XM1/331 XM1/331 BLFX-3 XM1/331

a b AkC AkC strontian fluoro-apatite clinopyroxene phlogopite K-richterite XM1/331 clinopyroxene XM1/331 Fe-Ti ox c d clinopyroxene kric AkC ilmenite Sr-barite AkC XM1/331 BLFX-3 Supplementary Figure 1. Back-scattered electron (BSE) SEM images of primary inclusions in XM1/331 clinopyroxene (a, b, c) and BLFX-3 ilmenite (d). AkC: zemkorite/ Na-K-rich calcite; kric: K-richterite; ox: oxide.

tetraferriphlogopite Na-rich fluoro-apatite a clinopyroxene XM1/331 fluoro-apatite shortite b Na-bearing dolomite ilmenite alkali-bearing dolomite BLFX-3 5 µm Supplementary Figure 2. SEM images and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) x-ray spectra of phases included in XM1/331 clinopyroxene (a) and BLFX-3 ilmenite (b)

1.6 1.4 1.2 K/Na K-richterite XM1/331 BLFX-3 a 12 11 Al 2 O 3 (wt.%) Phlogopite b 1.0 10 0.8 0.6 Mg# 0.4 85 87 89 91 93 95 9 Mg# 8 80 83 86 89 92 95 1.5 1.2 TiO 2 (wt.%) K-richterite c 2.5 2.0 TiO 2 (wt.%) Phlogopite d 0.9 1.5 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.5 Mg# 0.0 85 87 89 91 93 95 Mg# 0.0 80 83 86 89 92 95 Supplementary Figure 3. Major element variation diagrams of K-richterite (a, b) and phlogopite (c, d) grains in MARID samples XM1/331 and BLFX-3. Fields of MARID K- richterite and phlogopite from refs. 1-4. Mg# = 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe)

100 values/pm XM1/331 K-richterite a 10 1 0.1 MARID K-richterite 0.01 Rb Ba Th U Ta Nb La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Ti Gd Tb Dy Y Ho Er Yb Lu 100 values/pm BLFX-3 K-richterite b 10 1 0.1 MARID K-richterite 0.01 Rb Ba Th U Ta Nb La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Ti Gd Tb Dy Y Ho Er Yb Lu Supplementary Figure 4. Trace element variation diagrams of K-richterite (a, b) and phlogopite (c, d) grains in MARID samples XM1/331 and BLFX-3. Previous analyses of MARID K-richterite and phlogopite grains from [4]. Primitive mantle (PM) values from ref 5. Supplementary Figure 4 continues overleaf.

1000 100 values/pm XM1/331 Phlogopite c 10 1 0.1 0.01 MARID phlogopite 0.001 Rb Ba Th U Nb Ta La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Ti Gd Tb Dy Y Ho Er Yb Lu 1000 100 values/pm BLFX-3 phlogopite d 10 1 0.1 0.01 MARID phlogopite 0.001 Rb Ba Th U Nb Ta La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Ti Gd Tb Dy Y Ho Er Yb Lu

Ti (ppm) δ 18 O ( ) age (Ma) 3.5 150 6.0 88.9 3.1 6.0 421 331Z_3 6.2 traces 152 3.3 O isotopes 110 90.7 5.5 U-Pb dating 89.0 Hf isotopes 3.4 109 5.9 3.2 Supplementary Figure 5. Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of zircon grains in MARID sample XM1/331 showing the location of areas analysed for trace element concentrations, O, U-Pb and Hf isotope composition. Measured values of Ti concentration (ppm), δ 18 O ( ) and U-Pb age (Ma) are also shown. Supplementary Figure 5 continues overleaf.

331Z_6 88.6 5.5 6.2 85 5.7 42 89.8 6.1 6.3 102.3 7.1 331Z_7 219 112.7 92 7.2 10.1 44 88.9 91.0 5.7 110 331Z_1 0 10.2 Supplementary Figure 5 continues overleaf.

9.2 6.5 9.b1 91.1 69 331Z_9 312 89.9 6.0 144 9.1 331Z_8 17 91.6 26 6.6 8.1 8.2 9 6.3 331Z_X Supplementary Figure 5 continues overleaf.

BIG.1 331Z_BI G 54 BIG.2 74 BIG.6 70 BIG.5 31 51 BIG.3 40 traces BIG.4 Hf isotopes Supplementary Figure 5 continues overleaf.

3.4 331A_3 90.2 6.2 3.1 331A_1 5.5 3.1b 90.1 89.2 2.2 5.3 5.9 3.2 3.3 92.6 331A_2 2.1 89.1

450 400 ΣREE (ppm) dark CL areas intermediate brightness or mixed areas bright CL areas 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 35 Yb/Sm 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 180 U (ppm) 150 120 90 60 30 0 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Ti (ppm) 331Z-3.1 331Z-3.2 331Z-3.3 331Z-3.4 331Z-4.1 331Z-5.1 331Z-5.1 331Z-6.2 331Z-7.1 331Z-9b. 331Z-10. 331Z- 331Z- 331Z- 331A_1.1 331A_2.1 331A_3.1 331A_3.1 331A_3.4 331Z-4.1 331Z-5b. 331Z-5.2 331Z-6.1 331Z-7.2 331Z-8.2 331Z-9.1 331Z-9.2 331Z-10. 331Z- 331Z- 331A_2.2 331Z-3.5 331Z-5b. 331Z-X.1 331Z-8.1 331Z- 331A_3.3 331M_1 Supplementary Figure 6. Relations between trace element concentrations, U-Pb ages, O and Hf isotopic compositions and cathodoluminescence (CL) response of analysed areas of XM1/331 zircons Supplementary Figure 6 continues overleaf.

140 U/Pb age (Ma) 130 120 dark CL areas intermediate brightness or mixed areas bright CL areas 110 100 90 80 6.8 δ 18 O ( ) 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.6 5.3 5.0 0.28245 176 Hf/ 177 Hf 0.28240 present 0.28235 0.28230 0.28225 0.28220 0.28215 331Z-3.1 331Z-3.2 331Z-3.3 331Z-3.4 331Z-4.1 331Z-5.1 331Z-5.1b 331Z-6.2 331Z-7.1 331Z-9b.1 331Z-10.2 331Z-BIG.1 331Z-BIG.5 331Z-BIG.6 331A_1.1 331A_2.1 331A_3.1 331A_3.1b 331A_3.4 331Z-4.1 331Z-5b.1 331Z-5.2 331Z-6.1 331Z-7.2 331Z-8.2 331Z-9.1 331Z-9.2 331Z-10.1 331Z-BIG.2 331Z-BIG.3 331A_2.2. 331Z-3.5 331Z-5b.2 331Z-X.1 331Z-8.1 331Z-BIG.4 331A_3.3 331M_1

1000 100 Y (ppm) lamproite carbonatite a mafic 600 500 400 Y (ppm) d 300 10 1 kimberlite XM1/331 XM1/331_low-trace Yb/Sm 1 10 100 200 100 0 excess Ti-Fe Ti (ppm) 0 100 200 300 400 500 1000 Y (ppm) b 60 50 Fe (ppm) e 100 40 30 10 20 10 1 U (ppm) 1 10 100 1000 0 Ti (ppm) 0 100 200 300 400 500 1000 Y (ppm) c 1000 100 values/c1 f 100 10 10 1 XM1/331 zircons 0.1 1 Nb/Ta 1 10 100 0.01 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Supplementary Figure 7. Trace element variation diagrams and chondrite-normalised rare earth element (REE) patterns for zircon grains in MARID sample XM1/331. Excess Ti-Fe refers to analyses where Ti and Fe concentrations are affected by diffusion from adjacent rutile. Fields of zircons in various terrestrial rocks from ref. 6; C1 chondrite values from ref. 5.

