, u h do, xm vub ow u o podu h u ound, on w know mo bou h u o h do. 8

2. VENETIC DOT-PUNCTUATION TO IDENTIFY PALATALIZATION? 2.1 Som Evn Vn w Exm Pzd Th om p vdn h Vn w hh pzd. Th x b uh h whn pop bn pk nw u, h w pk n h mnn o h on u. W h n n. In ou ho, h Vn w o dn d, nd h Vn o Bn w p o h d m. Wh h o h Romn Emp, h d m opd nd dn p o h m md no h uound pop. A Bn h Vn md no C. I h on Vn u w pzd, hn h C woud o b pzd. Whou hv noh ndd o mu, h nd mnn o pk C woud b pd down om non o non. Cd h Vnn d o C, nd ou om hbou C d om b muh mo xnv pzon. Anoh xmp woud b h noh nd o h o d ou bwn h Ad nd h Jund Pnnu. Tod, h Jund Pnnu w nd Dnh. Dnh hh pzd Gmn. W h on u hh pzd, nd w h pzon nd whn h pop md no h Gmn o h m onquo. 2.2 Do-punuon Invnd o Ind Pzon? Vn w boowd h Eun, bu dd no qu h Eun mhod ( ud b Romn oo) o mk wod bound. Ind, Vn w mp bn o dd do o h on onnuou o. Th do hv puzzd n o Vn o nu. Th zd h w hm o mk h onnou x o d hn onnuou w whou n p o mk, nd popod w b punuon nd h h d dmnd h wod bound om. On h oh hnd h o n who o u ou k Sovnn n, m h h do dov nd mn. Fom h pon o vw o h pobb b uv, uh m, houh pob no pobb. In ou mhodoo vh h o b v, nu, nd pb, nd bz npon od o h b uv hv o b o h b. Th mo nu nw, h mo pobb nw, h h mk w nndd o mk omh o vdn n Vn, bu bn n Eun. I zd hd o b omh v mp, no qu p duon o h d o w. Bu oud no b m doon h. Th woud b u doon n h m nd w u hn v b woud pu h do n h dn oon o h m wod, nd vn mpo oh doon oo. Th dd no hppn. Fo xmp don..o w hd h do ound h.. nd h n nv hd do o h wod bu ppd n oh wod h do w pupou. Bu h hd o b p nd o pp. Th hd o b o pp h wod-bound do h w n h hbou Eun. I obvou how n Eun nd Romn x h do w wod bound whh h b oud n om h m pu n u ph, o n undnd o wh wod bn nd ndd. Bu wh mp u oud h do n Vn pn? Wh oud h b h n w o d oud undnd mo nuv whou n mjo omu 9

nd o b ppd? And wh do? Wh woud do pn? Mb h w no do n bu m I. A ood w o nd pzon mh b o pu m I on nd bk o ound. Fo xmp N > N I nod h h do n h npon podud bov n Fu 1.1 ook k ho I. Look h wod o u, I nod h dn bwn wn Eonn nd Lvonn. Lvonn pobb dndd om h m B o u n o mnum o wo o, bu Lvonn h bn ubjd o nun om h Indo-Euopn Lvn u o h h mnum o mo. I nod h wh Lvonn hd wod m o Eonn, h w mo xm pzd. Th xm pzon h pompd h wn Lvonn o dvop ho o o dbd pzd. (In Eonn pzon no xp mkd bu h houh h pzon no o. W h h mp nw? W Vn hh pzd k Lvonn w. Th pzon woud b ud b ondb on wh Indo-Euopn u h w pokn wh h mouh. Th on o ud n vow ound hh (whh w n ouh xp b U>O, O>A, A>E, E>I, I>H o bk) Th pzon n Vn, I popod, w ndd b do on boh d o h nom, h mo mpon b h I wh.. woud ound h k J (= Y ) o H wh pzd ou. Bu hn I w h do o b mo wd ppd v n -pupo phon mk. I oud n phb ound n whh h ou pd o. I oud nd ound k SH nd d R, nd nd vn mk pu o n mph o h. Th ho md h do v mpon o h poj. I mn w nno mp o b h Romn phb quvn. W o hv o know how h do h ound. I h u o do d o nu nd w vn ud b odn pop w, hn hd o b v mp onp no om ompd omu. Fo n Eh pk, ou b xmp o pzon h ñ n Spnh, bu wk pzon no unommon n u. Mo ound md b h humn mouh n b ound n u o om d, vn h u do no xp onz. Fo xmp, houh Eonn, unk Lvonn, do no xp dn pzd, h wk pzon wh Lvonn h o pzon. Eonn do no nd h pzon, nd n udn o Eonn h o n h. Anoh modn xmp o u h wk pzd n on nd o n noh Swdh vu Dnh. Swdh h h oundd mouh (k Eonn) wh Dnh o pzd (k Lvonn) Whn Vn w nx wn n h Romn phb o wh, wh wod bound hown, h do w bndond.. I h d knw h wod bound, h oud n h pop ponunon h pzon, om h knowd o h u. On I hd md h dov, nd knw mo o h do mkd pzon, I bn o k no o h do ound whh w do no nom pz. I dovd h n nn h w om knd o nn o h ou. Fo xmp.. w d. 10

3. CATEGORIZATION OF DOT USE IN VENETIC: RESULTS 3.1 Inoduon Th o h do nno b ovd ndpndn o h, nd h oow onuon w vd p b p houhou h poj o dph Vn, ound n THE VENETIC LANGUAGE: An Ann Lu om Nw Ppv: FINAL. Th pp on h Vn do o dbd n Chp 4. Howv h on how h Vn nn w ponound nd w n db ndpndn h, o v h d n d o pounon h o nd hn no hv o d wh hm uh. A I d d I md hpoh h h do w phon mk, nd ubqun h hpoh w povd o. Th mo obvou u w o mk pzon, bu mkd mo. Th do, mn vd o nd h ommon pzon w know w od n u k Spnh, o mo xnv n Lvonn nd Dnh, ppd o hv bn ppd o umn o h ou nd p b ppd. I ook m o m o z h p n hv bn wo n m h Vn h h ook k n M w SH ound. Th SH ound obvou h o om om pzd S. A ou w, I np h ound o h h h ook k n M o h S, pob wh n I h. Thu, on on p h h do mk n nuon o h ou n h ound, quon bou h on o p npon ovd. 3.2Th I wh do on boh d -.. Th modn uom n how Vn w o onv h Vn o m Romn nd hn o dd h do w wh pod. W bn b ond do on boh d o h I h. Aod o h bonz hh p ok ov nd ov, wh h o h Vn hd o h nd, h dod I w o ommon, h Vn u onzd on o h b phb. A I mnond, don ho o Vn npon hv ddd om vou vdn, h h nw h o h I wh wo ho n on boh d, pnd om ound kn o n H. A w n hv popod J ound. Sn om npon how h do ho n, mo k m I h m n ond h do o pn n ho I. ( Fu 1.1) Th pupo o h, bo nd ound, n m vw o how pzon. Th ho n hn dvopd no do. Th uh n b zd whn omp h oon o om o h pzd n Vn wh oon n oh u. Humn ph phoo nd phoo onn nd h mn h m phon h n ou n n u ndpndn. Lu do no h b. I w pu m n I ound n I ound w nd o v h J whh h m h ound o Y n Eh u ho nd ononn. Th nw h, h Vn.., w ho u n ovhh I. Ov nd pzon n u n b ud mp b n h, n h mnn o pk, o vow upwd (uh U>A, A>E, E>I, I>Y/J,H) 11

I w xpn h.. n m o pz h I w n h n u n Y/J ound n on nvonmn nd n H ound n noh nvonmn. Pz h I ound w dmon, h u ound J, bu oow ononn k V ound k n H oo bu n H podud h on o h mouh, no bk. Tdon n o h Vn w h ddd (LJun) h h v.. n F ound nd v.. h bn wn vh (whh ou wh n h om). Wh m b u h v.. ound mh ound k vh, I d wh h Vn v.. w b wn vh nd umd o ound k F. I w n m, bu on mu no o h on o v..n h pzon o VIR ( I w popo). I hnk w o v h.. on, w x wn, nd no onv n h m Romn pnon no n H. Don b wh Vn wo. I h v.. omm w wn wh nw h umd n H nd Romn F w w m b d wh h von n d,o h b hb. In oh wod h F ound oud hv dvopd n h d om n VJ ( VY ) ound p whn h pop bn o dop Ln whh hd no VJ ( VY ) ound. Th mp d bhnd pu do on boh d o h von oud quk undndw h whv ho I on do w pd on boh d o, h d mp puhd up h ou o h I poonhd o h ound, nd h ound o h w d od, bom J ( Y ) o H od o nvonmn. 3.3 Do ound h E -.. Th wod..kup ow u n oppoun o pov h bov ho h h do odd pzon. Th o do pp o b xp dmond n IAEEQVPETARS n h oow npon (Whn w how Romn p, mn h on n h Romn phb) Th wod pp..kup n npon n h Vn phb hown h IAEEQVPETARS. I h..ku oundd k IAEEQU vn v Romn phb phon.h w boh h pzon ud b h I nd o hn o h vow. I dmon h h -pupo do oud nd mk vow pzon bu oud mk oh modon n h ow o ound w uh hn o pu. No n h uon h IAEEQVPETARS down h h d n m u n ddd -n. Th h hpd u onud h h wod mn omh k oodb hv ood joun, 12

Fu 3.3 [-GALLE]NI.M.F.OSTIALAE.GALLEN IAEEQVPETARS [MLV-134, LLV-P6] S h wod IAEQVPETARS down h h d. No oo how m ddd, on o h on o np hpp joun, bon vo,. 3.4 Do ound In Vow In Gn Th bov xmp howd h do ound h n vow E pov h pzon.. Sm n b xpd on h oh vow. W bn wh h b I wh do o dud. Th phon pnon u Romn ponunon (J = Eh Y)... = J.. = je..= ja.o. = jo.u. = ju Php Vn pu h o on h b, nd h u m b h u o nd o unh h n vow o. Suh nd woud podu ononn u h J/Y o H. Th oud mp hv bn u om h mnn o ph, n,, p-u u no p o h u ; bu w o, h phon w ndd o od. A ood modn xmp woud b h w ound d o Eh n whh E ound w ponound I, w mh wn o how xp p w dou nd o nom w. Fo xmp h w pop who pok Hpp D h, w nb h mh wn o w 13

