International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2018, pp. 200 210, Article ID: IJCIET_09_01_020 Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=9&itype=1 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed INTEGRATED PHOTOGRAMETRY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM IN UPDATING URBAN CADASTRAL MAPS Rusul k. Tahir Assistant Lecturer Civil Engineering Department, Al Issraʼa University, Baghdad, Iraq ABSTRACT The cadastral maps are important component of 1and property in most countries. Currently, the cadastra1 maps in Iraq are mainly available in paper sheet format. Detailed study shows 1ack of standard in these paper mapping products with out of date information. Considering the present situation in Iraq, this paper discusses updating spatial information, accurate geo-referencing of a cadastral map and elaborates the present cadastra1 mapping system and the methods used for producing and maintaining these cadastra1 data. The urban cadastra1 map with scale 1:500 are being updated with high resolution aerial photo using geographic information system (GIS) and GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System). After the rectification process has been carried out using ERDAS software, urban cadastra1 map is prepared in the GIS environmental for updating process. The scanned cadastra1 map of the study area registered using Ground Control Point (GCP S ) collected by a GNSS instrument. The features of cadastra1 map are updated by overlap the cadastral map with the rectified aerial photo of present study area with a unified system WGS84. The methodology presented in this paper is usefu1 to update the cadastra1 map with high accuracy. This study shows that time can be reduced to the half if the cadastra1 maps are generated using the newly developed technique. Key words: Cadastral map, Arial photo, GNSS, GIS, Geo-reference, RMSE. Cite this Article: Rusul K. Tahir, Integrated Photogrametry and Geographic Information System in Updating Urban Cadastral Maps. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(1), 2018, pp. 200-210. http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=9&itype=1 1. INTRODUCTION The updating of cadastra1 map is very important because the present development of urban areas is characterized by rapid changes. Cadastra1 surveying is the definition or redefinition of the 1egal boundaries of 1and parcels, [1]. The Internationa1 Federation of surveyors described a cadastre as a parce1 based and up-to-date 1and information system containing a record of interests in 1and, [2]. Cadastra1 Information System is a set of process for parce1 based data collections including land tenure, land use, land value, [3]. A cadastra1 surveying http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 200 editor@iaeme.com
Integrated Photogrametry and Geographic Information System in Updating Urban Cadastral Maps is an effective land measurement that aims at describing the boundaries of new or changing land parcels. The cadastra1 surveys supply basic information about geometric description of 1and parcels included spatia1 location, size and shape, [4]. The traditiona1 surveying concept has taken up into new form of discipline-oriented techniques, such as geodesy, surveying, cartography and photogrammetry into an integrated GIS-oriented approach. These methodologies are based on GIS, G.P.S, remote sensing (R.S) and digital imaging for spatial data acquisition, [5]. Hamed (2012), used aeria1 photos and G.P.S (GEO XT) for updating urban cadastra1 maps and have been used a weighting system approach for the production of optima1 updated maps, [6]. Kumar, Reddy, Deva p. (2013), studied the update of cadastra1 maps using high resolution remotely sensed data and concluded the updating of the geospatial information and quantification of the accuracy of the georeferenced cadastra1, [7]..Padma, enkata Ramireddy (2015), used Differential Global Positional System (DGPS) and high resolution remote sensing image data shows a high level of details and it provides many opportunities to be used as base for cadastral map generation in GIS, [12]. Initia1 investigation regarding this research appears that the existing : cadastra1 maps and 1and registers in Iraq do not provide accurate information about land parcels and cannot be used to create a cadastral database. There is a need to update all this cadastra1 data, so that update cadastra1 information and thus can be made available to the public. The absence of a well-organized digital cadastral system is one of the key reasons for these problems. 1.1. Digital Cadastral Mapping System Components Digita1 cadastra1 maps provide tremendous value to the assessor and numerous other users in a parcel data sharing environment. Digita1 maps are an integra1 part of a comprehensive assessment system, without which, a complete picture of the interests and value of the 1and and improvements to the 1and is not possible[8]. A digita1 cadastra1 mapping system should have the following elements [9]: Reference to a geodetic contro1 network. Current base map 1ayer (ideally, photogram metrically derived). A cadastra1. 