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 207 Pb/ 206 Pb Intercepts at 89.6±1.2 & 4513±730 Ma n=18/23; MSWD = 1.09 XM1/331 zircons data-point error ellipses are 2 206 Pb/ 238 U age (Ma) 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 box heights are 2 Mean = 90.07±0.58 [0.65%] 95% conf. n=16/18; MSWD = 2.0 0.2 400 200 0.0 0 20 40 60 80 238 U/ 206 Pb Supplementary Figure 8. 207 Pb/ 206 Pb vs 238 U/ 206 Pb Tera-Wasserburg Concordia diagrams and histograms of 206 Pb/ 238 U ages for in situ SHRIMP analyses of zircon grains in MARID sample XM1/331. The ellipses (Concordia) and bars (histograms) represent two sigma uncertain es; red and blue ellipses and bars are accepted and rejected analyses, respec vely. The histogram does not include old zircon ages (i.e. > 95Ma)

7.0 δ 18 O ( ) a 400 ΣREE (ppm) d 6.5 300 6.0 5.5 XM1/331 XM1/331_low trace 200 100 U-Pb Age (Ma) 5.0 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 δ 18 O ( ) 0 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 180 150 U (ppm) b 25 20 Yb/Sm e 120 15 90 60 10 30 U-Pb Age (Ma) 0 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 5 δ 18 O ( ) 0 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 25 20 Yb/Sm c -10-12 εhf present f 15-14 10-16 5 U-Pb Age (Ma) 0 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140-18 δ 18 O ( ) -20 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0-10 -12 εhf present g -14-16 -18-20 Yb/Sm 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Supplementary Figure 9. U-Pb age vs δ 18 O (a), U concentration (b) and Yb/Sm (c), δ 18 O vs εhf present (d), ΣREE concentration (e) and Yb/Sm (f), and Yb/Sm vs εhf present (g) for zircon grains in MARID sample XM1/331.

Supplementary Table 1. Major oxide composition (wt.%) of K-richterite, clinopyroxene, phlogopite, rutile and ilmenite in MARID samples XM1/331 and BLFX-3 measured by electron microprobe XM1/331 K-richterite Sample XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 331-Amph- 331-Amph- 331-Amph- 331-Amph- 331-Amph- Label 331-Amph-1 331-Amph-2 331-Amph-3 1b 18 19 24 31 SiO 2 53.67 53.46 54.46 54.00 54.15 54.63 54.50 54.64 TiO 2 0.76 0.74 0.69 0.66 0.78 0.72 0.70 0.72 Al 2 O 3 1.64 1.62 1.48 1.30 1.68 1.27 1.34 1.21 Cr 2 O 3 0.08 0.10 0.03 0.04 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.03 FeO 5.14 5.27 5.02 5.16 5.27 5.08 5.04 5.01 MnO 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 MgO 19.87 20.29 20.58 20.74 20.46 20.57 21.10 20.82 NiO 0.02 0.08 0.03 0.07 0.06 0.01 bdl 0.06 CaO 6.84 6.85 6.92 6.72 7.11 6.86 6.80 6.90 SrO bdl 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.09 Na 2 O 3.61 3.69 3.61 3.68 3.54 3.76 3.75 3.57 K 2 O 4.93 4.94 4.86 5.02 4.97 5.01 4.88 5.04 F 0.21 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.22 0.45 0.37 0.34 Cl 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 bdl bdl 0.01 Total 96.87 97.50 98.14 97.91 98.45 98.52 98.73 98.53 O=F,Cl 0.09 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.19 0.16 0.15 Total rec 96.78 97.34 97.99 97.76 98.36 98.33 98.58 98.38 Mg# 87.3 87.3 88.0 87.8 87.4 87.8 88.2 88.1 Sample XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 331C-Amph- 331C-Amph- 331C-Amph- 331C-Amph- Label 331-Kric-1 331-kric-2 331-kric-3 331-kric-4 1 2 3 4 SiO 2 54.15 54.81 55.54 54.65 53.54 53.75 53.52 53.65 TiO 2 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.77 0.96 0.64 0.71 0.81 Al 2 O 3 1.61 1.65 1.55 1.74 1.62 1.60 1.58 1.62 Cr 2 O 3 0.15 0.09 0.14 0.17 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.08 FeO 4.74 4.83 4.80 4.89 5.03 5.31 5.18 5.27 MnO 0.04 0.04 0.02 bdl 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.08 MgO 21.11 20.79 21.58 21.56 20.43 20.39 20.19 20.28 NiO 0.03 0.06 bdl 0.02 CaO 7.61 7.23 7.44 7.39 6.96 6.91 6.78 6.74 SrO 0.04 bdl 0.06 0.05 Na 2 O 3.33 2.20 3.47 3.51 3.55 3.57 3.32 3.41 K 2 O 4.70 4.76 4.38 4.69 4.99 4.98 5.13 5.08 F 0.52 0.22 0.26 0.29 0.64 0.63 0.48 0.48 Cl 0.02 0.01 bdl 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 Total 98.80 97.42 99.97 99.69 97.93 97.95 97.09 97.58 O=F,Cl 0.22 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.27 0.27 0.20 0.20 Total rec 98.57 97.32 99.86 99.57 97.65 97.68 96.89 97.37 Mg# 88.8 88.5 88.9 88.7 86.5 87.4 87.4 86.9 bdl: below detection limit Mg#=100 Mg/(Mg+Fe)

Supplementary Table 1. continued XM1/331 K-richterite Sample XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 Label 331-kric-5 331B-kric-1 331B-kric-1b 331B-kric-2 average 1sd SiO 2 53.97 52.89 53.59 53.83 54.07 0.61 TiO 2 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.79 0.76 0.07 Al 2 O 3 1.47 1.73 1.69 1.40 1.54 0.16 Cr 2 O 3 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.04 FeO 5.22 5.24 5.18 5.01 5.08 0.17 MnO 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.06 <0.06 MgO 20.39 20.10 20.16 20.76 20.61 0.46 NiO 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.09 <0.04 CaO 6.62 6.77 6.91 6.84 6.96 0.26 SrO bdl 0.07 0.01 0.02 <0.05 Na 2 O 3.46 3.35 3.21 3.69 3.46 0.33 K 2 O 5.01 5.07 4.97 5.03 4.92 0.18 F 0.60 0.54 0.51 0.46 0.41 0.14 Cl 0.01 bdl 0.01 0.01 <0.01 Total 97.71 96.77 97.29 98.03 98.04 0.85 O=F,Cl 0.26 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.06 Total rec 97.45 96.54 97.08 97.84 97.87 0.86 Mg# 86.8 86.9 86.7 86.8 87.6 0.7 bdl: below detection limit; sd: standard deviation of the mean Mg#=100 Mg/(Mg+Fe) XM1/331 clinopyroxene Sample XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 Label 331-Cpx- 13 331-Cpx- 20 331-Cpx- 21 331B- Cpx-1 331B-cpx core1 331Bcpx-3 331Bcpx rim 331B-cpx core2 331Bcpx-4 331-cpx round average 1sd SiO 2 53.90 54.10 54.07 53.52 53.44 53.91 53.51 53.60 53.54 53.59 53.72 0.25 TiO 2 0.13 0.42 0.13 0.34 0.11 0.31 0.28 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.21 0.11 Al 2O 3 0.72 0.98 0.76 1.38 0.78 1.33 1.24 0.71 0.74 0.73 0.93 0.28 Cr 2O 3 0.29 0.12 0.21 0.40 0.20 0.49 0.48 0.26 0.24 0.20 0.29 0.13 FeO 5.81 5.42 5.79 6.46 5.84 6.37 6.71 6.07 6.04 5.69 6.02 0.39 MnO 0.15 0.12 0.15 0.14 0.19 0.09 0.09 0.15 0.19 0.17 0.14 0.03 MgO 15.42 16.96 15.67 13.97 15.34 14.06 14.15 15.39 15.41 15.43 15.18 0.91 NiO 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.21 bdl 0.04 0.02 <0.05 CaO 22.36 20.67 21.63 20.46 21.49 20.44 20.20 21.29 21.35 21.63 21.15 0.69 Na 2O 1.58 1.58 1.57 2.51 1.51 2.39 2.43 1.57 1.60 1.61 1.83 0.42 K 2O 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 bdl <0.01 V 2O 3 0.15 0.09 0.18 0.12 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.04 Total 100.40 100.43 100.04 99.35 99.01 99.61 99.44 99.23 99.38 99.31 99.62 0.50 Mg# 82.5 84.8 82.8 79.4 82.4 79.7 79.0 81.9 82.0 82.9 81.7 1.8 bdl: below detection limit; sd: standard deviation of the mean Mg#=100 Mg/(Mg+Fe)