phon I ju dd (on oh phon w) nd o w Hpp D o ou. E phon w w no w how u on nd n ound d phonm n od o h x o pn h u, nd ho phon w ndd owd b phon, pu vn o pu ound vn h w no p o h u. Fuhmo, nn b ud oo w h o h ound, d who knw h u w b o d h x. Cond h Lvonn u. Lu hv dnd mn pzd ound, nd dmnd h mn o hm phonm; bu Lvonn w wn whou h dnd pzd, Lvonn woud b b o dn h wod. Th mh howv d mo k Eonn wh pzon wk nd nd no b mkd. Th on Lvonn h bn nd mn ddon pzd bu o h nun o u. In h u ho o wn u h wn u nu du o om h db, d o whh wh u pnon. Eh ood xmp d wh whn w nno h ound whou ook h who wod. Fo xmp, w n on h h wod wh ponound wh h n n, on b onz h who wod. Thu h mo ho h n phon wn u, h mo dp om phon pnon, nd h mo h d dmn wod om xpn wh h u wod: h mo h wod bom h own ph. To ummz, phon wn u k Vn, nv o od h u pokn u nd pu mn u whh m no nd o b wn down. Conv h hv bn mn wn u h mnmzd h phb, nd h u ound o h u h bn o. Too muh nomon mk pob o podud h nn whou know h u, nd oo nomon qu h d know h u w nouh o dn h nndd wod vn wh k o nomon. In h o Vn, ho, w mu onz h, n h Vn w hd v ho, o h mo p, hh phon. I vd o d Vn phon, oow h Romn phb quvn, nd xp o qu o how w u pokn. A h hh o h Romn Emp n h h w Ln w pokn vd om on on o noh wh h wn u mnd unhd. In oh wod, h Ln pokn b ommon ok n Bn woud hv oundd dn om h Ln pokn n Gu, o Spn. Bu h Ln woud b wn h m w. A ood xmp modn Eh. Eh pokn n mn dn w, mn dn d omp n n Am v. Bn v. Au v. Ind. A u h m wn u. I w w o w Eh u phon, h woud b hundd o o wn om o Eh. I Vn w d o podu u xp hn w n xp d von w pp n h w. Bu wh mo u h b dd h do v no ju mo pzon nd m ou-podud bu ( ) uon wh hn (o h ound o n) ow u o podud Vn qu u. Evn h do w no n nd wod bound w oud hv bn ud, h Vn houh h w mpon o mk h pzon xp, mb hnk h h ddn woud b d k Eun. Wh h do pk no ndd o omon who knw h u, nd Vn d oud do ju w wh do on mk wod bound, w n 14

know no Vn, h do n v u vvd d o how h Vn oundd. Php oundd k Dnh v o Gmn, o Lvonn v o Eonn. I b n du!! Fuhmo h d hd, h b who odd, pud nn h n ponunon. Th wh w w von on om wod, nd p wh h ppon o h do. I w d h Vn w xm phon bu o h do, w nno vw h von onou, bu h om wod w pokn dn bwn wo oon nd wo pod n m. Fo xmp h n npon h how..p nd o..kup.. h do no mn h b md mk. I mp mn h, ju k n Eh ood-b n bom b, o oo ommon ud..up.. oud du o..p ov m. Whn Vn h bnn o Romn m w wn wh Romn phb, h do vnhd, onm h h on Vn wn u w mo phon od o u ph hn Romn phb om. W o hv o b n mnd h h Romn xp howd wod bound, whh dud h nd o ddon phon punuon. Fu 3.4 9b-B) ENONI. ONTEI. APPIOI. SSELBOI SSELBOI. ANDETIC OBOSECUPETARIS - [onn - MLV 236, LLV B- 1] Th on o h w npon (oh hn Romn w npon on un) wh Romn ud, nd h Romn onvnon o mp u do o p wod. Th do ound m. Th nd o pov h pk h do-punuon w no n o d h x. Bu whou h do, omon who do no know Vn w d k d Ln, nd h pzon,. h podu how w pokn o. Thouhou h nvon o h Vn w, nvo hv wondd wh h wod Vn do no pp (oh hn n on nn Vnkn, whh oud mp b boow om Ln.) Bu w mu b n mnd boh h nn Ln pok h V W nd Gk d hm En (o Hno ) boh o whh u h wod w nodud wh pzd n E. In m n o h Vn npon I m o h onuon h n h npon h wod pnd n h m...n.no-. Fo xmp pp...n.non. Th nd u h Vn w o h Romn Vn mooo...n.non 15

[un- MLV 91, LLV-P90] Ind o how n V-h (=W-ound), how h E uoundd b do. Th u Vn ponunon o...n.non m hv oundd omh k (p on h phon o h Romn phb) WHEI-NO-NII-A Th hp u podu h ound o oh Vn wod h bn wh dod vow. Fo xmp h on nn n whh h b h ddd pn o do -...k. I mu hv oundd v unuu, uh WHEIHK, YEIHK,. No h h bov duon ood xmp o dmn h mn o h do houh ook vdn, om ou obvon h howd..ku oundd k IAEEQU. I puzz m how ud o Vn w d o dn h do punuon h modd nom Eun ound, nd h h noh o do wh b (whh omon popod.) I noh mo hn ddd nomon on ponunon. Th h w ddd vdn h Vn u w ponound wh xm pzon mb k how Dnh o ouhn Swdh pk Gmn u od nd h Vn b w movd o nodu h do mp bu h u w xm dn om h pu ound ound o hbou Eun o Ln. W w ook h o h do on ononn n h nx on. Bu, o ompon, u ook omh m wh p o n vow mn n Eonn vu Lvonn, w Eonn h wk pzon nd ound ound k n Ln, wh Lvonn xm pzd k Dnh. 3.4.1 Exmp o Pzon on In Vow n Lvonn nd Eonn To u h bov phnomnon o ononn u pp wh n vow n u n whh h on h n vow, w n ook o om xmp n Lvonn, Fnn u h w od on h o ouh o h d u o Eonn. Php ou know o oh u o obv. On mh o xmp ook hh pzd Dnh vu ndd Swdh, o xmp. I u h xmp h omp Lvonn nd Eonn, n m own m wh Fnn u. Sn Lvonn hh pzd nd Eonn ondb, pob o omp Lvonn wod wh Eonn quvn, nd hn omp wh w wn wh h bov dbd umn vb n Vn n vow wh do. Wh Eonn do hv pzon md nd no xp nod n h wn u. Howv, n Lvonn, I, pzon o nd nn. Lvonn xp how h pzon wh d mk. Howv, h pp on o uon ommon vwd pzon. A I nd h, h Vn u o do m mo bod ppd o uon n whh h ou modd ound, nd vn d k h o pu. L u wh w n dov om Lvonn ompd o Eonn. Eonn k Fnnh, n pu on h b, ommon dd om ononn u h h hp unh h n vow. No mpob no o hv omh ononn on n n vow, n n u bu uu o wk n b nod n u h do no pu o mph on h b. Fo xmp n Eh, ppd n h wod. Fo xmp Eh pop w mknd ponoun Hnk wh HSINK nd o h Fnnh HEL-nk. In h ood xmp o wod n whh h n 16

H pobb ppd u o h mph on h b n Fnnh. Th oh wod n Eonn nd Fnnh wh n H o J/Y h bn xp onzd. Bu h ononn ound unh n n ononn h, nd h w v wh h d. In h oow, w om xmp n whh h Lvonn hown wh n xp J h, wh no xp nod n wn Eonn: Tb 3.4.1 n vow Eonn Lvonn E m jmā A ä jā I jā (J oow h onvnon o ponoun k Eh Y ) Wh n w dv om h? I u h n ponoun Vn oo, w houd p h mph on h b, nd h w hp u undnd h on o h Vn mpomn o h do n vou oon. Hv obvd m wh Fnn n vow, w w onnu o mk n o oh ondn wh Fnn u. Th d w wom o dvn xmp o oh u wh mph on h b. I pob h ononn unh o n vow, qu ommon o u no ju Fnn h p h mph on n b. Th obvon n h oow on w pobb b ound n ho w. Th d wom o nv oh u. Ou duon m obv phon p wh Fnn pu xmp. 3.5 Pzon o Cononn. Bd h vow, h Vn npon o b pnkd wh do on boh d o ononn. On oundd ononn, h u ound ou m ononn pzon uh h Spnh pzon o h N wn Ñ. In Lvonn h pzon o oundd ononn L nd N nvov h u o d mk n h om o d undnh. Lvonn pz h D nd T nd R nd how n h w w, wh h d undnh. Oh wn u h u how pzon, m hv oh mk. I pzon wk nd no u nn, w no b hown. Fo xmp Eonn h pzon n p m o Lvonn, bu h wk, nd o no xp ndd. Bu h mo o h Vn do hn mp h ommon pzon o ononn w know n modn u. Th pp o hv bod mo n ppon hn wh mn b h modn onvnon d o pzon Do ound h Vn N nd L hv ompon o modn Spnh o Lvonn. And do ound Vn D nd T noou o ho n Lvonn. Bu h oh ppon o do n Vn. A omp m poj, w v h h do mkd uon n whh h owd, upwd, ou modd ound om nom xdou. And h u n h do mk ononn n oh w hn wh w mh nom ond pzon. W d w how h do modd vow nodu 17

JoH ound.th oo nowh wno m o w h h m p z on.th hm o do ddon n n mk h v. I o h on h do w vn ud w hm h n w oud undnd: Fo n ou on up o o h op o h mouh, dd do!!! L u xpo ddon ppon on ononn: Fom h vdn o, h do n h Vn w uound ononn k n S whoud dov oundv mp b dd ou n J ( = Y ),wh hdo pp, nd np h u. Fo xmp.. ound k JS nb on d d h ound o h n Eh u. In modn u h ound pnd n mn w, b nn w h h SH,wh h d b d no h u w h Š Cun Vn h h ook k n M um d ob SH bu h do h m u h u n vw bou h M wo nd h h SH h dod S n.. Wh hn houd h M b? I w v h umn, bu o now I bv o b n unpzd ( I ) SS n Eh h. I ho pn h h n h npon o Romn phb wh $. Th oow b how om pzd ononn, nd Vn xmp. In ddon, I d om Eonn wod h m o h Vn, wh Eonn h pzon n h m oon. Lvonn w hv m xmp. A mo omphnv ud mh o ook o p n oh pzd u, k Dnh. Th d nvd o nv h oon o pzon mo o unv, nd unon o pd nd oow ound. Tb 3.5 PALATALIZATION OF CONSONANTS COMPARISON Cononn Vn Vn xmp N S T R = d L.n......... k.n... don..o vo....u..k mo.. Comp wh pzon n Eonn wod k h: kn n o h on hä w võd k uu n v mud o Th b how noh ononn h w woud no nom ond pzd ononn. I popo do ound h Vn R pn d R. Th R wh do do no pp on n Vn, bu h n npon n whh d nd non-d R pp oh -.....mon.o.. Th R n h wod, b ou ho, no d nd n h ond d. W n nd h n u h hv h d R, h h o dpndn on uon whn h wod h pd nd oow. Fo xmp, Eonn u, nd w n nd h wod k d podu h R n wk poon h do no hv o b d, wh on h oh hnd, v p h R n o poon h pomo o. Eonn w, k Vn, m o h onwod mnu ( om Gk?) whh m o h Vn..mn.o.. I bv h o pon who d knw h u, h do pnon o ou- w nouh o h d o onz wh ound w nndd. Th do w n -pupo phon mk, bu mo mkd pzon nd oh oumodon o pu ound 18

