Page 1 of 6 Astronomy - Field of study about natural objects in the sky Astronomer Year Contribution to the field of Astronomy Aristotle 384 322 BC Suggested the Earth is spherical in shape & not flat Aristarchus 200 BC First astronomer to suggest Earth rotates on its own axis and moves following its own orbit Hipparchus 200 BC Classified stars according to their brightness Claudius Ptolemy 120 AC Developed theory about the solar system and suggested Earth is at the centre Nicholas Copernicus 1473-1543 First astronomer to suggest the Sun is at the centre of the solar system and said that each planet has its own circular orbit Galileo Galilei 1564-1642 Invented the first astronomical telescope and used it to observe the Moon s surface, sunspots, Saturn and its rings, the four moons that orbit Jupiter Johannes Kepler 1571-1630 Said that the Earth s orbit is elliptical in shape Isaac Newton 1642-1727 Introduced the law of gravity, invented the first reflecting telescope and advanced the idea of natural satellites and planets remaining in their orbits is related to gravitational force Edmund Halley 1656-1743 Discovered Halley s Comet (predicted to reappear every 76 years) Albert Einstein 1879-1955 Advanced the idea about the relationship between space, time and energy Karl Jansky 1905-1950 First man to detect radio waves from outer space with a radio telescope William Herschel 1781 Discovered Uranus Johann G. Galle 1848 Discovered Neptune Clyde W. Tombaugh 1930 Discovered Pluto Aristotle Aristarchus Galileo Galilei Nicholas Copernicus Johannes Kepler Sir Isaac Newton
Application of technology related to Space Exploration and Astronomy Telescope Chapter 10 Space Exploration Page 2 of 6 - There are three types of telescopes and nowadays, astronomical telescopes are used to observe the galaxies (Hubble Space Telescope) Refracting telescope Uses lens to take and send photographs on outer Reflecting telescope Uses mirrors to take and send Radio telescope Receives electric signals and radiation from outer space space photographs on outer space Space Ships (space craft) - Launched into outer space to obtain various information - The ones that carry astronauts are launched by rockets into outer space - Probe : o Spaceship that does not carry humans o Examples : Voyager 2, Viking 1, Pioneer 10, Mariner 10 Voyager 2 Sent to explore planets in and outside the Solar System o Collect information by taking photographs of our Solar System and sends radio signals back to Earth through radio telescopes Rockets Space Stations - Used to launch objects (spaceships, probes, satellites) - Provides a place in space that enables astronauts to carry out research while in outer space - Cannot be used repeatedly - Russia s : Salyut and replaced by space shuttles - America s : Skylab nowadays - International Space Station is now being built in orbit through the cooperation of 16 countries
Page 3 of 6 Space Shuttles - Can be launched, return to Earth and be used repeatedly - Replaces rockets in launching of spaceships - Used to : o Carry astronauts and research equipment o Launch probes and satellites o Bring back / repair satellites that have malfunctioned in space - Discovery (spaceship) was used to launch a satellite into its orbit Satellites - Object that moves around another object in a certain orbit - Sputnik 1 (man-made satellite) was launched into space by the Russians (1957) - Used in remote sensing Uses of Satellites Label the following Satellite Sender Receiver Telecommunications - Send information through televisions, radios, telephones, telexes, the Internet etc. to the whole world very quickly - This type of satellite overcomes barriers (oceans, mountain ranges, deserts) - Enables us to receive live radio and television broadcasts and receive information (telegraphs, telexes, telephones, fax machines, the Internet etc.) - Launched to orbit the Earth and signals transmitted from one place on Earth are reflected by the satellite back to another place on Earth that wants to receive them - Intelsat satellite ( located at the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean) connects the whole world