Supplementary Table 1. continued XM1/331 phlogopite Sample XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 Label 331-Phl-7 331-Phl-2 331-Phl-3 331-Phl- 22 331-Phl- 33 331B-phl- 2 331B-phl- 2 331B-phl- 3 331B-phl- 3b average 1sd SiO 2 41.71 41.47 41.70 41.69 42.38 41.94 41.07 41.10 40.87 41.55 0.47 TiO 2 2.09 2.02 2.00 2.05 2.10 2.14 1.91 2.03 2.00 2.04 0.07 Al 2O 3 10.96 10.86 10.99 10.72 10.89 11.07 10.74 11.03 10.90 10.91 0.12 Cr 2O 3 0.09 0.04 0.10 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.02 FeO 7.73 7.59 7.74 7.80 7.69 7.60 8.14 7.81 8.24 7.82 0.23 MnO 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.02 MgO 22.06 22.35 22.53 22.71 22.42 22.78 22.17 21.83 21.86 22.30 0.35 NiO 0.13 0.05 0.14 0.07 0.06 0.23 0.26 0.25 0.09 0.14 0.08 CaO bdl bdl bdl 0.01 bdl 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.01 <0.01 BaO 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 bdl 0.04 0.23 0.08 <0.09 Na 2O 0.06 0.22 0.13 0.22 0.19 0.23 0.15 0.19 0.12 0.17 0.06 K 2O 10.09 10.31 10.43 10.14 10.54 10.46 10.07 10.50 10.60 10.35 0.20 F 0.37 0.31 0.40 0.44 0.34 0.58 0.61 0.62 0.68 0.48 0.14 Cl 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.01 Total 95.62 95.44 96.33 96.16 96.92 97.20 95.30 95.68 95.59 96.03 0.67 H 2O calc 3.96 3.98 3.98 3.94 4.03 3.92 3.82 3.82 3.77 3.91 0.09 O=F,Cl 0.17 0.14 0.17 0.19 0.15 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.30 0.21 0.06 Total rec 99.32 99.21 100.06 99.85 100.70 100.86 98.85 99.24 99.07 99.69 0.73 Mg# 83.6 84.0 83.8 83.8 83.9 84.2 82.9 83.3 82.5 83.6 0.6 bdl: below detection limit; sd: standard deviation of the mean Mg#=100 Mg/(Mg+Fe) XM1/331 rutile Sample XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 Label 331-Rt-1 331-Rt-2 331-Rt-16 331-Rt-27 331-Rt-28 331-rut-1 331-rut-3 331-rt-4 average 1sd SiO 2 bdl bdl bdl 0.02 0.01 bdl 0.02 bdl <0.01 TiO 2 98.61 95.11 95.22 93.98 98.46 97.43 97.01 97.84 96.71 1.72 Al 2O 3 0.01 0.03 bdl 0.05 0.01 bdl bdl 0.03 <0.02 Cr 2O 3 0.62 0.63 0.47 0.52 0.53 0.61 0.48 0.61 0.56 0.07 FeO 0.15 2.79 2.78 4.17 0.09 0.11 0.15 0.16 1.30 1.67 MnO bdl bdl 0.01 0.01 bdl bdl 0.02 0.01 <0.01 MgO bdl 0.63 0.32 0.36 0.02 bdl bdl bdl <0.33 NiO 0.04 bdl 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.10 0.03 bdl <0.04 CaO 0.02 bdl bdl 0.01 0.22 0.02 0.04 0.01 <0.06 V 2O 3 0.21 0.24 0.22 0.34 0.23 0.48 0.52 0.43 0.33 0.13 Nb 2O 5 0.53 0.45 0.65 0.60 0.59 0.56 0.08 Total 100.20 99.88 99.68 100.07 100.18 98.75 98.26 99.09 99.51 0.73 bdl: below detection limit; sd: standard deviation of the mean

Supplementary Table 1. continued XM1/331 ilmenite Sample XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 Label 331-Ilm-3 331-Ilm-29 331-ilm-1 331-ilm-1b 331-ilm-3b average 1sd SiO 2 0.03 bdl 0.03 0.05 bdl <0.04 TiO 2 56.43 60.32 58.32 56.13 56.56 57.55 1.59 Al 2O 3 bdl 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 <0.02 Cr 2O 3 0.45 0.31 0.46 0.38 0.32 0.38 0.06 FeO 32.71 18.48 27.52 30.35 32.62 28.33 5.28 MnO 0.51 0.25 0.33 0.42 0.56 0.41 0.12 MgO 9.26 20.28 13.47 11.82 9.87 12.94 3.96 NiO 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.15 0.07 0.04 CaO 0.09 0.08 0.04 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.02 V 2O 3 0.03 0.14 0.29 0.23 0.24 0.19 0.09 Nb 2O 5 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.02 Total 99.58 99.99 100.56 99.54 100.41 100.02 0.42 bdl: below detection limit; sd: standard deviation of the mean BLFX-3 ilmenite sample BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 Label B3-iml-1 B3-iml-2 B3-iml-3 B3-iml-4 B3-iml-5 average 1sd SiO 2 bdl bdl bdl bdl 0.04 <0.04 TiO 2 45.64 45.71 45.62 45.40 45.45 45.56 0.13 Al 2O 3 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 Cr 2O 3 2.11 2.08 2.12 2.07 2.05 2.09 0.03 FeO 42.21 42.22 42.14 41.81 42.09 42.09 0.17 MnO 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.01 MgO 6.45 6.52 6.47 6.42 6.41 6.45 0.04 NiO 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.01 CaO 0.01 bdl bdl bdl 0.02 <0.01 V 2O 3 0.35 0.41 0.36 0.36 0.30 0.36 0.04 Nb 2O 5 0.83 0.82 0.80 0.86 0.81 0.82 0.02 Total 98.03 98.22 97.96 97.34 97.60 97.87 0.35 bdl: below detection limit; sd: standard deviation of the mean