3.6 Do n Vn Aound Sn Cononn Rpn Sød? L u ond now, wh hppn w pz n ononn ( do uound n ononn). Th woud b pnd n Lvonn xp wh h D o T wh h d mk bnh. Bu n Vn w o ound oh n ononn, uh G (..). How n n b pzd? Th u pz o n ononn houd u n mo n, nd h woud b pnd b h bkn on d ød. Rpnd b mk m o n pooph, ød ound od n h hh pzd u o Dnh nd Lvonn. Sød n b vwd pzon on hh vow o h h hh vow dpp om b u hh. Fo xmp I > J/Y. Indd h Vn dod I n ovhh I h bom n wh h ou poon h m wh I. Nom pp h J/Y o on H. Bu wh w hv MIN? Thn h I n h bom MJN o MN. Th n Dnh d ød In Lvonn n xmp o wod wh ød woud b jo v whmk h ød. Eonn, whou h ød woud jõ. Bd on ou vw o h Vn do, w ud Vn w o w h Lvonn woud pobb ook k jo.. xp h Vn j woud b wn..(pzd I ) o woud b..o.. o mp.o. Anoh xmp n Lvonn woud b. I w wo n Vn w,b ou ho, woud b.. In h h Eonn quvn whou h ød woud b h nd h Fnnh woud b h. Anoh Lvonn xmp woud bd o do. Th Eonn quvn woud dd h H h w h. In Fnnh hdä Php on n nd m uon whn omp Dnh wod nd quvn wod n d ndd Swdh o Nown whh no hh pzd. I pp h pzon om h n movmn o u upwd owd h mouh nd mo nvovmn o h ou on h p. Th ddon o h H b Eonn u h Lvonn ød n b n n xm pzon. I uu n n dvop d n whh h puh vow upwd (whh mn puh vow owd-upwd wh x h mouh) hn w n h h n ouh b dbd b U>O O>A A>E E>I Bu wh bou h I? Wh hh hn h I? Obvou h J/Y o on H. Bu hn wh hppn wh h H o J/Y? Th whn h ød pp. Ad n, wh n o? Th on don h woud b o bk, op. Thu, o onnu h h w woud hv I > H(ou n J poon) nd hn H,J > ød. I w wh wod k SOMAN n vov h pk ou ow. Foow h n vow: SOMAN > SAMEN > SEMIN > SIMHN> SIMN Thu n n pzon nd upwd h o vow d o h m h n ph. I oow h hh pzd u o dp upwd h o ow vow oo. Fo xmp Lvonn pn h ux o n j wh Eonn nd Fnnh u j. I m xpn h nm Romn hon Tu ud o h non o h ouh B o n h nu A. I h pop w nn Eonn, nd h on Eonn hv w bn d E, hn mb h wod w hh pzd, w oud w (m Lvonn) ESTJI, whh whn owd bom OSTJA o ow pzd Eonn nd Fnnh, whh mn bu, mhn, whh how uound pop woud hv vwd h m o h mk po n h Vu mouh. I nv 19

unom h bu mn oh o p w. A pk nno h wod o muh bom unb. Som u u, uh mm nd, m b hd. Th h w mo mn n h wod m. In Vn, n h vb Vn npon, h h o vow upwd dbd bov, n xpn wod n whh no vow hown bwn ononn wh on woud xp. In h bod o npon w vd.n. nd mno.. I h bov u o Vn hn w n xp h vd.n. m hv bn vhd.n. o v..dn nd bo h vd.n. Sm mno.. m ond om m.n.o nd bo h mno.. In oh wod h poon v..dn > v.d..n. > vd.n. nd mno.. > m.n.o.. > mno.. W hv pob poo o h n h Vn npon, wh wod wn v m vo..omno.. pp n noh d. vo..o.m.mnn.. hu v h on I bwn M nd N. (On o h dv o Vn w h h b u od u d nd n h, pzd on!) Th oun o wo vow oh n vd.n. o mno.. w n Vn h h on wo oun n h bod o und 100 omp npon vb. 3.7 So Do Somm do ppd on on, no ound. So do pobb o b npd n h oow mnn: A n ononn h oud podu pu. A vow h oud hn h vow. W hv o u ommon n nd pu ouv no h mnd o h b. Th w m h no oh w o nd h o pu. Somm b d h pzd h wh do on h d, bu h w wo pzd hzd n ow, on h do bwn hm w hd. In ou b dvon o h onnuou Vn w wh p o how wod bound, hd do n bom pd om on o h djn h u. B h n mnd whn I bk up onnuou Vn npon wh wod bound o mk ou n mp. 4. ANCIENT PHONETIC CONNECTIONS? VENETIC AND DANISH 4.1 Vn h Souh End o h Jund Amb Rou Impon on Dnh A n, om h u o h phon o u wod (whh w um w ponound k Ln) pu h ddon ndd b h do, w n n how h Vn u oundd o pzd. A d mnond, wo u wh o pzon nd ød Dnh nd Lvonn. Lvonn ouh o Eon nd w domnd b Lvn (n Indo-Euopn u h oun o Sv u) nd ho w mh popo h Lvonn pzon o om h nun o Lvn. Anoh pob h Lvonn w u o nund b d om h w B who pok n pzd w who u d h d v known n Lvonn Vn, bu od Duv. Bu u ook Dnh, bu Dnh od pokn b dndn o pop who h noh nd o h d ou h hd down o nohn I wh h Vn npon w ud hv bn ound. Boh nn ho x nd hoo h dmond h h Vn w n o mb om h noh. 20

Th w wo nohn ou o mb h ouh B, nd h Jund Pnnu. Mo o h mb o h Vn on h noh nd o h Ad S m om h Jund Pnnu. Th mb om h oh ou, h ouh B, om down v h Vu nd Od, wn mo d o G. Wh h o h Romn, h pp o hv bn dou o h Vu d ph wwd howv, om down h Pv Rv V. Bu npon om h Pv V nd wd w, nd h bod o Vn npon h hoo h unovd, mn pn u o h pop who vd mb om h Jund Pnnu ou. Mo o h npon, hu, hv h hh pzd d, nd k w o ound h Jund Pnnu ou o mb, whh w n php dn wh h u o ndpndn pop Romn dnd Sub who w w h pok Sub A w hv d nod, hoo bou h nm onnon bwn h Ad Vn n h on o mo o h npon, nd h Jund Pnnu. Aod o Ghm Ck (Wod Pho, Cmbd Unv P) bd on h hoo d, h mb ou wn up h Eb, hn md w ouh b u boh h S nd upp Eb o. Bu hn,... n h ond ph o h n Euopn Bonz A, dnv bonz ndu, od wh umuu bu, o mo dndn o Codd-w ok [Indo-Euopn n o h C o Gmn] oup h hhnd o ouh-w Gmn... Th dnb n m vw wh h u Gmn - ho Tu ( h Gmn o 98AD) Ch. Th w dn m nd po pop nd hn uom o d. Thu h owh ud h d om Jund o dvop n h ou n ddon wwd dou o oop o h. Thn, h, noh n o ndu dvopd o h S Rv b pop o h m Codd-w on (Gmn). Th owh o h Gmn uu n n Gmn vdn, whh n un pomod d o mk o hm. Th mp o h on h d h h d oon h mnu n nohn I nd h Jund Pnnu dvopd w. A Ck nd: Anoh dnv ndu dvopd n Nohn I djn o h ouh nd o h ovnd ou, nd nohn nd h Dn...w mpo bonz mnuu boh om n nd o om wn Euop Th nomon m h onnon bwn v n nohn I nd Jund Pnnu. Th Dn w v bonz w n xh o h upp mb o h ouhn vzon. Th "Dn" h m w no Gmn. In n, Th mb ou omd vb hub ound whh h E Bonz A ndu o muh o Euop vovd I hu h h Dn o nn m pok noh u, on h m vn hv bn noou o Vn, nd h dn pob h h d pop w h no o Vn oon o v nw opnd up w ound 1000BC o Jund mb ouh o Mdnn vzon. Thn whn h Jund b w onqud b h Gmn-pk Goh (Ch, Gö) n Romn m, om nu, h dopd h Gmn u o h onquo, bu pok n h on hh pzd hon. A nw u n w pokn n h n o h od. I on do no xpn n nvonmn o o pk, on w onnu o pk wh h n, nd n h n o ubqun non. Dnh n b n h w n n on om Sub o h Romn, d down houh h non. Souhn Swdn (Skån) h hh pzd d w, nd nd h h pzd Sub u w ound o n ouhn Swdn. 21

L known bou h Sub u oh hn om wh mpd n nn w. A o d o T u Gmn, m h Sub u ovd v p o h oph on o Gmn, k d u. Som hv bn mpd o om om o Gmn, bu w nno o h h on h Romn d G m n w pu o ph on, nd ou dh v on nd mn u nd d. Tu wo n h Gmn h h A w k h Sub, bu h u w o o( no d n!! ) o h on vb n, hu nd opo n opo b npon h h w Fnn-k d u o h nohn n h PRomn pod. Th Fnn u woud hv bn bon n on, um om h duou-no hun- h h h o o h v d n d h M mo uu. I v bvb h bo h dvopmn nd movmn o h m pop o onnn Euop, h unmb mh nd od Sndnv nd ouh B w h bod o dndn o h bon pop xp h ho owd h ouh n on wh m ound o o p o h m mn n poon o dn d. Th d b oud o dop om nnovon om h m uu, nd vn h n om nm. Fu 4.1 Amb ou o had Romn w h bnm omt u wok G mn, upmpod. No T u Ch ndn hbou wou db h u G mn p k, h Go h n dhdon b un h m onqu nt u m, mn h xpnon o Gmn Goh om h no o Gmn oud on om bou 0 AD 22

Romn hon Tu ppd o hv pon ppohd h ouh B o b h o wo boph o Ao, ovno o Romn Bn nd oud hv ud p on od n d h p. A o d nh o ph Gmn T u pm nound h bo pop h Sub b who nd wh h oh v ww. On I dovd h Sub b nm w umd o hv d vow nd owd h vow, h u wod w mnu dpon v Eonn. Fo xmp Sub SUO-ABA m n b, u o hm hwh hm h o h on h mouh o h Od. Th w pobb mk h. (S wh o h who n o nm.) Thu, n n o Sub b nm, ppd o m h vn h no mb p o Gmn hd Gmn/Indo-Euopn m, h unmb o, ow nd,m h, n dd nd n o ho n M mo F nn u u.thu n onuon ppd o m h Sub w Fnn u h md o hv d vow nd pzon, nd ho w onn wh h pop pk h m w whn n h ubqun xpnon o h Gö (Ch, Goh) h bn pk h Gmn u o h m onquo n h nu AD. In oh wod, n h nu AD, b onqud b h Gmn Goh, h pok h nodud Gmn u wh h hh pzd Sub n, nd h no od, pd down om non o non um u n h hh pzd Dnh u o od. W n onud h h on u o h Jund Pnnu whn w n o d on wh nohn I, w hh pzd, nd h hh pzd u w d down o nohn I. Th u h h u n h Vn npon, ound whn h do npd pzon mk, w n d o Sub. Th onnon bwn wh now nohn I, nd h Jund Pnnu v nn n u h h Vn oon w nd b mb d b/m mp o bh n nv ou o h Mdnn mk. W w no on nd vdn o m pzon nd vow, bu o ou onnon n m o h wohp o h odd Rh (Th ubj o p pp.) W know now wh h o pzon n Vn m om m om h Jund Pnnu. Suppo h hoo dmnon h h noh I dvopd du om bou 1000BC, om nohn nun. 4.2 Two Amb Rou, Two Fnn D om h Noh. T d on h nk h b n h h d h ou o mb w B ( k Lhunn) o Gmn. And, boh ood n uu. Fnn pop o om h nohn bon. Ahoo h ound h nvonmn d wh dz o mk duou no nd hpoon nd h o hv k, v, nd. I d wn b w, hn h pobb h h -d o h nohn, nd v d v up nd down h mjo v, w dvd om h bon bo-u uu, houd b hn h noon m pop ook o bo. Th oh ondn h nno b nod uh h pop o h ouh B mb o Tu d A, hd nm h h ndud mo Eonn E, o o h h bn ho poo o n Ln x. I ho mo pobb 23