1ayer delineating all rea1 property parcels. Vertical aeria1 photographs (ideally, orthorectified). A unique parce1 identifier assigned to each parce1. A means to tie spatial. data to attribute. data (ownership and parce1 distinctive files). Additiona1 1ayers of importance to the assessor, such as municipal boundaries, zoning, flood plains and soil types. 1.2. GIS in Land Administration In a number of countries, the separate functions of 1and administration are being drawn together through the creation of Digital Cadastral Databases (DCDBs). Traditionally there has been little or no analysis of data held within cadastral and land registration systems. The advent of 201computerized databases and G.I.S technology provides an opportunity to develop a greater understanding of and how 1and may be more efficiently and effectively managed. In order to provide all of the administrators and data users with accurate information and up to date on the land, it must be developed faster and more efficient systems for data collection, updating and distribution. Maturation of GIS, Wide Area Network (WAN) technologies and Database Management Systems (DBMS) have facilitated the creation of new institutiona1 structures that are not previously possible and supports the integrated http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 201 editor@iaeme.com
Rusul K. Tahir management of 1and and property information. Geographic information system (G.I.S) provides an opportunity to better understand the role of the 1and and its characteristics in economic and socia1 development, [10]. It is well known that G.I.S has already become a standard tool to deal with spatia1 data, G.I.S are now becoming more common in Iraq, [9]. 1.3 The Aim of Study The aim of this study is to updating urban cadastral map 1:500 using modern survey techniques. Rectification the aerial photo using highly accurate GCPs collected from GNSS technique ( DGPS) and update cadastral map using 10 cm aerial photo with GIS software. Finally, accuracy assessment of the geo-referencing and produced map has been done by calculating TRMSE and compared with ASPRS standards. 2. STUDY AREA Baghdad city, Hay (district) Al wahda, Mahala (quarter) 904 which includes Al Isra a university, was selected for this study. The study area is approximately located between the northwest (33 18ʹ 28ʹʹ N, 44 26ʹ 14ʹʹ W) and southeast (33 18ʹ 14ʹʹ S, 44 26ʹ 40ʹʹ E). The elevation in this range in between ( 32.991m 33.294m) according to coordinate of the GCPs measured using DGPS technique ( Topcon GR3), therefore the study area can be considered as flat terrain. 3. DATASET Aerial photo acquired during 2010, with spatial resolution (10 cm) obtained from State Commission for Surveying, was used for this study. GNSS observation in differential mode have been used to observe the coordinates of GCPs in WGS-84 datum. Total Station instrument observations have been used to calculate the area of the selected parcels. Cadastral map of Al karrada, Hay Al wahda, quarter 904 obtained from Amanat Baghdad. ERDAS Imagine 9.1 and ARC GIS 10.4.1 were used in this study. 4. METHODOLOGY The methodology used in this study is shown in Fig. 1, and previewed in the following steps: Aerial Photo GNSS DGPS Data Existing Cadastral Map Image processing Rectify Aerial Photo GCPs Collection GCPs Georeferencing Digitizing Existing Digital Cadastral Data Parcel Boundaries Identification Updated Urban Cadastral Map Figure 1 A Flow Chart Shows Methodology for Updating Urban Cadastral Map http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 202 editor@iaeme.com
Integrated Photogrametry and Geographic Information System in Updating Urban Cadastral Maps A. Converting scanned cadastral map to vector format in Arc GIS 10.4 environmental. B. Acquisition of GCPs for geo-referencing. C. Generation of digital cadastral map using GIS software. D. Rectification of Aerial photo using first order Affine transform (package facility). For the purpose of adopting photogrammetric technique to update the cadastral map, geometric correction should be applied, thus. linking between the positions (location) of set point of the image with their terrestrial positions (locations), [6]. In this study, the geometric correction carried out in the following steps: 1) Planning A plan was made to select several points to be observed using GNSS technique. The selection of points is beads on very well geometric distribution and the points that existing in the aerial photo and the cadastral map, as shown in Fig. 2. 2) Reconnaissance Reconnaissance survey in the study area was performed. It was aimed to explore the site conditions, and identify locations of the selected points to be observed on the area, as well as to determine requirements for ensuring the safety of personnel and equipment. 3) Points Observation The selected points were observed using GNSS technique (Topcon GR3). The observation time was 10 minutes based on Static mode. Table (1) illustrates the results in terms of latitude, longitude, ellipsoidal height, easting, northing, elevation and standard deviation. Post processing was applied to adjust the points value. The correction was performed related to Baghdad CORS station (ISBA) via GNSS software (Topcon Tolls). Figure (3) shows the observed points related to Baghdad CORS station 4) Adjustment The observed points ( 5 points ), were used for two purposes. First, to adjust the aerial photo and second, to do geo-referencing or registration for the cadastral map because it is based on Iraqi s local system,as shown in Fig. 4. The RMSE of this adjustment was = 0.039 m. (a) Selection one of the GCPs ( point 4 ) in Aerial photo http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 203 editor@iaeme.com