Supplementary Table 1. continued BLFX-3 K-richterite sample BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 B3-Krich- B3-Krich- Label B3-Krich-1 B3-Krich-2 B3-Krich-3 B3-Krich-4 B3-Krich-5 average 6a 6b 1sd SiO 2 55.25 54.86 55.49 55.38 55.62 55.16 54.77 55.22 0.32 TiO 2 0.22 0.28 0.24 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.22 0.25 0.03 Al 2 O 3 0.52 0.65 0.51 0.65 0.51 0.71 0.48 0.58 0.09 Cr 2 O 3 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.07 0.11 0.02 FeO 2.94 3.22 2.95 3.23 3.12 3.09 3.10 3.09 0.12 MnO 0.08 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.02 MgO 21.93 21.70 21.59 21.66 21.61 21.58 21.43 21.64 0.15 NiO 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.02 bdl 0.04 <0.04 CaO 6.52 6.71 6.65 6.73 6.60 6.75 6.54 6.64 0.09 Na 2 O 3.75 3.80 3.64 3.91 3.80 3.77 3.77 3.78 0.08 K 2 O 5.21 5.00 5.14 4.98 5.06 5.04 5.20 5.09 0.09 V 2 O 3 0.04 bdl bdl 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.04 <0.03 Total 96.63 96.44 96.36 97.00 96.77 96.57 95.69 96.49 0.41 Mg# 93.0 91.9 92.2 92.7 92.5 93.0 92.9 92.6 0.4 bdl: below detection limit; sd: standard deviation of the mean Mg#=100 Mg/(Mg+Fe) BLFX-3 phlogopite sample BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 Label B3-phl-1 B3-phl-2 B3-phl-3 B3-phl-4 B3-phl-5 B3-phl-6 B3-phl-7r B3-phl-7c average 1sd SiO 2 41.32 41.51 41.48 41.22 41.27 41.41 41.41 41.44 41.38 0.10 TiO 2 0.28 0.26 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.01 Al 2 O 3 9.23 9.17 9.23 9.12 9.22 9.19 9.11 9.16 9.18 0.05 Cr 2 O 3 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.03 0.08 0.02 FeO 7.76 7.80 7.80 7.57 7.52 7.68 7.68 7.68 7.69 0.10 MnO 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 bdl 0.04 0.03 0.05 <0.03 MgO 24.72 24.37 24.48 24.48 24.44 24.50 24.65 24.29 24.49 0.14 NiO 0.08 0.13 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.10 0.06 0.08 0.02 CaO bdl 0.01 0.01 bdl bdl bdl 0.01 bdl <0.01 Na 2 O 0.08 0.14 0.08 0.08 0.18 0.13 0.11 0.08 0.11 0.04 K 2 O 10.42 10.51 10.57 10.45 10.44 10.50 10.60 10.68 10.52 0.09 V 2 O 3 0.02 bdl 0.01 bdl 0.01 0.03 bdl 0.01 <0.01 Total 94.00 94.03 94.14 93.37 93.47 93.88 94.08 93.76 93.85 0.28 Mg# 85.0 84.8 84.8 85.2 85.0 85.3 85.0 85.1 85.0 0.2 bdl: below detection limit; sd: standard deviation of the mean Mg#=100 Mg/(Mg+Fe)

Supplementary Table 2. Trace element concentrations (ppm) of K-richterite, clinopyroxene and phlogopite in MARID samples XM1/331 and BLFX-3 measured in situ by LA-IPC-MS Sample XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 Mineral K-richterite K-richterite K-richterite K-richterite K-richterite K-richterite K-richterite K-richterite K-richterite K-richterite K-richterite Label 331-Amph-2 331-Amph-3 331-Amph- 331-Amph- 331-Amph- 331A-Kric- 331A-Kric-1 331A-Kric-3 331A-Kric-7 331A-Kric-8 24 18 19 10 average Rb 36.9 36.8 39.5 38.7 43.9 37.5 37.8 47.9 49.2 38.0 40.6 Ba 16.6 13.1 12.6 12.8 15.3 19.5 15.3 5.9 7.1 13.9 13.2 Th 0.19 bdl 0.06 bdl bdl 0.12 0.08 bdl 0.02 0.07 <0.09 U 0.04 bdl bdl bdl 0.08 0.02 0.01 bdl bdl 0.01 <0.03 Ta 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.04 Nb 1.39 0.99 2.72 1.19 1.30 1.51 1.11 0.87 1.26 1.51 1.39 La 3.85 2.62 1.27 2.17 3.69 2.41 3.18 0.82 0.81 1.50 2.23 Ce 7.94 5.48 3.06 5.22 8.62 5.32 7.10 2.68 2.61 3.70 5.17 Pb 1.86 2.16 1.78 2.85 5.10 1.50 2.74 1.64 1.55 1.63 2.28 Pr 0.65 0.79 0.41 0.40 0.43 0.54 Sr 543 671 501 664 773 727 641 342 322 513 570 Nd 3.65 2.49 1.72 2.50 3.62 2.54 3.02 1.71 1.76 2.12 2.51 Zr 24.8 17.3 26.7 14.4 9.5 22.5 12.7 24.3 28.8 19.4 20.0 Hf 0.89 0.71 1.14 0.67 0.60 0.82 0.47 1.07 1.29 0.75 0.84 Sm 0.47 0.33 0.36 0.44 0.30 0.30 0.39 0.31 0.21 0.29 0.34 Eu 0.13 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.07 0.13 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.10 Ti 4441 4424 4678 4476 4545 3659 3699 3840 3968 3752 4148 Gd 0.29 0.17 0.15 0.19 0.21 0.21 0.17 0.14 0.19 0.17 0.19 Dy 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.10 0.05 0.07 0.02 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.07 Ho 0.01 0.01 0.01 bdl bdl <0.01 Er 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 bdl <0.02 Yb 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 bdl bdl bdl 0.01 <0.01 Y 0.44 0.30 0.32 0.27 0.20 0.34 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.29 Lu 0.01 bdl 0.01 0.01 0.01 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl <0.01 Sc 24.5 23.9 24.6 24.1 24.2 24.3 V 152 155 157 148 131 149 Ni 319 326 339 338 338 332 Li 1.6 1.5 2.8 2.1 1.7 1.9 bdl: below detection limit XM1/331 K-richterite: calibration standard NIST612; internal standard Ca

Supplementary Table 2. continued Sample XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 Mineral clinopx clinopx clinopx clinopx clinopx clinopx clinopx clinopx phlogopite phlogopite phlogopite Label 331-Cpx- 331B-Cpx- 331B-Cpx-1 331B-Cpx-3 331B-Cpx-5 331B-Cpx-6 331B-Cpx-7 21 10 average 331-Phl-7 331-Phl-33 331-Phl-22 Rb 0.07 0.17 0.08 0.04 0.41 0.35 0.01 0.16 548 579 513 Ba 1.80 4.57 2.71 1.19 5.23 8.56 0.70 3.53 453 404 472 Th 0.09 0.11 0.06 0.05 0.10 0.14 0.02 0.08 0.03 0.06 0.03 U bdl 0.01 bdl bdl 0.01 0.01 bdl <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.06 Ta bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 0.15 0.17 0.17 Nb 0.03 0.11 0.08 0.02 0.57 0.29 bdl <0.18 2.59 3.09 2.94 La 27.7 24.8 25.1 25.8 26.1 25.2 22.9 25.4 0.01 0.02 0.01 Ce 87.9 81.2 82.5 84.2 82.9 82.3 76.1 82.5 0.01 0.02 0.02 Pb 4.08 3.53 3.43 3.43 3.24 3.54 3.17 3.49 0.05 bdl 0.13 Pr nd 11.8 11.7 12.0 11.8 11.5 11.2 11.7 Sr 872 712 698 705 690 673 668 717 11 1.5 5.6 Nd 54.3 51.0 51.1 53.3 52.6 49.6 49.6 51.6 0.01 bdl 0.01 Zr 34 28 28 30 31 35 32 31.1 2.8 2.5 1.6 Hf 2.3 1.89 1.95 2.03 1.96 2.31 1.98 2.06 0.10 0.08 0.06 Sm 9.4 8.6 9.3 9.2 9.5 8.4 8.6 9.0 bdl bdl bdl Eu 2.34 2.26 2.27 2.29 2.33 2.20 2.28 2.28 0.02 0.02 bdl Ti 738 542 574 592 664 542 720 625 13002 13498 12685 Gd 5.56 5.57 5.57 5.51 5.68 5.01 5.64 5.51 0.01 bdl bdl Dy 3.80 3.15 3.24 3.29 3.15 3.04 3.00 3.24 0.02 bdl bdl Ho 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.46 0.47 0.48 Er 1.32 1.13 1.14 1.05 1.14 1.01 1.14 1.13 bdl bdl 0.05 Yb 0.76 0.62 0.60 0.66 0.65 0.57 0.55 0.63 bdl 0.05 bdl Y 14.12 12.06 12.25 12.60 12.44 11.79 11.99 12.46 bdl 0.01 0.01 Lu 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 bdl bdl bdl Sc 5.4 5.2 5.0 V 109 113 108 Ni 806 735 864 Li 0.86 7.9 6.7 7.6 bdl: below detection limit XM1/331 clinopyroxene: calibration standard NIST612; internal standard Ca XM1/331 phlogopite: calibration standard NIST612; internal standard Mg