h h A pok n nn Fnn, nd h h d vd ouh wh h mb om h ouh B ou. Wh mo o h npon n ou poj w ound h ouh nd o h mb ou om h Jund Pnnu, du h o Rom, Rom bm onum o mb, nd I bv h n mb ou h m down om h ouh B, whh on onnud ouh o h o o h Ad, und wwd, nd dndd h Pv Rv o mo Romn mk. No v mn npon hv bn ound n h Pv Rv v, bu ho h do hv mkb o onn wh Eonn. I h A h ouh B w n o Eonn, h woud no b up. Bu mo o h npon om om h ouh mnu o h wn mb d ou h m om h Jund Pnnu. Th npon h ouh mnu om h w B w hv h hh vow nd pzon, nd h w npon h ouh mnu o h ou om h ouh B on w no hv h d vow d no h o pzon. Th pn d dn bwn nd w B. Y h wo d pop v w B onnd b ommon w o. W w nd hm o o b onnd v h odd Rh. 5 FURTHER NOTES ABOUT PHONETICS 5.1 Vn Aphb Sound v Romn Th pvou on hv oud on h m o h do, nd w hv n do o o mpd h ound o h Vn h houh h pnon o h Vn wh Romn phb h. Fo mo bou h nvon no np h on Vn h ound MLV nd LLV. B n mnd, h h book do no know h h do mkd pzon,. nd h m b om mnpon. Th Romn quvn o Vn h hv n bn dmnd b ho ov h dd, om om npon o h ound o h Eun phb. Th Romn phb w bon om h Eun o h Ln phon o oo. Sn n Romn m om Vn wod vn n Romn h, pob o omp h Romn h wh h Vn n h m wod om w. Howv on h o b onzn o n dnon o Vn houh Romn m. I m onb o bv h Vn ound movd o o Romn n ho m, uh o h on pzon. I on o h on w do no p oo muh non o h Vn npon wn n Romn m n Romn h.. Wh omm h Vn do podud pu ound, dmond n h xmp vn o h ound o n n.., pp om h b Romn phb npon h h do o h o on h nn w dvdd n Romn hon, xp how wod bound. A I d, whn pk o u know h wod bound n h u, h w nu pp h phon u o. Th pzon,, m b h, bu no o nd o b xp mkd whn h wod bound dvon. Bu o ou h d mu d know h u o p h phon u o. Th oow, o npon, no h o, on xmp o how Vn ook whn wn n Romn hon wh h do v wod bound nd h Vn ponunon do bn, nd pumb no o ndd o omphnd h x. 24

Fu 5.1 w hown n u 3.4 nd w w pk mo bou h. Th dw w md om h on obj whh o. No h do, pu m p bwn ANDETIC nd OBOSECUPETARIS wh h mu hv bn do. I oow h Romn onv n ono u how wo dbound w hdo.i p hsselboi b. Th u, dvdd no wod, d vn n h Romn on. F 5.1 ENONI. ONTEI. APPIOI. SSELBOI SSELBOI. ANDETIC OBOSECUPETARIS I wn n Vn p wh ddd do, woud pobb ook ppoxm omh k h (Th m own uwok bd on oh npon nd mu no b kn u, n no Vn phb von u x):..n.on.o.n...p.po..$..bo..$..bo...n.dkobo..kup.. Bu h on Vn w howd h u ponunon, pkd up h u n nd d h w n u n h nvonmn o h w. In h p, w n MLV, whn h n w pu wod wn n h dn w, h p ump uou dd [ ] wh h mp h b md n o. No, h m no hv md n o bu phon odd h w pop d pu wod n h on. Fo xmp vo..omno.. n..o vo..omno.. uv.n. o. [obqu- MLV-59 LLV-E4] pp nv vo..o.m.mnn.. n.o v..u.k.... vo..o.m.mnn.. [obqu- MLV-57 LLVE2]. Th nn how oh dn k v..u.k.. nd.. I no wo wn bu od noh d!! I u h no dvopd u, h no dvopd ndd, hn w nno pum h h pu unv o w o w Vn wod. I w d u hn hd mn d von dn n h nn d ou nd on. Th uon no unk wh n on p o h Eh pk wod Moh ound k mh-hh nd nam n mh-h, nd ound d n nau. Vn w pu phon nd h w how dn k h xp. Th oud ho b mn wn Vn u, whh h m u pokn wh dn n nd whh, n u u, muu undndb I woud b m o how n Eh-pk pon w b b o undnd Eh pokn n n xm n (uh Cokn Eh o Souhn dw o Am). Vn w no k Ln o Gk, whh hd dvopd ndd o boh pk nd w. Ln vnu w wn mo o h m houhou h Romn Emp bu o nddzon om wdpd nd onn u nud u. In p, h m hv bn dn d n dn p o h Romn Emp. 25

5.2 Impon o h Do Pzon Mk on How Vn Tnbd o Romn Aphb. I oow h om mpod n MLV wh modon dbd n h no vn und Fu 1.1 Bu h do now hv nn, I mpon no o mp wh hm. Fo xmp n.. houd no b wn n h. No houd h, b onvd bk o.. h. Lv h Vn w o w,. Th dn oud u, o x mp h om h J ( = Y ) oundo.. o on H h nd v op om nd pzon n h ph. I n hbodov n n p onw h n odu ono n H h.w h om wod n n v.. pnd wh vh, nd hn n Romn phb F. Bu h do no mn.. = h. I m mp b h hd h d om o n VJ oundw nv.. o F oundw nvh.l v w n, nddon b h vh o v.. o vn o F. Lv wn. Th oud u m h n d, nd h no n quvn. In ddon, I hv dmn wh h umpon h h Vn h h ook k n M,b n p d n SH ( š). Th h h ook k n M, m wh h Eun phb, o h Vn dd no nvn. Bu, whov nvnd, h quon wh h who ound n h S-m, wn n hon h mb h M- h? Shou dn h SH h b dvd om h S-h? Th oow u h pobm: = SH? = M = S I = I Bu php h SH-h w ndd dvopd om h S-h. Th oow how how ouh M-k h n b omd b ombn h I- nd S-h, h S. W hv pnd h o bu w ommon o Eun/Vn w o ow om h o. < < + I I h ho o hn h ound pnd b h M- k h no SH h b n d o n um dbu I SS ( nop z d). Eonn povd ood xmp o n nn mph o h knd, h ou. I n h wod nd, n nnon o nd h n.th mph z d o m nd n d n hmod nd o d,m.th ound no p z d,bu k ne h h. (b on, h Vn S wh do.. pzd n Eh u) W no h n h Vn npon h M-k h o, nd h mo ommon oon ound n pp n vo v x, nwo d n ono m odd o umu wh h dm hv npd Vn d. W w o xmp n h npon vn bov. Rd o h w w n Romn phb (M)..n..... 26

I h M-k h o b kn n ISS-ound ( n Eh h), woud p h E on n d ono Lo do M o o d u,u nd. W w du h n np (M)..n..... To onud, h M-k h n v o pn S wh n I on. Bu h n I on pobb dppd wh h n vow on, whh ud hh vow od pp n oh o oundb k.i SSA- > SSATh upwd h o on dud nx. Summ: wo o mo SH pnd n h ud:.. - pzd n Eh u o Eonn u ( n k ) $ (Vn M) - NON-pzd n Eh h o Eonn nd 5.3 Sm Sh Obvd W hv d hown n h hp on h phon o Vn, om mn ondn n m pzon n Vn o pp n Eonn wod, bou h ddon o H o h Eonn p whn do uound ononn, bou h ddon o J (=Y) n h Eonn nd Lvonn p whn do uound n n vow, nd mo. In h n u w dovd mkb p bwn om Vn wod nd Eonn, p n d o how Eonn wod wo h oon wh h Vn hd do. Th oow b u om Eonn wod h qu p o Vn wod, wh h Eonn how n H, n oon wh h Vn how do. Th pon o h m pn v v, nd vdn h b h w o pobb h no k o b pu ondn E I v om xmp o how pzon oud nodu h J ound (=Y) wh ohw w oo wk o pz. Suh bwn hh pzd Lvonn nd md pzd Eonn. I hv bodd h H o J on h Eonn d. Tb 5.3 Vn...k.ku..o..o..no Eonn hkkud hk hkuu jääu jänu Th w xmp. Th oh whn h npon udd. Eonn do no mk nom pzon. Bu Eonn w wn ou phon w woud nd h mo ommon pzon p oo. S xmp n Tb 5.3 wh h Eonn pzon no mkd, bu w pon hm ou b undn h. Pzon n b vwd puh ound upwd wh h ou. W hv d nod h h nn nohn u d Sub dd w. Th upwd h o 27

oundwou dbd v n,mu h k om on ne h HI V EH HI PPY DEY! o h vh ppd! Th ob v onoh h vow v o Eonn wod h pp m, o ou mu b don n onjunon wh np h nn, n w o hv o n h mn o ou wod, bo w ook o p n known u, dud n h nx hp. 5.4 How Vn Soundd In ook xmp o do n Vn ndo o pzon, ød, nd oh ud b h owd ou, w mu nd wod bound n od o h Vn x o ou m modn wod-bound w. I mpon o u o know h wod bound, ohw w nno vn dov m pzon n known u k Lvonn o Eonn n pzon dpndn on oon n wod. On w hv dnd h wod, w n hn obv oh u o xmp o h ound ou h oon o h do. To u n xmp, u um w hv pd n npon no wod oow vd.n. vo.. mno.. don..o k...o L u xpo how ound, whn w np h ound modon d b h do. Wh h ound n b ound n vou u, w w mo o Eonn o no oh on hn h m o m. Th wod vd.n. how pzon o N h nd. Cn w nd uh pzon o N n h n poon n Eonn? Y, o xmp n vnn b h.b omp on o dmonon o n xmp oh u Eh do no hv uh pzon n n poon. Fnh on h oh hnd h h, n n. Nx, h wod vo.. how pzon LT h x n Eonn. Fo xmp ud ( P v ).E h o x mp do noh v.i LT no pzd. Nx w.. n mno.. Do Eonn hv pzon uon o n? Y, ou. Eonn u n k.th p z ono n S nov ommon n u. Nx w hv h.. nd, pd T, n don..o nd...o. On n Eonn povd ood ound p n hä w. Nx w.. n...o. Th pn h do on n ononn, whh n u ph, pobb pn ød dbd bov, nd whh wn n Lvonn h onwou d pp LA GSTO b u,- o oow h pn dbd h wh wod k v h wh h Eonn dd h H (o Lvonn o h H o ød) woud xpd n Eonn, ound k LAHGSTO php omwh k Eonn hku. Th xmp nd oh how h Eonn h phon h p h phon ndd b h do. H m ouh uon (pn h ound wh Ln nd Eh phon) 28

WITHOUT DOTS WITH DOTS (Th npon o b nd ond mn b) *nvnd Eh pnon o mm ound no nu n Eh = A n h = E n n = I n n o= O n od u= U n moon = L n nd = S n $= ISS n h = R n m= M n m n= N n no v= V n v = T n oo p= P n p k= K n u d= D n do h= H n hod b= B n b = G n o Th v u Vn xd no h bnn o Romn phb u nd h x Vn wn n h Romn phb.. = JA AH n ouh, hk *..= JE EH, n kh * hk *.. = J (= Y ) n.o. = JO OH n joh * oh.u. = JU UH n ou, pooh..= LJH, HL n * pp..= SJH, HS, n h, u Dod on no ound (?)..= RJH, HR, n ouh (d).m.= MJH, HM, n mh * hm *.n.= NJH, HN, n mh * hn *.v.= VJH, HV n vh *..= TJH, HT, n hoo, h *.p.= PJH, HP n ph * hp *.k.= KJH, HK n u, hk *.d.= DJH, HD n dw, d No dod - h dvd om...b.= BJH, HB n bh * hb *..= GJH, HG n h * h * Th ouh u. I pob o u o ud h n u mo u nd wh ddon Compon wh Dnh ndlvonn dov p phon u. I w h o known u h d o Vn, hn ud o nd p o pzon, w b v mpon. Lu o h mm h mo ow hn wod. Th undndb mm k h uu o bud. Wh on n h h dd o bud, du o h h uu. Bu h w hv no dnd n mm whh w n omp n h mm o known u. W w do. Th uvv o phon nd mm u houd b o hn x u. Th h wod n b hd du u, o boowd om oh u, nd u n bom d wh on wod. Bu mm h uu o h u nno b boowd. 29