Page 4 of 6 Meteorology - A meteorological (weather) satellite helps us forecast weather conditions accurately - Can detect changes in temperature, wind and pressure - Information received can be used to forecast when typhoons, floods, cyclones, high tides will happen - Can take photographs (clouds, ice, snow) and send them through signals to meteorological stations - An early warning can be given and steps can be taken to overcome or avoid possible disasters - Accurate weather forecasts enable engineers to plan the best time to carry out big projects (building bridges) Forestry - Can give information about how the productivity of forests and grasslands, conditions of wildlife habitat, use of forest land, logging management, and suitable recreation places to protect forests for the future - Can determine the quantity of logs that can be cut down and give information about the destruction of forests caused by fire, open burning, pests or diseases Disaster management - Enables us to manage occurrence of natural disasters (typhoons, drought) to give an early warning to residents in the affected areas National Security Management - Can detect pollution (oil spills in the sea) - Detect occurrences (thinning of ozone layer, global warming caused by greenhouse effect) - Give an early warning and steps can be taken to overcome the problem - Help certain parties observe enemy troops and their movements Geology - Help geologists explore for oil & certain minerals - This can be done by studying photographs taken from a satellite Navigation - Helps ships and airplanes to plot their positions accurately (especially during bad weather) - An emergency signal can quickly and accurately relay the signal to a rescue crew of the exact position of the victims - Also helps sailing ships to identify the positions of icebergs and the occurrence of ocean currents Agriculture - Used to detect agricultural land that will be suitable for certain crops - Can identify the type of crops found in a certain cultivated region (by taking photographs) - Can give information to farmers about cultivated regions that has been infected by a certain disease so steps can be taken quickly to control the problem - Can help farmers control irrigation () and forecast drought - Can detect the overflow of a river that causes flood - Enable farmers to determine the time to plant and harvest their crops and avoid them from being destroyed by snow or hail - Plays an important rule in determining the distribution of crops and how factors (air, humidity, planting season, sunlight, temperature, type of soil, condition of irrigation, air pollutants) affect the growth of crops
Page 5 of 6 Development in Space Exploration First done on Earth with the use of a telescope. Advanced technologies (rockets, space stations)were later invented to continue the efforts of space exploration Date Events 16 March 1926 Goddard launched the first fuel-propelled rocket to space 4 October 1957 Sputnik 1 (first man-made satellite) was launched to orbit the Earth and did not carry any living thing 3 November 1957 Sputnik 2 was launched 13 September 1959 Lunar 2 (first spaceship) was launched but crashed onto the Moon s surface 24 hours after its launch 12 April 1961 Yuri Gagarin (first man in space) orbited the Earth in a spaceship 27 August 1962 Mariner 2 (first space probe) was launched into Venus 28 November 1964 Mariner 4 (second space probe) was launched to Mars 3 February 1966 Lunar 9 (Soviet Union s spaceship) landed on the Moon s surface but did not carry any astronaut 21 July 1969 Neil Armstrong became the first man to land on the Moon in Apollo 11 (spaceship) 1972 Pioneer 10 was launched into Jupiter 1973 Pioneer 11 launched to Saturn, Mariner 10 to Mercury and Venus, Skylab (space station) was launched to orbit the Earth 1976 Viking 1 and Viking 2 landed on Mars 1981 Columbia (space shuttle) was launched 1986 Voyager 2 moved across the space of Uranus 1989 Voyager 2 moved across the space of Pluto 25 April 1990 Discovery (space shuttle) carried 5 astronauts, the Hubble Telescope was placed in the Earth s orbit to gather information about the galaxies 25 September 1992 Mars Observer (spaceship) orbited Mars
Three Apollo 11 astronauts : Chapter 10 Space Exploration Page 6 of 6 Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, Edwin Aldrin (left to right). Armstrong was the first to land on the Moon. Mariner 10 Expose the secrets of the Earth, planets and other space objects Search for new settlements for humans on the Moon, other plants or in space The Need to Continue Space Exploration Obtain minerals (Magnesium, Potassium, Aluminum, Iron) on the Moon, other plants, or asteroids Study setting up of power stations in space using solar energy and send the energy obtained back to Earth