Supplementary Table 2. continued Sample XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 Mineral phlogopite phlogopite phlogopite K-richterite K-richterite K-richterite K-richterite K-richterite Label 331-Phl-2 331-Phl-3 average B3-Krich-1-10 B3-Krich-2-11 B3-Krich-3-12 B3-Krich-4-13 average Rb 527 548 543 40 35 38 38 38 Ba 391 333 410 6.9 5.8 5.5 6.2 6.1 Th 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 U 0.01 bdl 0.02 0.01 bdl bdl bdl <0.01 Ta 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.29 0.38 0.29 0.32 0.32 Nb 2.57 2.82 2.80 6.3 6.5 5.7 6.2 6.2 La 0.01 0.02 0.02 1.58 1.28 1.35 1.23 1.36 Ce 0.02 0.02 0.02 4.24 3.70 3.87 3.25 3.77 Pb 0.10 0.14 <0.10 1.44 1.60 1.58 1.39 1.50 Pr 0.54 0.48 0.51 0.43 0.49 Sr 2.6 3.3 4.8 567 539 586 559 563 Nd 0.01 0.02 <0.01 2.33 2.08 2.05 1.66 2.03 Zr 2.1 2.1 2.2 15.2 18.1 14.0 17.0 16.1 Hf 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.63 0.81 0.61 0.63 0.67 Sm bdl 0.03 <0.03 0.29 0.27 0.21 0.28 0.26 Eu bdl 0.07 <0.04 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 Ti 12693 13666 13109 1311 1369 1302 1471 1363 Gd bdl 0.02 <0.02 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.12 Dy 0.04 bdl <0.03 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 Ho Er bdl bdl <0.05 0.01 0.01 bdl bdl <0.01 Yb 0.01 bdl <0.03 0.01 0.01 bdl bdl <0.01 Y 0.01 0.05 <0.02 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.14 Lu bdl 0.01 <0.01 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Sc 5.2 5.1 5.2 52 44 49 47 48 V 114 121 113 96 99 97 99 98 Ni 681 699 757 261 270 261 273 266 Ca Li 8.6 9.1 8.0 1.03 0.70 0.84 1.47 1.01 bdl: below detection limit XM1/331 phlogopite: calibration standard NIST612; internal standard Mg BLFX-3 K-richterite: calibration standard NIST612; internal standard Ca

Supplementary Table 2. continued Sample BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 Mineral phlogopite phlogopite phlogopite phlogopite phlogopite Label B3-phlog-1 B3-phlog-2 B3-phlog-3 B3-phlog-5 average Rb 606 592 596 605 599 Ba 210 181 166 122 170 Th 5.23 6.80 5.22 2.97 5.06 U 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.09 0.14 Ta 0.67 0.65 0.61 0.62 0.64 Nb 9.8 9.9 9.5 9.6 9.7 La bdl 0.02 bdl bdl <0.02 Ce bdl 0.05 bdl bdl <0.05 Pb 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.06 0.11 Pr bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Sr 1.05 1.52 1.10 0.97 1.16 Nd bdl 0.01 bdl bdl <0.01 Zr 1.44 2.16 1.46 2.70 1.94 Hf 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.06 0.03 Sm bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Eu bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Ti 1666 1678 1670 1666 1670 Gd bdl bdl 0.01 bdl <0.01 Dy bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Ho Er bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Yb bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Y bdl 0.01 bdl bdl bdl Lu bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Sc 1.03 1.14 1.19 1.02 1.10 V 32 32 32 32 32 Ni 698 678 674 677 682 Ca 22 37 29 24 28 Li 5.0 3.8 4.8 4.5 4.5 bdl: below detection limit BLFX-3 phlogopite: calibration standard NIST612; internal standard Mg

Supplementary Table 3. Trace element concentrations (ppm) of ilmenite and rutile in MARID samples XM1/331 and BLFX-3 measured in situ by LA-IPC-MS Sample XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 Mineral rutile rutile rutile rutile rutile rutile rutile rutile rutile ilmenite Label 331A-Rt-1 331A-Rt-2 331A-Rt-3 331A-Rt-4 331A-Rt-6 331A-Rt-7 331A-Rt-8 331A-Rt-10 average 331-Ilm on Rt rim-29 Ba bdl 0.02 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl <0.02 0.16 Th bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 0.02 U 1.87 1.78 1.85 1.94 1.90 1.82 1.92 2.17 1.91 0.02 Ta 207 441 175 376 349 395 536 378 357 90 Nb 3455 3414 3493 5156 5149 5251 5530 3788 4405 536 La bdl 0.01 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl <0.01 0.02 Ce bdl 0.02 0.02 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl <0.02 0.03 Pb bdl bdl 0.01 bdl bdl 0.04 0.01 0.09 <0.04 0.02 Sr 0.15 0.19 0.17 0.19 0.15 0.14 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.64 Nd bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 0.06 Zr 1859 2145 2065 1275 1335 1596 1370 1949 1699 655 Hf 52 67 58 49 49 50 49 55 54 22 Sm bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Y bdl bdl 0.01 bdl 0.01 bdl bdl bdl <0.01 0.11 Lu bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Sc 6.2 V 425 Ni 596 Ca 122 102 44 bdl bdl 31 101 27 71 Li 4.0 Zr-in-Rt T ( C) a 783 794 791 754 758 771 759 787 775±16 [1sd] bdl: below detection limit calibration standard BHVO2-G; internal standard Ti a for P = 3GPa

Supplementary Table 3. continued Sample BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 BLFX-3 Mineral ilmenite ilmenite ilmenite ilmenite ilmenite Label B3-ilm-17 B3-ilm-18 B3-ilm-19 B3-ilm-20 average Ba 0.01 0.01 0.04 bdl <0.02 Th 0.03 bdl bdl bdl <0.03 U 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 Ta 705 754 721 700 720 Nb 5717 6468 5809 5839 5958 La bdl bdl 0.02 bdl <0.02 Ce 0.03 bdl bdl bdl <0.03 Pb bdl bdl 0.02 bdl <0.02 Sr 0.22 0.22 0.27 0.19 0.22 Nd bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Zr 620 630 615 617 621 Hf 16.24 16.94 16.5 15.71 16.3 Sm bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Y 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 Lu bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Sc 34 33 33 32 33 V 1620 1616 1640 1639 1629 Ni 430 437 445 447 440 Ca 7 56 11 4 20 Li 1.32 1.39 1.26 1.25 1.31 bdl: below detection limit calibration standard BHVO2-G; internal standard Ti