Phon noou o n. I pvd unonou nd unonou n d o no h u.o h p v o n n.fo x mp mmn o Noh Am w pk Eh wh n n, nd h mnn ommun mo hmv n whh h pv h on u, h m onnu o pk wh h n o v non. Dnh, I bv pn h pvon o n n om h pvou u, h w d ov whn h pop dopd Gmn u; nd om h w n onud h h on u o h Jund Pnnu w ju pzd Dnh. Amz, wh h do phon mk w n onb podu how h u oundd. Th d, wh n o h ound n Dnh o Lvonn, n xpo how Vn u oundd. I d poj b don n ound mdum h hn n wn om 5.5 Conuon: An En Anv W Sm P hnk bou h do h d om no hm nd ond hm dov, o vw hm b punuon wh mou u qu b o b dud o h u. Bu boh h xm duou. Th mn Vn npon on odn obj obvou no qu n p b. Th Vn hm o u do, n nou w o w u phon wh u on on phon mk do. And w mp. Th w woud hv bom uomd o mp how n do whv h ph puhd h ou up o whv on. Th v u ou qud mp h pmd h do o b undood nd ud b non. I w o mp nd nuv h h no vdn o n Vn w op h Eun o Romn u o wod bound, un Romn m. Wh mn npon w md om o mmo nd un, h bod o npon o om vdn o odn pop w x whn nu o h Godd, o w x on ound v on, o n om xmp on vd obj k k o hun hon. Vn w w no nh d o p.anon ou dm qu k,ndd d.on mp ound douon nn nd wo down h, dd do whnv h ou pd up o h p, o whv on. Rn And Pääbo, 2002-2014, THE VENETIC LANGUAGE An Ann Lu om Nw Ppv: FINAL* www.pbo. S. Bno, 2003, A Co Look Lvonn Sød, Fnno-U 25, Tu. Ghm Ck, Wod Pho, Cmbd Unv P LLV = G.B. Pn & A.L. Podom, 1964 L Lu Vn, Pdov. MLV = M. Ljun, 1974. Mnu d Lu Vénè, 30

PART TWO: GRAMMAR A DESCRIPTION OF VENETIC GRAMMAR Expnd hd u on om THEVENETIC LANGUAGE An An nlu omn wp p v :FI NAL (v 6/2015) And P ä ä b o (Ono, Cnd) Th o ow pp om h hp onv n G mmdo um n d n THEVENETIC LANGUAGE An An nlu omn wp p v :FI NAL no d op n umm o h Vn Gmm dovd n h ud wh om mpovmn nd xpnon om h on, whv om uh obvon oud b md. A xpnd n h bov doumn, h mm b hvd d om h Vn npon. Th mhodoo qud h dov o wod m wh h m mn o h npon n h ud whh hn podud mm nn o hk nd M n duk d.a ohw,ik pn on h mm nd ndm od m n mn I o, bu h n u o mm nd unon on hd whn v h nd. Th mhodoo o dph nvovd d o non o h onx dmnd b hoo, n whh h nn mu pp o h whv mn nd h o on wh h onx; nd o onx whn h nn. Thu h mhodoo dd no poj n known u ono h Vn. Howv, on w Vn w Fnn, I bn o k no o p n Eonn nd Fnnh nd dovd om mjo mm nd w o o h m. In u, mm h mo ow, nd h wh mo dn u w b m n mm u. And h o wh o n uon h Vn w n onnd o Eonn o Fnnh, w MUST nd m n mm. Th m w o nod n Vn w Fnn, Eonn nd Fnnh mm n now b ud o uh h. Th oow nndd o h v dud d who h ud ommon mm dpon. M wok onn u jon nd h pp houd b o d. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Th Mo Comphnv Dpon o Vn So F Cd Gmm nno b d dovd. I n o nud dov n h n puu o wod m, nd mnu nn h wh h hoo onx. I on du h dov o nn nd mnn onn n wod m, h 31

pob o ook o h mm nd h unon n h m w n h nn. I on n h n h h p n m o mm mk d n nd w hv n onzd dpon. Th h on I dd no h dpon o mm un h v nd. S THEVENETIC LANGUAGE An Ann Lu om Nw Ppv: FINAL o h wod m nd non o h x nn on h hoo obj. Th h h on w o pov h ou hv dovd u ou hv dnd un wod m (xon) nd mm h ou n om nw nn h hv no xd bo. I hv hvd h, w b n om xmp n h pp. Howv, h w b om who h pob o nvn u nd h I hv nvnd h. A w known h om n mov hv hd u o nw u o h mov (xmp Kon). I h woud b o nvn u u om o h uu o x u. Bu woud b mpob o nvn u o h ppd o nn x, onn podud non h w ub o h onx n whh h nn ppd, un h nvnd u w h u o h nn x. In h n don o np h Vn npon v Indo-Euopn Ln o (mo n) Sovnn, h mhodoo h bn o poj h known u ono h unknown. Lu pp do noh oh hn o vu h h known u n h unknown nd hn do om onz o v m. No on h poj o Indo-Euopn wod m ono h Vn npon, bu o dp mp o poj Indo-Euopn mm ono h npon. In h Ln ppoh, h w noh h u oud b nd om h npon hmv oh hn h dv ud b numb o npon od wh v n o o d. Ohw h w mo poj o Indo-Euopn u ono h Vn nn ( Ljun). Rn Sovnn mp o np Vn dd no vn mp o dn wod m nd mm mn o bud xon nd mm, bu obud h pobm b pnd h Vn nn w v po nd ompx nd n m o Sovnn. Th oow xnv onzon o mm om h npon hmv, omp nw. You w no nd n onzon vn o nh h d n n pvou nvon. Ou nvno o wod om h Vn npon no pnd h, bu w w mk u o hm n h uon nd xpn h wod w u. Th pupo o h pp o du Vn mm nd o how how Vn mm on wh ommon Eonn nd Fnnh mm. Anon who m Vn n d o pu u m mu b b o do h. Lu hv bhd h u om h m on dv om h oh, mm h mo ow. Common mm n onn u. I nd non o non wh o no h. Fo h on, whn u o nd n onnon bwn wo u who ommon pn xd v o o, mn hound o o, oo dn o onvnon ompv u ppd o wod, hn ompon o mm v v. Fo xmp, du o dmn n onnon bwn Eonn nd Bqu pu om omp wod, bu whn on ook h mm uu, h Eonn mm nd Bqu mm ook v m. 32

1.2 Popod Tho o How Vn oud b Fnn Lu Fnd n ou nvon doumnd n THE VENETIC LANGUAGE An Ann Lu om N w P p v :FI NAL h h Vn n h Ad Vn npon w Fnn u, w nvb quon o how h n b h. Th oow b oun o m ho. Ahoo nd n h nu h ound h h w o d bwn h Jund Pnnu nd h noh I on. In ddon hoo h d, om doppd mb, n mb ou h bn h Eb Rv nd vnu m down h Ad Rv o h n o h Vn oon E (nn A). Anoh mb d ou m ouh om h ouh B mb ou, wn v h Vu nd Od o h vn o Vnn nd hn ouh o h Ad S. I nd o on h h w Fnn u h oud o mb, hn h nohn d wh monopo on B mb bhd d ou nd mk owd h Mdnn, hn h woud hv bhd h wh h own pop, hn woud hv bhd h nohn Fnn u. Ahoo onm, I d mnond, h h w n mb d ou om h B o h Ad S. Ann ho x o onm h h Ad Vn w known o d n mb. Th hn h onnon bwn Vn nd h Fnn noh. Wh w h h o h Fnn u n h noh? A vdn u h h Fnn u w dvd om h hun-h pop o nohn Euop, who, bu h noh w oodd b h mw o h I A h d o h mounn o Now, w hh dvopd n v n w ndp nd u duou no. Ahoo d n h u u h m mo u u.wh n nh o, h hhnd o n Euop bm d wh m pop, h w ow dmnd o d o onn h d pop o on noh houh d. Th obvou ou o d n wod wh no oh o dn npoon ou hn v, w h bon who w d v o dn n h nnu ound o hun nd h. Th on Fnn pop o nohn Euop bm qu vd. In h mo noh, h mnd pmv w no ho m, bu ho who bm nvovd poon d wh ouhn Euop bm qu dvnd. M ho h h dvnd oup who ook on h o o poon o dn d o h dn vzon, h p odu d h p op n nh o x h v d V n.( Thwo d, VENEDE, n vp u ovene,m n bo ) 1.3 Lmon o Lu n B Inpon o Unknown Lu Sho on hv d h h dph o n unknown u, k o u. Th no u. Lu h ud o u, nd h mn n on ud known u, n u unknown noh bu mn ound. Thu n o p dph h u bo u mhodoo n b ppd. In h don o dph h Vn npon, u hv bn oo quk n o pp u mk obvon nd ponounmn bo h u h bn vd. Sn u hv vou pn, pob o u o dn 33

pn nd hn omp mnp ho pn. A ood xmp ompx ho o xpn h oon o h do n h Vn w, wh n m ud I ound h do w mp mk o pzon nd m u h w pobb no vn u (n whn wn n h Romn phb, h do dppd, nd nd h w h nom Romn do o p wod.) In ddon, whn Indo-Euopn w od on h npon, wh I ound o b nd, w npd b u m nd mk. Th u w h u wokd wh h b dmnon, whou h v b n od u n h b np o h nn. Mo pop um h n w d wh u, hn h m o dph u u on. Bu h h ou v u od o n unknown u, h o h w ju h mn no. Th mo h o h n do o dn h pd pn. Bu wh do ho pn mn. You n on dmn h mn o ho pn b obv n u u. In od o dmn h mn o wod k Ph k b h h o h h o wh h wod n on nd n mn, k n hd do. O u u u wh quon ook o xmp pon o nd Ph k b h wh quon ook nd vd nod. Wh u h h u n popo h h unknown u d o known on nd o poj h known on no h unknown, h puv ppoh h n b wo nd u ndd o pov u. Th numb o Vn npon oo md o h ppoh o wok. Th ndn h bn o mk n umpon nd hn no o vn h no u. I no du whn h d md o u mnon o ju no h hpoh o. Fo xmp vn houh h Vn u h non-indo-euopn Eun o h ouh nd Lun o h, nobod u d non-indo-euopn. Th don o n bm obd wh nn Ln o no oh on hn h mo n knw Ln nd oud pp. W mu undnd how md u h u unknown nd h no n o m n o v n on nknown u.w mu o onz h mp popo h unknown u d o known u noh mo hn hpoh o b d, nd h b h, h no nn u, h opon o h hpoh b wo mu b onzd nd h n mu o. On h oh hnd, whn h u dphd om d n o n u u, hn u w nd owd h uh bu h bd on d obvon. Fo xmp, ou pon o, nd h pk Phuk, hn h pobb hh h Phuk m n.a ou w nmdo um nomm hodo o, v n hou hv n no o pokn nd h on nno k pk, h h h Vn u pp n ho nn on hoo obj h o u h nu o h nn wn on hm. B o-n o h bod o obj, w n mk v ood u o mn o wod, nd hn n h mn. S THEVENETIC LANGUAGE An An nl u om N w P p v :FI NAL o dd dpon o h d mhodoo I ud, nd whh vnu vd h Vn u w Fnn. 1.4 B Ch o Fnn Lu Bu n h nd, w ound h h Vn u ookd Fnn, I onzd m dpon o Vn n om h mk n o Fnn u. Sn mo d w know v bou Fnn u (h b known Fnnh nd Eonn), h 34