Rusul K. Tahir Name WGS84 Latitude (b) Selection one of the GCPs (point 5) in cadastral map Figure 2 The Selection of GCPs in Aerial Photo and Cadastral Map of Study Area WGS84 Longitude Table 1 The adjusted points information WGS84 Ell.Height (m) Points Grid Easting (m) Grid Northing (m) Elevation (m) StdDev Hz (m) StdDev u (m) 1 33 18 19.07846 N 44 26 26.12394 E 31.594 447922.635 3685272.914 33.294 0.010 0.016 2 33 18 19.06681 N 44 26 19.78999 E 31.399 447758.840 3685273.435 33.094 0.005 0.009 3 33 18 25.25914 N 44 26 31.69380 E 31.291 448067.687 3685462.487 32.991 0.003 0.007 4 33 18 24.78904 N 44 26 19.80882 E 31.366 447760.274 3685449.658 33.058 0.011 0.026 5 33 18 23.53926 N 44 26 24.32296 E 31.493 447876.800 3685410.541 33.189 0.011 0.020 ISBA 33 20 29.10155 N 44 26 18.25736 E 72.351 447740.771 3689278.284 73.959 0.000 0.000 Figure 3 The Observed Points Related to Baghdad CORS Station http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 204 editor@iaeme.com
Integrated Photogrametry and Geographic Information System in Updating Urban Cadastral Maps (a) The Dialog Window of the Correction for Aerial Photo (b) The Dialog Window of the Correction for Cadastral Map Figure 4 The Dialog Windows of the Correction for Aerial Photo and Cadastral Map of Study Area E. Overlay digital cadastral map on rectified Aerial photo. After doing the pre-processing for aerial photo and cadastral map, the Arc GIS software 10.4 it was used for create a digita1 cadastral map with multi 1ayers for this study area. The boundaries of parcels, buildings and roadways were digitized on the rectified aerial photo through overlaying with cadastral map. The 1ayers which were formed were four 1ayers: layer boundaries of parcels, layer of roadways, layer of old buildings and layer of update buildings. Figures (5 ) and (6) illustrate the digitizing of some of these layers. http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 205 editor@iaeme.com
Rusul K. Tahir Figure 5 The Layer of Old Buildings Figure 6 Layer of Boundaries of Parcels F. Updating the urban cadastral map G. Accuracy assessment The accuracy assessment of the updated digital map was carried out by two methods: firstly by comparing coordinates of ( 26 ) check points on the geo-referenced aerial photo with DGPS observed coordinate, as shown in Fig. 7 the second method by comparing the area of ten parcels from geo-referencing aerial photo with field observations using total station (Topcon 7501, 1 Sec). Root Mean Square Error was used to computed accuracy resulted by using following equations [11]: (1) : the R.M.S.E for check point : The X residual for check point (i) http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 206 editor@iaeme.com
Integrated Photogrametry and Geographic Information System in Updating Urban Cadastral Maps : The Y residual for check point (i) (2) (3) (4) Where :RT: Total Root Mean Square Error ( TRMSE), n: number of check points. Figure 7 Geometric distribution of check points 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION After the adjustment of the observed points based on Baghdad CORS station, using GNSS technique (Topcon GR3), the observation time was 10 minutes based on Static mode. In this study the Arc GIS software 10.4 was used to produce updated cadastra1 digita1 map with multi 1ayers, after the finishing of the of the digitize 1ayers. The digital map was produced and updated in its final form with scale of 1:500, as show in fig 8. Observation check points have been used as shown in table (2) were used to calculate the resulting accuracy Root Mean Square Error ( RMSE), the resulted accuracy (TRMSE) using equation (4) which was = 0.0454 m, appendix A. Total Station (Topcon 7501, 1 Sec) was used for measurement of area of ten parcels were selected from aerial photo and compared with area was calculated from aerial photo in GIS environment. Table (3) illustrates the comparison of parcel area. The maximum and minimum deviation % in area were respectively 0.101 and 0.004. The international accuracy standards for large maps (ASPRS) 1:500 is RMSE = 0.125 m, thus in this study found that the RMSE for first method is smaller than standard RMSE. As for the second method, the accuracy is good if the area difference of the parcel is compared to the total area of the parcel (% deviation). For this reason, we can say that the update of the largescale cadastral maps according to this approach is within the standard and with high accuracy. http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 207 editor@iaeme.com