Supplementary Table 4. Trace element concentrations (ppm) and Ti-in-zircon thermometry of zircons in MARID sample XM1/331 sample XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 label 331Z_1.1 331Z_2.1 331Z_3.1 331Z_3.2 331Z_3.3 331Z_3.4 331Z_3.5 331Z_4 331Z_5.1 331Z_5.2 331Z_5b.1 331Z_5b.2 331Z_6.1 331Z_6.2 Th 83 46 147 165 141 168 48 114 125 60 58 32 49 124 U 91 44 149 155 136 146 47 100 143 52 46 23 54 127 Ta 1.3 0.8 2.7 3.0 1.9 3.2 0.6 1.2 2.0 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.7 2.7 Nb 11.5 6.3 25.5 22.0 19.3 20.8 6.3 13.8 23.9 5.7 5.0 0.7 5.5 20.3 La 0.37* 0.06 0.30 0.15 0.29 0.15 0.10 0.18 0.66* 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.07 0.13 Ce 24.4 8.8 35.4 29.3 36.1 26.7 14.5 27.5 36.1 9.7 12.2 6.1 11.9 24.1 206 Pb 1.12 0.67 2.51 2.21 2.07 1.94 0.69 1.24 2.12 0.64 0.73 0.45 0.70 1.88 207 Pb 0.01 bdl 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.02 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.07 208 Pb 0.34 0.21 0.76 0.81 0.58 0.59 0.22 0.50 0.57 0.42 0.28 0.14 0.22 0.54 Pb tot 1.47 0.88 3.37 3.11 2.73 2.61 0.93 1.84 2.78 1.16 1.03 0.61 0.94 2.49 Pr 1.1 0.3 1.8 0.9 1.7 1.0 0.6 1.0 1.8 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 Sr 3.2* 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.4* 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 Nd 13.7 3.0 21.7 11.9 21.5 13.4 6.8 13.3 21.3 2.5 4.7 0.2 4.9 11.2 Sm 13.2 3.1 19.5 9.5 19.7 11.3 6.7 14.3 22.4 2.7 4.2 0.4 5.1 9.0 Eu 6.2 1.4 9.3 4.8 10.0 5.4 3.0 7.3 11.4 1.3 2.2 0.2 2.5 4.3 Ti 99 49 421** 109 152 110 150** 129 243** 40 32 12 42 85 Gd 28.2 6.6 41.7 22.7 45.4 26.1 13.6 34.3 53.0 6.4 10.1 1.4 12.6 19.0 Tb 6.6 1.4 8.5 4.7 9.6 5.5 2.9 7.0 10.8 1.5 2.1 0.3 2.6 4.1 Dy 49.2 11.8 62.7 35.6 73.2 39.5 22.3 52.5 82.9 11.6 17.0 4.3 22.0 30.9 Ho 12.0 3.2 14.9 9.1 18.0 9.7 5.7 12.6 19.1 3.4 4.5 1.4 5.8 7.7 Er 38.4 10.2 47.2 27.9 56.1 30.4 19.1 38.7 60.7 11.7 14.4 5.4 19.6 24.7 Tm 6.6 1.7 7.3 4.7 8.7 5.1 3.2 6.3 9.6 2.1 2.3 1.2 3.4 4.1 Yb 49.2 14.3 54.5 35.2 66.5 39.2 24.9 48.6 72.8 18.1 20.3 11.3 27.9 31.5 Y 314 86 384 235 460 256 155 329 501 92 123 45 156 206 Lu 8.2 2.4 8.6 5.6 10.7 6.0 4.1 7.8 11.0 2.9 3.3 2.3 4.7 5.2 P 372 113 422 251 539 250 206 319 572 110 151 60 191 210 Fe 17.8 6.2 41.0** 10.9 9.0 19.1 13.7 15.4 52.9** 8.6 10.0 6.8 3.2 9.1 Σ(REE) 258 333 202 378 220 128 68 271 414 74 98 35 124 177 Yb/Sm 3.7 2.8 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.7 4.6 3.4 3.3 6.8 4.8 29.7 5.4 3.5 Nb/Ta 9.0 9.4 7.4 10.4 6.4 10.0 7.6 11.6 11.9 6.0 7.8 2.7 8.0 7.5 Th/U 0.91 1.06 0.98 1.06 1.04 1.15 1.01 1.15 0.88 1.13 1.26 1.40 0.91 0.98 Ti-inzircon T ( C) 881 814 1049** 891 925 892 924** 908 979** 797 777 706 801 865 calibration standard NIST610; internal standard Hf; Hf 2 O = 1.06 1.55 wt.% (mean = 1.32±0.14 [1sd] wt.%; n=30; measured by EMP) a for P = 3GPa; * contamination; **Ti-Fe diffusion in zircon from adjacent rutile; see Supplementary Note 1 for details of Ti-in-zircon T calculation

Supplementary Table 4. continued sample XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 331Z_BIG. 331Z_BIG. 331Z_BIG. 331Z_BIG. label 331Z_7.1 331Z_7.2 331Z_X 331Z_8.1 331Z_8.2 331Z_9.1 331Z_9.2 331Z_9.b1 331Z_10.1 331Z_10.2 1 2 3 4 Th 47 78 25 27 50 104 126 137 211 133 173 107 132 58 U 50 77 21 27 46 110 101 139 134 117 141 102 108 56 Ta 0.7 1.9 0.2 0.4 1.1 1.5 1.1 2.0 1.5 2.5 3.1 1.9 1.3 0.9 Nb 7.3 17.3 0.7 2.2 4.0 15.9 11.3 20.6 15.4 18.0 22.2 8.8 10.0 3.7 La 0.11 0.13 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.24 0.17 0.40* 0.74* 0.12 0.14 0.07 0.47* 0.06 Ce 13.9 19.0 5.8 6.3 10.7 28.2 23.7 35.0 38.1 23.0 27.7 16.4 25.8 10.2 206 Pb 0.90 1.13 0.28 0.37 0.64 1.69 1.37 2.10 2.16 1.83 2.17 1.42 1.67 0.87 207 Pb 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.06 0.03 0.11 0.06 0.06 0.11 0.05 0.05 0.02 208 Pb 0.18 0.42 0.09 0.14 0.28 0.52 0.47 0.66 0.91 0.68 0.69 0.50 0.65 0.25 Pb tot 1.10 1.61 0.37 0.53 0.99 2.27 1.87 2.87 3.13 2.57 2.97 1.98 2.37 1.14 Pr 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.3 0.9 1.6 1.7 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.9 0.3 Sr 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 1.1* 6.3* 0.1 0.3 0.4 3.8* 0.3 Nd 8.0 8.8 0.3 0.6 2.6 16.3 13.1 20.2 20.9 10.5 10.4 6.0 10.7 3.2 Sm 8.0 7.6 0.5 0.5 1.9 15.5 12.9 20.7 18.6 9.0 8.6 5.5 10.6 3.2 Eu 3.5 3.2 0.2 0.3 1.1 7.6 6.3 10.8 9.2 4.3 4.1 2.9 5.3 1.7 Ti 92 219** 9 17 26 144 69 312** 44 105 54 70 51 40 Gd 17.1 15.9 1.6 1.8 5.8 36.4 28.8 50.8 40.4 19.6 19.1 14.7 26.2 10.3 Tb 3.5 3.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 7.4 5.9 10.1 7.8 3.9 3.9 3.0 5.4 2.2 Dy 26.1 24.1 4.0 5.2 9.6 57.5 45.4 75.8 60.0 31.9 29.6 26.2 42.5 19.4 Ho 6.9 5.7 1.4 1.6 2.6 14.7 11.6 18.6 14.6 7.7 7.6 6.9 11.3 5.8 Er 21.0 18.1 5.7 6.5 9.6 47.0 37.0 56.5 46.2 25.1 25.3 22.8 35.9 20.0 Tm 3.3 2.9 1.1 1.3 1.6 7.6 5.8 8.8 7.2 4.2 4.1 3.7 5.8 3.5 Yb 27.4 21.9 9.9 11.8 15.6 54.5 42.6 64.5 51.9 29.8 31.5 29.2 45.2 28.2 Y 176 151 42 51 78 379 302 482 376 209 204 184 293 149 Lu 4.8 3.6 2.0 2.4 3.0 9.6 7.1 10.5 8.6 5.1 5.5 5.2 7.8 4.9 P 207 221 50 53 74 414 288 478 424 243 232 220 552 221 Fe 14.3 34.6** 0.0 0.0 6.1 18.1 9.2 32.5** 73.3* 13.6 9.2 8.6 12.5 12.0 Σ(REE) 144 135 33 39 66 304 241 384 326 175 178 143 234 113 Yb/Sm 3.4 2.9 19.6 22.1 8.1 3.5 3.3 3.1 2.8 3.3 3.7 5.3 4.3 8.8 Nb/Ta 9.8 9.2 3.1 4.9 3.7 10.8 10.1 10.2 10.5 7.2 7.2 4.5 7.9 4.0 Th/U 0.95 1.01 1.23 1.01 1.08 0.95 1.24 0.98 1.57 1.14 1.23 1.04 1.22 1.03 Ti-inzircon 805 886** 685 730 761 919 846 1010** 873 967 824 846 818 797 T ( C) a a for P = 3GPa; * contamination; **Ti-Fe diffusion in zircon from adjacent rutile; see Supplementary Note 1 for details of Ti-in-zircon T calculation