b umm o h o Fnn u. I Vn Fnn w w xp m h n Vn nd I w dn hm. W w o uu ou dpon o h Vn mm wh m mm mnoo ud wh Fnnh nd Eonn od. Th momn I m h Vn ook Fnn, I m obqud o nd h mm m o h mm o Fnnh nd Eonn. Lu h b mm h v ow n u, nd ho Vn Fnn, w MUST nd Vn o hv b m. I w o nd h m h w hn pov w wo, nd h m n wod pobb om boow. Fo xmp, n m dph o h npon I ound vdn o om wod h md o Gmn on, bu n h mm uu w Fnn n nu, ho Gmn wod woud hv bn boowd. Th woud o b oh boow oo. I on h mm h v n dn. Th oow n noduon o h o Fnn u whh w w dn n Vn. MANY CASE ENDINGS/SUFFIXES, ADDED AGGLUTINATVELY. Vn Fnn u woud b unv. Th mn nd (o ux), n b ddd o nd o xp ompx houh. Th u dnon o h mo pmv om o u whh hv v m numb o m, nd n bundn o ux, x nd px. Lu u h xm o h nu ponh.th Inu u ood xmp. Th ndon n om Inu wod nd mm h h h m no Fnn u. Fnn u b undood h n hv uh ponh oundon, nd hn b nund owd h om o u n n Indo-Euopn. (I mpon o no h h modn dpon o Fnn u k Eonn nd Fnnh omwh onvd n h h modd hmv mm dpon mod m o wh hd d bn don n oh Euopn u. Th h Eonn o Fnnh nd m on o h mo ommon nd om o pob ux. Thu vn houh n h oow p w ond o p omzd nd n Eonn nd Fnnh, h mn o ux h oud hv bn nd h u who dvopd h popu mm dpon hd hon o. Th dn bwn dvon ux nd nd m n h b ommon ppd n h opnon o h u who dbd h mm. PREPOSITIONS, PRE-MODIFIERS, CASE ENDINGS & SUFFIX MODIFIERS I m n h vouon o u, h ponh om dnd n h don o ou m modn Euopn u, wh h nd nd, nd mo nd mo ndpndn mod od n on. Fnn u no pmv Inu, nd hv dvopd houh mnn o b nund om h u o h m nd vzon - om pmod, djv, ppoon nd oh u pd n on. Vn, k modn Fnn, pn om nn o ppoon nd p-mod, k v.n..- nd bo- bu n n h v w mod n on. I pp h nd o djv, Vn kd o ompound wod, wh h p pu m whou nd w omwh djv. 35

NO GENDER. NO GENDER MARKERS ON NOUNS Th no nd n Fnn u. Th no o n on, no n nd mk h nd. Eh oo k nd n noun, o h w no b pobm o Eh d h. Bu h on on ponoun n Fnn o h,h,. In Vn w do no mknd ond om pd nd o b nd mk, bu w w ook o nd o ux. NO ARTICLES. USE PARTITIVE INSTEAD OF INDEFINITE ARTICLE In Eh nd mn Euopn Indo-Euopn u, h dn nd ndn. Fo xmp Fnh h un o un h ndn nd o h dn. Fnn do no hv. Ind h ndn n n o om xpd v h Pv. Th Pv om h vw omh b p o omh. Fo xmp hou mo mn hou. o om hou mo mn hou. PLURAL MARKED BY T, D o FOR PLURAL STEMS I, J Pu n Eonn nd Fnnh mkd b T,D o I, J ddd o h m od o phon qumn. Fnnh on u h T n h Nomnv nd Auv, nd hn u I, o J o om h pu m. Eonn u T o pu m, nd hn u I o J n wh phon o. Vn pp o hv boh pu mk oo, bu php mo k Eonn. A w w, h mo on o bu Eonn onvnon hn Fnnh onvnon o Vn. (Th on o bv h Eonn nd Vn/Sub hv h m n u.) CONSONANT AND VOWEL HARMONY, GRADATION Vn how vdn o ononn don nd vow nd ononn hmon. Fo xmp ux/nd ddd o m wh hh vow o o ononn, h ound o h ux m b d o u - wh ow vow o hh, o o ononn o hd. Fo xmp kup h hd ononn P,T, hn h K n ku nd o G n... W n nd m uon wh vow, unoun h Vn npon phon nd pu d von, nd h numb o xmp v m. COMPOUND WORDS FIRST PART IS STEM, SECOND PART TAKES ENDINGS A ompound wod ou whn wod m ddd o h on o noh wod m. Th nd hn ddd o h ombnd wod. W n d hm n Vn whn w nkd wod m n on o noh wod m bu h k h nd. WORD DEVELOPMENT Gn wod dvop n h oow w, bu h nob n h mjo u od. Wod bn wh v ho m wh bod, ud, mn. A humn 36

vovd, h ndd o nm h mo p, nd dd o b ombn hm wh ddon mn ux, nx nd pz. A h nw wod m no ommon u, h nw wod woud bom m n, k own mm nd. Bu o bbvon nd oh h n h m, h h h m o om mp m, bom obud. Fo xmp n Eonn w mh h wod puu--n -ppno po wod o n nm who v n. I h wod w o om no ommon u, uh db qu, w mh hv puun =qu whh hn ov m mh dn o pun. Puun>pun hn m o nd, uh pun om h qu. Th nvnd o uon, bu xmp mh b how h wod v mh hv dvopd no h wod o bo oow: v(w) > v-n (pn o w) >v-n-(obj pn o w) > du o vn (bo). (In ou n o Vn, w ookd no h nn onuon o wod o ddon h no mn.) 1.5 I Vn Fnn, mu b ookd n dn w Fnn u NON-Indo-Euopn u, nd ho mo d o h w b n on o. Mo ho know bou noh bou Fnn u, nd h nd h bn n ob o pop nvon o h Vn npon. Whn Vn dd Ln-k, o n Indo-Euopn, hn mon ho n o o. Bu whn Vn vwd NON-Indo-Euopn, h numb o ho boh dud nd nd n h ubj dop o m hndu. Th h on wh w b o om ho o j h wok ouh, o no o hv o n h on wod o Fnn u. B Fnn u o n nd, nd nd n b ddd o nd. Th v od mnn o onu nn. Th on mo pmv u om n b n n h nn Sumn, o od Inu o Noh Am wh d omd b ombn m b mn. In h ou o h vouon o u nd bm nopod no wod m, nd h dom o p wh nd dd. Ao mod bm p wod pd h on. Th h bn d onvon ohumnknd u om ho b wod ombnd, o od numb o ndpndn wod. I n b ompd o mk oup om w vb ompd o bu d-md oup n n. Modn wod h onqun o h nn nd ook o b mn. In Eonn nd Fnnh pob o h onun mn n wod. Fo xmp h wod En, Eonn o n Fnnh Enn, dd wod, bu d dd wo mn ono h m E. W hv mn p o (E = Eonn p) nd hn n o nn mn pn o, o h h o Th no onzd nd bu h no ddd n u u, bu po uho oud do o. Fo xmp I d pond ou h u puu, on n puun nd oud u o mn nm o h uh qu o monk o vn humn who v n hou. Tod numb o nd no dd dd nd bu dvon ux I hnk p o h pobm w h p Fnn u dd no wn o oo om h mm dpon o Indo-Euopn u. Thu, u h bov xmp, En o puun wod n hmv nd o h w n dd mo nd. W n hu hv E om En o h 37

E on n.bu om mo po n h v w,wh ve n A d o h Eonn nd Fnnh wod d onn mn o h bovmnond d v on u x wh h o x n nb nd oo n u how n op w h h m. I how h poon h uu wh nd bom ud o on h m k wod n hmv, h onun nd bom ozn no hm. I how h wod n u vovd. A h h hppnd h om u pod ow on h ph, whh oh pod ow. Fom Fnn ppv, om Vn wod podu v u whn bokn down no h mn. Fo xmp h odd ddd wh $..n.....2 I npd $ hb m m n o d, o d-..- puz, nd n nd m n n h o m,n u,o Th u m n od b h odd h v h h o od.i on b w he u nn d v n ndw he on n- o d ndw n om p --n Th nn w o dd h odd n h pu w o h h who $..n..... m n j o n w hyou,rh,o hn u o h od ( o h n u o h od nb d mp w h d v n. ) Wod h w du o dph om onx, bm whn bokn p no Fnn-p mn, bu on ud n b d who p mn ndd om mn o wh wn on n h u onx. Fo xmp V..m..n.. (v..m = v..-m nd hn v..m -.. -.. - n -..) whh v b bu bu w ud n p o $..n h obp u, nd oid d d m n om h k un w hrh n h n u o om h ndo n.s m n n n h m onx pu h onx o h nn, hpd mov owd h mo p mn. No h nn u w w pokn n onx, o h h onx woud hp n mk h mn. Thu n h on o db h u o m dmnon o nd, ou hv o hnk n dn w hn whn hnk o Indo-Euopn u. 1.6 Som No on d Vn W (Fo Mo D S P A) Vn w w pu n h do w ddd bwn h, wh Eun nd Ln ud do on o mk wod bound. An puzzd ov h do o o m, nd n h w ompx ho. Bu o m, h do u hd o b v mp. I hd no bn mp, hn b woud hv oowd h Eun onvnon o mk wod bound. I h on h d h h do w k phon mk ddd whn ph nbd phon mk o pu, h,. xp h I ound h do w n -pupo mk. I h w nd h h mouh w pz o omh m, h hw n do on boh d o h phb h. Mo on w pn pzon, bu oud o n S b SH bw h h o.. O R ou db om dw h.. Th onvnon o w h Vn x n m Romn, nodu h do n h o p. 2 Th $ pn n m ppoh o S n h.th m Rom n p n h V n h. Th do ound n h on nn, nd n m u mo phon n nn nd mo pn pzon. Fo d bou h Vn w h ppop on n THE VENETIC LANGUAGE An Ann Lu om Nw Ppv: FINAL 38

THE NATURE OF THE VENETIC WRITING. CONTINUOUS TEXT AND DOTS (FOR MORE DETAIL SEE PART A): In ou modn u, nd o bk o nn Ln nd vn Eun h bound bwn wod /w mkd b p. In nn m Ln nd Eun woud hv ddd do o p wod. Th Vn npon do no mk wod bound. Ind h nn wn onnuou, nd do ddd bo nd. In h pp I u h onvnon ud n MLV o onv h Vn phb h o m Romn h wh v h do n h poon. Th p h puzzd don n nd hd om o b dd b punuon, bu I dovd h no. Vn w pu phon w wh h do ud o mk uon n whh h pu ound o h h d b on o h ou mo pzon. I do pp bo nd h, h ound o h h pzd. Th do n b houh o n I. Th phon nd o undnd. W mp hw h do no h p wh h w pzon o om oh om h ou, uh n R, nd do oud o b ud o n pu o ddd h. (A ononn bom pu wh vow ddd h) Th phon mk hp u undnd how Vn w pokn (On n u hh pzd Lvonn Fnn u mod o how o pk Vn, bu o h pzon uvv n Dnh, vn houh h on Sub w pd b Gmn.) Bu mm onnd, I hnk h pzon w ju pu u, nd dd no hv o b mkd. I Vn hd bn wn wh do o p p wod, woud hv bn n xp h ou b o undnd how oundd woud b o. Tho, h d o h dpon o mm nd no b onnd bou h do. I how h do nw n od o mn u o h on Vn w. Fo dd duon o h do, h mn doumn, o m p pp on h do. (S n o ) 39