Rusul K. Tahir Table 2 Check points coordinate no. Point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Easting (m) 447930.442 447971.275 448051.37 448074.484 448026.105 448056.208 447865.379 447825.063 447719.166 447739.055 447758.407 447788.509 447847.102 Northing (m) 3685463.584 3685411.442 3685309.308 3685252.866 3685226.956 3685212.98 3685223.193 3685207.604 3685226.419 3685279.098 3685337.691 3685437.674 3685403.809 no. Point 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Easting (m) 447882.043 447831.513 447976.113 448050.295 448063.196 447940.098 447800.335 447774.023 447989.547 447902.234 448076.529 448017.328 448026.258 Northing (m) 3685418.323 3685336.616 3685450.576 3685431.761 3685448.425 3685316.189 3685271.572 36855260.4 3685252.155 3685241.24 3685322.666 3685468.452 3685376.178 Table 3 Parcels area analysis No. street No. parcel Area in Total Area in GIS difference % deviation Station (m 2 ) (m 2 ) 50 18 994 995 1.00 0.101 50 39 932.75 932 0.75 0.080 76 2 533.02 533 0.02 0.004 56 31 884.50 884 0.50 0.056 52 16 658.32 658 0.32 0.049 52 11 694.86 695 0.14 0.020 54 8 629.82 630 0.18 0.029 50 13 628.32 628 0.32 0.051 74 7 673.57 674 0.43 0.064 54 14 725.68 726 0.32 0.044 Figure 8 The Updated Digital Cadastre Map of Case Study using ArcGIS environmental http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 208 editor@iaeme.com
Integrated Photogrametry and Geographic Information System in Updating Urban Cadastral Maps 6. CONCLUSIONS This study has successfully shown the integration of photogrammetry and GIS with development techniques surveying method is able to updating cadastral map and capture digital data much faster and high accurately. This research introduces the use of aerial photo with high accuracy ( 10 cm ), GNSS technique (Topcon GR3 receiver), Total Station (Topcon 7501, 1 Sec) and geographic information system ( GIS ) to develop a method for cadastral surveying ( updating ). where the aerial photo was adjusted using 1 st order Affine transform and geo-referencing for the cadastral map using Arc GIS 10.4 environmental with accuracy = ± 0.039 m. The land parcels, roads and buildings extracted from georeferenced aerial photo in UTM projection. time and high accuracy, as well as the number of labor can be reduced to half in this approach as compared to the old fashion cadastral parcel boundaries surveying method. REFERENCES [1] Bruce R. Harvey, Surveying & Geospatial Engineering, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering The University of New South Wales UNSW SYDNEY N.S.W. 2012 AUSTRALIA, P. 191. [2] WASSIE Y.A, Toward Automatic Cadastral Boundary Mapping from Satellite Imagery MSc. Thesis, University of Twente, 2016. [3] Williamson, I., Enemark, P., Wallace, S., Rajabifard, J.A., (2010). Land Administration for Sustainable Development California: ESRI, Academic, p. 487. [4] Ali Z, Assessing Usefulness of High Resolution Satellite Imagery (HRSI) in GIS-based Cadastral Land Information System, Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning, vol. 3 (2) 2012. [5] Tuladhar, A. M, Innovative Land Tools, Surveying and Geo- information Technologies, presented at the Global Network for Pro-poor Land Tool Developers, Stockholm, Sweden, 2005. [6] Hamed N. H, Updating Urban Cadastral Maps Using Aerial photos, MSc. Thesis, College of Engineering, Technology University, 2012. [7] V. Kumar, K. Reddy, Deva p. (2013). Updation of Cadastral Maps Using High Resolution Remotely Sensed Data, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 2, 4(2013). [8] IAAO, Standard on Manual Cadastral Maps and Parcel Identifiers, Kansas City, Missouri 64105-1616, United States, 2016. [9] Ibraheem A. Th, Development of Large-Scale Land Information System (LIS) by Using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Field Surveying, Journal Engineering Scientific Research, 4(2012), 107-118. [10] Dale, P. F. & McLaren, R. A., (2005). GIS in land administration. In: Harlow & Longman, eds. Geographical Information Systems: Principles, Techniques, Management and Applications, Abridged Edition ed, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 859-875. [11] Daham A. M. (2010). Integration of Photogrammetry and Geographic Information System (GIS) in Digital Mapping Production, Eng & Tech. journal, Vol. 28, No. 22 http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 209 editor@iaeme.com
Rusul K. Tahir [12] G.V.Padma, P.Venkata Ramireddy, Ch. Tata Babu, M.V.Ramana Murty and G.Prasada Rao, A Geospatial Frame Work for Mapping of Approximate Cadastral Sub divisions Injoniganuru Village, Santhipuram Mandal, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh - An initiative, International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, 4(7): July, 2015. [13] SS. Asadi, Abel Dungana and Paras Mani Ghalley, Remote Sensing and Gis Based Critical Evalution of Water Balance Study from Woochu Watershed, Bhutan, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 8(10), 2017, pp. 434 447 [14] Kallakunta Ravi Kumar, SS. Asadi and Venkata Ratnam Kolluru, Remote Sensing and Gis Based Land Utilization Analysis: A Model Study from Vamsadhara River Basin, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 8(11), 2017, pp. 866 873. http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 210 editor@iaeme.com