Supplementary Table 4. continued sample XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 XM1/331 331Z_BIG. 331Z_BIG. label 331A_1.1 331A_2.1 331A_2.2 331A_3.1 331A_3.1b 331A_3.2 331A_3.3 331A_3.4 331A_4.1 331A_5 331A_6 331A_7 5 6 Th 166 154 165 174 143 207 243 274 67 156 52 101 80 136 U 82 132 134 120 81 88 100 98 50 118 71 119 51 127 Ta 1.1 3.1 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.6 2.22 1.1 0.7 3.07 1.33 2.01 0.81 2.88 Nb 3.9 23.2 17.4 12.3 7.0 4.7 7.7 3.3 5.0 20.6 12.7 21.4 4.2 22.4 La 0.04 0.23 0.21 0.14 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.13 0.52* 0.04 0.14 Ce 13.2 27.8 39.5 29.3 13.7 17.1 21.0 20.1 12.9 23.1 16.0 33.4 12.3 29.7 206 Pb 1.18 1.86 1.85 1.01 1.81 1.27 1.44 0.74 207 Pb 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.03 208 Pb 0.72 0.61 0.76 0.52 0.76 0.94 2.19 1.26 0.35 1.40 0.38 0.94 0.63 1.03 Pb tot 1.93 2.53 2.65 1.58 2.63 2.27 2.76 1.12 Pr 0.1 1.0 1.7 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.82 0.18 1.47 Sr 0.2 1.6* 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 2.7* 0.2 0.2 Nd 2.1 11.1 21.4 13.3 3.7 2.9 4.0 3.6 4.7 10.3 10.8 19.8 2.3 17.8 Sm 2.1 9.0 20.7 14.7 3.9 3.0 3.7 3.8 5.3 8.3 9.7 19.2 2.6 16.7 Eu 1.2 4.3 10.0 7.1 2.0 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.6 4.0 4.4 9.0 1.3 7.1 Ti 31 74 101 65 65 42 64 36 51 65 188** 439** 51 188** Gd 5.9 20.5 44.1 34.4 10.4 8.3 12.0 10.4 11.5 21.4 24.5 48.2 7.3 38.5 Tb 1.3 3.8 8.7 6.7 2.4 2.1 2.4 2.4 Dy 12.1 29.9 66.3 51.2 19.6 17.1 21.5 21.4 18.4 32.6 40.4 71.9 15.0 57.7 Ho 3.4 7.4 15.6 13.0 5.5 4.9 6.2 4.7 16.7 4.0 13.1 Er 11.8 23.7 49.8 41.4 18.9 16.5 20.9 21.1 16.9 25.7 34.4 57.4 14.2 44.3 Tm 2.1 3.8 8.0 6.9 3.2 3.0 4.0 2.8 Yb 17.7 30.2 56.9 50.2 22.7 22.8 28.6 32.0 20.6 31.4 45.1 59.8 19.4 49.7 Y 96 197 414 334 146 134 165 169 129 214 276 445 110 351 Lu 3.2 5.2 9.4 8.3 4.2 4.1 4.7 5.8 3.6 5.0 7.0 10.3 3.6 8.2 P 108 227 459 314 158 148 202 146 Fe 6.8 24.2 9.2 12.7 13.2 10.0 12.5 12.3 Σ(REE) 76 178 352 278 111 104 >118 133 107 >162 >192 >348 >82 >284 Yb/Sm 8.5 3.3 2.7 3.4 5.9 7.6 7.8 8.4 3.9 3.8 4.6 3.1 7.4 3.0 Nb/Ta 3.4 7.4 9.8 7.3 3.9 3.0 3.5 2.9 7.4 6.7 9.6 10.6 5.3 7.8 Th/U 2.03 1.17 1.23 1.45 1.76 2.35 2.43 2.81 1.36 1.33 0.73 0.85 1.56 1.07 Ti-inzircon T ( C) 776 852 883 839 840 800 839 789 817 840 949** 1055** 817 949** a for P = 3GPa; * contamination; **Ti-Fe diffusion in zircon from adjacent rutile; see Supplementary Note 1 for details of Ti-in-zircon T calculation

Supplementary Table 4. continued sample XM1/331 XM1/331 label 331M_1 average Th 67 115 U 36 92 Ta 0.1 1.57 Nb 0.4 11.9 La bdl Ce 8.9 21.0 206 Pb 0.50 1.33 207 Pb 0.02 0.05 208 Pb 0.29 0.59 Pb tot 0.81 1.89 Pr 0.04 0.8 Sr 0.2 Nd 0.5 9.5 Sm 0.6 9.0 Eu 0.3 4.4 Ti 7 64 # Gd 1.7 21.1 Tb 0.6 4.2 Dy 5.1 33.8 Ho 1.5 8.5 Er 6.9 27.6 Tm 1.5 4.4 Yb 12.8 34.4 Y 52 224 Lu 2.5 5.8 P 78 251 Fe 4.5 Σ(REE) 43 180 Yb/Sm 20.8 6.3 Nb/Ta 3.4 7.2 Th/U 1.89 1.27 Ti-inzircon T ( C) 666 825±66 [1sd] # a for P = 3GPa; bdl: below detection limit; # does not include high-ti values/temperatures due to Ti diffusion from adjacent rutile; see Supplementary Note 1 for details of Ti-in-zircon T calculation