2. VENETIC CASE ENDINGS 2.1 CASE ENDINGS IN GENERAL 2.1.1. S v Dnm Inpon o Som C End Whn on ook Vn h h on no nd o h om -.. o -o.. o -.. Somm h doub II n on, n -.. A ood xmp... Th onx o h nn, vn whn w vwd om Ln ppv om mn don..o w k Ln dono, h w k Dv no w b v n o h Godd. Th mn u whn vwd n ou nw Fnn ppv - omh bouh orh. Bu Dv? I w u ppd o n h nd, (vow).. Dv b, bu h mo I udd whv oud md o mo o h m hv mn n o ou ohow nmod n ou mon, hp m h oj o ngodo oun w h hho nd oon.i v n u ound h d oun w hh ob o b u n h p wn o h odd Rh nu, wn n onjunon wh bun o, on no v h o o Rh, bu h h p whh hn jon o un wh Rh up n h oud. Buwh w h nd w nod v?wh nd wou dm n un w h?bu h niw h nd om m o m n onx wh md o b k u Pv. I u P vh m n h o om h nd nb d b d om h b p o who, h n w v w d nd n m w, wou d h n om n b om p o, oun w h?i h h, h nwwou dh v o dov Vn hv v dnm npon n oh nd. Bu u um h Pv h wo om hno m o m ndd n m o m( b om p o, un wh, j o n ) Ovook m nd o h Tmnv -n.. o ud o h nnv u o (vow).., w n nd h xmp. mo...u..ko.. - [un un - MLV-82, LLV-E81] W m-. To jon ho n In h db o Vn mm w w no xpn h n boou po o bh h wod m. Th nomon xnv dud n h mn doumn THEVENETI C LANGUAGEAnAn nl u om N wp p v :FI NAL. H h wod, pu o m n on b Pv So mw m-, wh h ond xp d n m P v onv h n o ow d n h n o j o n ( b om p o ) n n n d n on, h n n uu wh whh h o d wh. On m wond h doub I (--) n nx h mk dnm. (S duon o h --) 40

I pob o u o ow nd o b npd n boh dnm nd w, wh mo n w bou? Wh I mn b dnm v mn o om? An x mp od n m v nb n nhowe hu n.on n Hw n n hhou nd wou db h m n hw n no hhou. And hn I doun h V n pp oh vbo hd n m nd w o n p n w.thv n I n v( n ) m k db.. o n hm n, u o on x, n ono n Inv qu. Th on dn b w n h on p n nd h on p n o wh h h movmn. Thu on n b ud o boh nd dnm npon. Th o npon dmnd om h onx. Modn Fnn u hv dvopd xp v dnm npon php om h dvopmn o u whh pomod mo pon. Fo xmp modn Fnn w h v n xp n n hinv nd nd xp n o n hiv. Bu php on w no h w. On ndon o h h, o xmp, h E on n ndf nn hi n v( n ) nd m ( F nn.- vu E. ) nd he on n ndf nn hi v( n o ) nd d n.th u h h Iv mo n dvopmn nd h do no hv ommon pn. Th ommon pn woud hv hd n Inv h oud hv dnm mn h onx qud. Thn I hnk h u o h u pobb bou hound o - pu pu on b mo xp nd h d o Fnnh nd Eonn dvop n I h n h own p w. F nn hh ni v ( n o ) h ook k w d v op d ouo hg n v( o ) o xmp Fnnh o - Gnv on, Iv oon. Mnwh Eonn h n Iv h ook k w n nhnmn om h on Inv n h bom. Eonn (u u) hi n v( n )u,i v( n o )u. In umm, pp h h n u o Eonn nd Fnnh on hd h Inv, nd h h Iv dvopd whn Eonn nd Fnnh hd bnhd w om h oh, nd php on hn h wo mn. In ho, h Iv b v dn, no d, wh Inv m, hn d nd mu hv bn n h ommon n u. I Vn on h h Inv o boh u, hn Vn pd n dvopmn o n xp Iv. Th dvopmn o h Iv dbd, nd h h dvopd om hn o. Th h nu dvopmn whn w wh o nd movmn. Fo xmp, Eonn Iv - n om h pk o n on mp hn o mphz movmn, n u > u. Wh pu h h Fnnh Iv w dvopd b dd h o h Gnv! I pob whn ou ond h ou n wh Gnv (on o hhou ) nd x o h on po b om o ( oon b om o hhou = n o hhou )Thu, hn h Eonn Iv nd Fnnh Iv hv dn undn mn! Th how h on Fnn hd nd h woud um dnm mn (om movmn) om onx, h dnm om oud b ponnou mpd b h pk mp hn. W k n nd dd n o hm n b om o x mp n o= b om n. Thu w p h Vn oud b npd n boh nd dnm w, w hv o ow h nd h pob o hv dnm mn. 41

Run o h Vn Pv. Dpnd on h onx, h n woud np h Pv nd h n w p oo dnm w bom p o d npd n Eh un w h,j o nw hth h on, I np... w h j on wh Rh n do mp orh.ib v h n nd dm n w h h m b ou h o h nu nd n kwd bun o w nndd o jon Rh, bom p o Rh h Pv um dnm mn h h hd mo ompx mpon o h o h o v no h k nd jon, un wh, bom p o Rh. A I d bov, h d d nmod n ou d o un w hgod. W hv bov now dnd wo Vn nd h n b npd h o dnm. (v m n vow ) -v.. nm n h no b om n = n o -v.. nm n h ( p o ) o b om p o = j o n,un w h nd n dd d-m mphz h. I no h on h m dnm npon o h Pv n Vn pdd wh h doub n h xmp... Th non o h o ound m b n xp dvopmn, noou n h phoo o hn, o how Fnnh hv h Iv mn b hn h vow (xmp oon). I n ho b npd wh phoo qu. Th pob x h h doub n v n xp w o mk h oow nd dnm. Th o php.. nd o ju. mphz h h movmn. W w ond h - nx uh. Th oow on db nd, n h od o pn n h Vn. Th nd nm npd b Eonn nd nm. W w v xmp n h Vn npon nd no hm. Howv, nd qun ud ux, nd Vn m hv om ddon ux whh oud b ondd ddon nd o Vn. A umm o ou nvon o nd nd ompon wh Eonn nd Fnnh nd w oow h on n h b h nd o on 2 2.1.2. Inoduon o E./Fnn. C End nd h Pn o h C End n Vn. Sn w w uu ou dpon o Vn nd n h ndd dpon ud o Eonn nd Fnnh, nd n w w mk ompon bwn Vn nd Eonn nd Fnnh nd, w houd ummz h ommon nd n Eonn nd Fnnh. Th ond o Eonn nd h modn od n hm. Th b w o umm o h on w hv ookd, how whh on do nd do no hv onn wh Vn. S o h h vn n Tb 2. Th oow n noduo ovvw o h pob nd bd on Eonn nd Fnnh. Th w b oowd b mo dd ud o h, nd how pnd n Vn. Nomnv -- dnd b nz mn h h o b ond whn md no m. Evn h m b hdnd ov h m, h no om ux o nd. Gnv o (Eonn) [m], (Fnnh) -n dnd b ond nd b o k nd Vn m o hv on h don o Eonn Gnv vn b m 42

Pv p o (Eonn) - (Fnnh) - Vn pp o hv vovd o onv h n h pn u o Eonn nd Vn/Sub no j (..) Inv n(e.) - (Fnn.) - App n Vn -.. bu Vn u n boh w od b om h ndd n m w w hm n oi v n o Iv n o(e.)- (Fnn)-vvn NOT n Vn, mn h xp Iv m b dvopmn n Vn m, I dbd bov. Vn ow.. o um h dnm mn od o onx nd. Ev ouo (E.)-, (Fnn) - o n Fnn u nud Vn bu pp mn nomnz nd ho mu b v od Adv ( o on) (E.)- (Fnn.)- Du o m bwn E. nd Fnn. von noh v od nd, hn xpd whn Vn (nd -) Av o( o on) (E. nd Fnn.)- v od, nd w ound n Vn... Bu ound n boh E. nd Fnn. o Abv om ( o on)(e.) - (Fnn.) - Pobb o n Vn mbddd n wod k vo..o Tnv n o m no(e.)-k (Fnn.)-k No dnd n Vn, bu x n boh Eonn nd Fnnh on mh xp do x n Vn oo. On wh o vdn. Ev (m n h u)-n od o pp n h. Th on o h nd h mu b v Tmnv up o,un (E.)-n (no knowdd n Fnnh mm) Th m m x n Vn Ev pu dnm Pv -n.. n.. Abv w hou (E.) - No nod n h Vn, bu oud b h omwh. Comv w h, ow h(e) - Vn dn pnd k o k n h m n nd, o ne on nk, -. Un ou ux n Vn. Th oow o houh h bov n mo d: 2.1.3. Nomnv C In Eonn h nomnv h hd nd k nd o ux. I h nd, h m wh ond nd n mo w b ddd o. Common n Eonn h on o ononn oo. Fo xmp Nom. kond, nd m bom konnsn w nd n Vn -on w -on.. h h m no x n Vn. I xpd n Vn oo h Nomnv m how hd o mo n mn ound hn whn bom m o nd. I m dpnd on h nu o h m. Bu n h Vn npon I mp ookd o h m whou nd nd h woud hn b h nomnv. I m m, bu h ppn o h Nomnv n h Vn npon v mo w h w om knd o nd bu mo o h nn hv h oow h ubj (Th nomnv ou on h ubj) 43

don..o h bouh- h don..o howv onn nd, h pmv m do- S duon n on 1.2 Som oh Nomnv (undnd)...(sp ddd o how wod bound) 5.K) 7.A).. - h nd [un- MLV-99, LLV-E2] d.n don..o... v..n.o.n - [MLV-32 LLV-E51] Abov w h nd Suh n nd ndv o h Nomnv. I mb h nd ud n Ln, bu dd no om om Ln n Vn od hn Ln. 7.B) v..o.u.o.n. mo..n [..]b[.] - Th o ono onv n, on p odu, m n [MLV-38b, LLV-ES-58] Abov w v..o.u.o.n. whh unuu n h wod uu ou wh n nd nd hn no nomnv nd nd k v..o.u.o.n.. In n, on ou dmn h wod m om nn wod o h ommon poon, ou n um whn h wod m ou whou n uh nd, Nomnv. L w w omh m whn ud vb. Whn vb pp no o hv n nd, hn w d h ommon mpv. (S on on vb) Fo vb w dmn h vb m b mov h nd (Th pn ndv, p pp, nn, mpv...) 2.1.4. Pv C -v.. p o ;b om p o Th h nd h n om Ln o Indo-Euopn w houh o b D v bu b ondn h mknd d h don..o w d o Ln dono, h p o h odd md o pk o n o b vn o h odd. (In noh w b vn d o h odd, bu omh w b bun nd p w b n up o jon wh h odd n h oud, nd h ndd dn knd o nd hn mp v.) P n nd oud bom dnm on whh n b npd b o d w h o.a ood x mp G n v nd m n o,po nd n m n n w hmov m n nb om b om po db n om obo, om opo wh h n w nb n p d o n h n h wh n om h vn o om on, b om po db h m.s m v om h o om on n om n b om p o ( om P v )o b om n d ( om I n v, u n n o ni vm n )o om o h o ono ( om Ad v,bom Av n mn). A I d n 2.1.1, I bv h n u wod u, h dnm npon w dd b onx. Bu wh h v o u muh onx w o nd w n o b mo xp n m o whh mn w o dnm. And om m m n ou d h.ib v h F nn hi v n od v op d om 44

Gnv h hd n m G n vm n b om o,b om po db m o bu d n h n o b om n d. S m d n m P v b om p o,un w h ou d h m n ow d hd v d o v om h o om on. Th mn on o m d h nd Pv h hn noh h w o du o Dv- k o, h n om onx n h npon pp n u Pv hon muh k n Eonn o Fnnh. Th mn h h dnm mn o h o -onp u mn b om p o,o un w h,. Comp wh Eonn Pv. H mo vdn h h nd n Vn o h om -v.. w nn Pv: w n dmon h h Vn Pv n b hvd n Eonnk Pv (whh m hv xd oup mn o n h ommon u) w pokn n n nn pzd mnn. I xpn oow: Th Pv n n n b vwd pu d n u w (on m b p o mn), nd o h pu mk om no p. Th pu mk n Fnn -T-,-D, nd -I-,-J-; hn h pmn o T, D wh J,I d nn o Fnn u. Whn pk o h no o Vn Sub bn o pz d, h ound h -J nd mo omob hn -T. Eonn mk h Pv wh -T-,-D- nd h o n u p h ou n Vn Pv b p h -T-,-D- nd wh -J-, n u > uj (= u.. ). Wh pob n h w o v h Vn Pv nd om h Eonn on, on nno do o om h Fnnh Pv. Th u h boh h Eonn nd Vn/Sub u hd ommon pn. Php h Eonn Pv m. Thn, wh o pzon, h Vn/ Sub Pv, onvd h -T-,-D-, o -J (..) Th nd obvon o h Inv w, v u m o Fnn u dn whh wh boh hoo knowd nd ommon n. I hv hown on h nx p n dm. In I how how w n v h Eonn Pv nd modn Fnnh Pv om n nn on, nd hn v h Sub/Vn Pv om hh pzd pk o h Eonn-k Fnn h w pumb h u ud mo h -d o h nohn. Foow h Pv n h h. W bn wh TA whh hn o h T n h dndn o owd Fnnh, nd o h A n h dndn o owd A nd Sub ( I h wo nn d o h nd w B S). Th ommon BF nn u h non hw d n w h Co d d-w I ndo-euopn pk m, nd bom dnd nd pokn wh h mouh h u n nnd pzon, vow, nd h h T Pv ond o on H o J ound, whh wh h Vn Pv nd -v.. mn. 45

F. 2.1.3. Th h o db how h Eonn nd Fnnh Iv mu b dvopmn n h o m, V n hownop n o n xp I v( n o )buu hi n v ( n ) nd n m on x o xp hi v d.i how bovhow he onn Iv dvopd ou o mph on h Inv, wh Fnnh dvd om mph on h vow n h Gnv. S duon o h Inv n Vn. Thu h Vn Pv oud b npd n o dnm w oow: S n p on( p o ) : Th h nom u o h Pv - wh omh p o omh. I ndn nd quvn o u h ndn n Eh. Th Pv pp numb o m n h bod o Vn nn, uh ko.. n pupon...o ko...kup bu bu o mn o h npon nd o o Rh o dd pon o n, h oow dnm npon nd o domn. Mb h ju n uon d om h h mo o h npon nvov onv omh o h odd. Dnm n p on( b om p o,j o n w h ): Php dnm npon w n vd u o Vn, bu v w npon how vd nn. I w v h Pv dnm mn, woud b bom p o mn. Th b onp o jon who un wh. Fo xmp v n o o h Godd n... do no mn v n v-v w, bu h o h o o un wh h, bom p o h. I on wh modn Chuh xpon o un wh God. 46

Fuh Duon: Fom n Eonn pon o vw, on n undnd how h n b dnm npon bu o h nv Pv nd Iv n Eonn3, wh, u h m u,bo h h n vi v( d n m m n n o ) nd n vp vh v h m om ubd on hn. Th u h h u om whh h nv om m mu hv hd dnm Pv npon k w n Vn, nd u w o muh k nw d Iv h w nkd o h Iv. In h h o-d Eonn nv Iv no n Iv, bu dnm npon o h Pv. Somm h on ndon o h nv Pv n Eonn mph o h. Bu h on undo h h xp dnm nd n h h mn. On o h nn dud n THE VENETIC LANGUAGE An Ann Lu om Nw Ppv: FINAL w.. ()...k. o..n o..do oo.u. d.. kn. - [onn - MLV- 242, LLV- C4] H w d.. kn. who on n n h P v n p on.i ne on n h nom Pv o u -T-,-D- nd o h J (..) n E. v knnu bu o ommon o n Eonn v k nn udd h. Cond h Eonn w onvd om vou B d, n m opnon h nv Pv om n Eonn om om nn Sub (h pn o Vn) om h nn mmon om h w B o h du h nu AD whn h w mjo u movmn ud b h Goh m mpn up no h Jund Pnnu nd ouhn Swdn. Th Sub mm om ndd o onv wh h ndnou A mm om, nd o n on vj knnuj (o xmp) vovd mo h pk no v k nn und o v o h ndnou v knnu (whh woud ound unuu o pop ud o vj knnuj) Th oow nn bow how h n om ud n d o n o b md o Rh. I how h mo qun onx n whh h dnm npon dd. (b) mo don..o vo..omno.. uv.n....un.. $..n..... - [bonz h MLV- 10 LLV- E25] Ou bouh-m (( o), kwd-o, n h nn don, no h m[?], o (=un wh) ou o h God, o (=un wh) Rh Whn ou hnk bou, h d o un wh o jon wh d, o n, mo nvov hn m mov o h oon o v omh o whh h on n on od, mo o un w hgod. In h o h Vn onx h p, o h oud v h mok o bun, h un wh h d. 3 Eonn h pvd nv Iv nd Pv h ook m o h m. Lhn h nx o b n u> u mm om h n b ud h Pv (nom u) nd n Iv (nom u). Sn h phnomnon do no x n Fnnh, m hv om om h ouh nd w B d pok nb h Su b orom n m, d o h B b u om h Goh m xpnon o h nu AD. Sub n un n b nkd v h mb d o Vn. 47

2.1.5. I v I n x-- x m ( o o ) A w w n h xmp bov (b) on o h Pv nd, h on nd... pdd b -- I pob o d h -- p nx v moon, o h n h.. n xp xpon o h dnm Pv. I oud pn w b whh h pk mphzd h dnmm. Howv, h doub -- pp wh oo nd h xmp how w w. No h doub I und hundnd p: mo don..o vo..omno.. uv.n....un.. $..n..... Wh h m hv dvopd om d o n xp dnm Pv n -v.. h ppn o h doub n non-pv uon, md m dd h h w mo wd ppb nx h ddd n o xmn nd o moon. S ou duon bou h nn w n h xon ( h mn o..o..). In h bov..un.. h m pobb..u- nd h mn ddd: --, -n nd, -.. W no h h -- ou o n m w vo..o whh db movmn o h hvn ovhd, wh w no oh nd. H m h h -- nndd o x h z o h m bov. A unn m m, oud hv h m phoo b whn n Eonn h uu mph z hi n hwo dm n n.hum nd o h xnon nu, nd n pob h uh nnon oud b omzd n u ( m ud, h hn pu on whm) No h n ou dmnon h h do w phon mk, w dmnd h Vn w w hh phon wh hm n h k ndodoub o h I ou d mp h u ph, vn h ound n hd no mm nn. 2.1.6. Inv C -v.. n; n o ( I nd nm m n n qu v n oi v ) S n p on( n ) : In od Fnn, h Inv nd Iv ondd dn, bu w dbd n 2.1.1 bov, m on, n h pn u o Fnnh, Eonn, nn Sub (om whh h npon Vn m) h w on h Inv, npd n boh nd dnm w. And hn n n mn, bm n o xp duh bwn h wo. Bu Vn, mn n nn u do no how h duh, nd ov n wd m nwh h h no d n m n o om h on x.w h on mp hppn, o w h on b don owd omh? W omh m b, o on omh? An obj h mp w, nd dd noh ono nh, woud k h mn. I d mnond how n modn Eh, w n u n nd h onx oud u m n n o. Fo x mp Hw nn hw hn n o,bu om h onx h n know h n n Hw nno hw.th howhow h o d und ood om on x, ndwh n u w n n oh v wod n nd. Ao, n u, pk w don n h onx o h o on ound h pk nd n. I u bm pd om b ud n onx uh whn w ud n o o o vn bo wn u bm mo mpon o xp nd h qud mn. Th w noh u o h om nm. Mn Eonn nm o obj nd n m o b nomnz. Fo xmp w oud bn wh v w o m vn 48

n hn u ow ndhn dd h o vn nobj o dw hw.th oud v w b h on o vn bo ( m m bo wh h qu d hn mu w n Sndnv) Vn oo pp o hv uh nm pupo o h Inv. Bu h, h nw wod, h who wod now m, nomnv om. Fo xmp, h wod..o.. ( u n n b ow) pp obwo d o n n o m d om dd h-.. nd ho w do no np n h n bu mp n I n ddon Gnv ddd, w v p nm. Modn mp o Eon nd Fnnd how ho p o p nm b dd h - whh k h Inv nd Gnv, o whh k Ev pu Gnv, o xmp om b d, v ownn m S o S. I k o vw h pv nm bd on h n n hb d vu om hb d.i no h wo d, h ho d pndd on wh ud h uon. W oud k h vn xmp bov, nd dd Gnv n wh vn, b om n mop ( p ) o dw h hbo Th n b ound n om Vn p nm oo. In Vn, h Ad Rv w d on Romn n A nd h mk w d A. Ou xon ndd h ATm n m nu nd h o w n n p A ( Th v ) n h m nu( o h d ou ), nda ( Thm k h ) h m nu. Anoh Vn own w T, od T.Th n o m on om om Rom n x, owdonoknow x how w d n Vn. How dd h Romn om h h nd? Dnm I n p on( n o=iv) Bu h obj w h n o v h, woud k h dnm mn. W dud h bn o n xp Iv n Vn n 2.1.1 Th npon ommon n h npon,on n php bu h bundn m nd nu npon pk o h dd o mok v no h k. No h h dn bwn on n Inv uon, n h n o ph movmn no, wh on Pv uon h n o un wh, whh qu b. Thu wh Eh h h -pupo o, n Vn, h oh dn mn dpnd on h nd. I mk h Eh non h. Th Inv undnd n h oow.no I n p bo hw h n nd n o qu d: mo don..o vo..omno.. uv.n....un.. $..n..... Ou bouh-m (( o), kwd-o, n h nn don, no h m[?], o (=un wh) ou o h God, o (=un wh) Rh Th oow ood xmp how h Inv n pomnn o, nd n h bo d nwh h h n p on hou db no n o( h n I n w hn(o)):.o...ku...o..don..o...mon.o..d..vo. [MLV- 125, LLV- V2; m LLV] 49