Supplementary Table 5. Trace element analyses (ppm) of glass standards measured in situ by LA-ICP-MS K-richterite and clinopyroxene analyses standard BCR2-G BCR2-G BCR2-G BCR2-G BCR2-G BCR2-G BCR2-G BCR2-G BCR2-G BCR2-G BCR2-G BCR2-G BCR2-G analysis n. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Li 9.3 10.3 10.1 10.2 9.5 8.9 9.6 9.5 Sc 31.9 31.7 31.5 32.1 32.3 32.1 30.8 31.5 Ti 12352 12150 12180 12100 11999 12635 12518 12476 12497 12539 12348 12476 12454 V 419 419 426 425 428 423 417 415 Ni 12.8 12.9 12.7 12.4 13.4 12.3 12.6 12.8 Rb 50 50 51 51 50 49 50 51 51 50 50 49 48 Sr 336 335 338 335 333 330 330 334 338 338 331 332 331 Y 31.3 31.0 31.1 32.3 31.4 31.5 31.7 31.6 32.1 31.7 32.0 31.7 31.8 Zr 171 167 169 173 166 169 169 172 174 174 172 170 170 Nb 12.46 12.01 12.09 12.28 12.63 10.41 10.19 10.54 10.53 10.58 10.40 10.42 10.41 Ba 678 678 683 690 681 631 635 644 645 647 637 631 631 La 23.7 24.1 24.2 24.2 23.4 24.6 25.1 25.5 25.5 25.3 25.5 25.3 24.8 Ce 52 52 53 53 52 50 51 51 51 51 50 50 50 Pr 6.29 6.40 6.27 6.37 6.19 6.14 6.07 6.18 6.03 6.33 5.95 6.24 6.17 Nd 27.7 26.8 27.0 27.0 26.9 26.6 26.6 27.1 27.6 26.8 26.9 27.4 27.0 Sm 5.91 6.42 6.37 6.46 6.19 6.30 6.30 6.34 5.93 6.34 6.21 5.99 6.56 Eu 1.77 1.77 1.87 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.86 1.92 1.81 1.98 1.82 1.93 1.89 Gd 6.04 5.91 6.01 6.17 5.57 6.55 5.97 6.01 6.65 6.46 6.46 6.47 6.28 Dy 6.46 5.96 5.82 5.94 5.83 6.14 6.10 6.09 6.11 6.05 6.01 5.90 5.94 Ho 1.19 1.14 1.18 1.20 1.20 Er 3.39 3.34 3.49 3.36 3.31 3.27 3.03 3.27 3.38 3.27 3.16 3.27 3.20 Yb 3.09 3.27 3.45 3.20 2.95 3.32 2.99 2.98 3.03 3.17 3.16 3.13 2.93 Lu 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.47 0.44 0.47 0.42 0.47 0.49 0.49 0.43 0.48 0.45 Hf 4.14 4.40 4.41 4.68 4.11 4.71 4.69 4.81 4.75 5.02 4.57 4.76 4.54 Ta 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.68 0.66 0.65 0.71 0.69 0.70 0.68 0.71 Pb 11.31 11.49 11.52 11.41 11.16 10.6 10.9 11.3 11.0 10.9 10.8 10.7 10.5 Th 5.68 5.67 5.56 5.95 5.58 5.66 5.65 5.81 5.77 5.77 5.80 5.94 5.64 U 1.72 1.58 1.67 1.73 1.75 1.62 1.64 1.78 1.62 1.66 1.70 1.68 1.56 calibration standard NIST612; internal standard Ca

Supplementary Table 5. continued K-richterite and clinopyroxene analyses standard BHVO2-G BHVO2-G BHVO2-G BHVO2-G BHVO2-G BHVO2-G BHVO2-G BHVO2-G NIST610 NIST610 NIST610 NIST610 analysis n. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Li 4.60 4.43 5.54 4.89 Sc 30.8 30.4 30.5 31.2 Ti 14969 14551 17338 16898 15222 14899 14932 15426 436 431 424 511 V 320 316 320 324 Ni 133 134 131 135 Rb 9.78 9.91 9.48 9.48 10.1 10.1 9.8 10.1 429 439 438 423 Sr 390 392 406 395 388 389 390 397 527 526 525 559 Y 21.69 22.28 25.4 24.8 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.6 467 468 479 540 Zr 150 150 170 165 156 156 157 157 456 457 452 515 Nb 18.1 18.4 18.3 17.8 15.0 14.9 15.2 15.1 501 494 504 501 Ba 131 134 136 133 124 122 125 125 461 463 465 488 La 14.3 14.4 15.7 14.5 15.2 15.4 15.4 15.7 439 450 443 478 Ce 37.0 37.3 38.6 38.0 35.6 35.8 36.0 36.5 469 476 468 494 Pr 5.03 4.95 5.46 5.12 4.74 4.74 4.79 4.88 450 452 453 508 Nd 23.4 23.1 22.9 24.9 23.4 22.0 22.8 24.2 447 448 439 472 Sm 5.69 5.70 6.26 6.27 5.80 5.37 5.94 6.16 466 469 465 569 Eu 1.87 1.99 2.17 2.12 2.02 1.97 1.99 2.00 448 455 451 491 Gd 5.28 5.33 6.62 6.75 5.54 6.01 6.33 5.87 449 442 446 537 Dy 4.64 4.71 5.23 5.39 4.99 4.92 5.06 4.77 464 451 456 498 Ho 0.87 0.86 0.90 0.95 460 462 461 501 Er 2.12 2.31 2.56 2.36 2.36 2.39 2.31 2.13 457 477 471 537 Yb 1.80 1.81 1.94 1.52 1.89 1.69 1.95 1.80 476 491 459 557 Lu 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.29 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 451 454 454 539 Hf 3.58 3.89 4.38 4.79 4.10 4.41 4.12 4.20 418 421 430 482 Ta 1.05 1.09 1.23 1.23 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.04 485 499 492 564 Pb 1.78 1.82 1.81 1.73 1.87 1.76 1.76 1.84 427 425 424 454 Th 1.10 1.12 1.15 1.16 1.24 1.17 1.14 1.19 464 474 470 494 U 0.43 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.38 0.42 470 475 472 474 calibration standard NIST612; internal standard Ca

Supplementary Table 5. continued Phlogopite analyses standard BCR2-G BCR2-G BCR2-G BCR2-G NIST610 NIST610 NIST610 NIST610 BHVO2-G BHVO2-G BHVO2-G BHVO2-G analysis n. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 Li 484 491 499 4.12 3.95 5.07 4.34 Ca 46832 46618 46618 46812 79106 80654 80052 77816 Sc 405 404 405 31.3 30.7 31.0 31.7 Ti 13244 13183 12003 11566 413 389 390 393 16552 16543 16586 16578 V 453 463 454 316 313 313 313 Ni 456 450 451 130 134 130 131 Rb 46.2 46.8 46.6 45.6 409 431 419 403 9.19 9.39 9.11 9.24 Sr 311 312 312 309 494 525 515 486 391 391 390 391 Y 28.81 28.88 29.96 28.95 448 454 455 431 24.9 24.9 24.8 24.7 Zr 155 155 159 154 425 444 453 431 165 162 166 161 Nb 11.24 11.23 11.46 11.58 473 496 502 465 17.6 17.4 17.8 17.4 Ba 634 635 643 630 440 462 478 445 130 129 131 129 La 22.7 22.7 22.6 21.8 417 444 445 418 14.6 14.7 14.6 14.8 Ce 48.3 48.4 48.6 47.9 442 463 458 436 36.4 37.1 37.1 37.1 Pr 5.94 5.79 6.01 5.73 427 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.1 Nd 24.83 24.82 25.19 24.61 416 437 425 415 24.5 23.2 24.1 24.6 Sm 5.97 5.97 5.97 5.71 442 466 450 436 6.09 5.67 6.14 6.22 Eu 1.63 1.68 1.72 1.70 424 440 429 414 2.04 2.06 2.03 1.97 Gd 5.48 5.54 5.77 5.25 428 442 422 411 5.78 6.19 6.47 5.97 Dy 5.46 5.35 5.41 5.41 427 444 425 416 5.08 5.05 5.31 5.08 Ho 1.07 1.09 1.13 1.10 438 Er 3.07 3.13 3.12 3.10 443 463 439 432 3.07 2.49 2.64 2.27 Yb 2.98 3.19 2.95 2.73 436 467 444 448 1.99 1.85 2.02 1.89 Lu 0.40 0.40 0.43 0.41 427 451 429 427 0.28 0.26 0.27 0.28 Hf 4.11 3.96 4.30 3.83 403 415 403 400 4.00 4.43 4.16 4.12 Ta 0.68 0.69 0.67 0.67 466 486 475 473 1.11 1.11 1.13 1.13 Pb 10.65 10.43 10.54 10.23 397 415 425 429 1.82 1.75 1.72 1.78 Th 5.34 5.13 5.49 5.21 442 463 456 462 1.24 1.20 1.13 1.14 U 1.45 1.55 1.62 1.61 444 462 455 463 0.40 0.41 0.39 0.42 calibration standard NIST612; internal standard Mg

Supplementary Table 5. continued Rutile and ilmenite analyses standard NIST612 NIST612 NIST612 NIST612 NIST610 NIST610 NIST610 NIST610 NIST610 NIST610 BCR2-G BCR2-G BCR2-G BCR2-G BCR2-G analysis n. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Li 32 36 37 35 388 385 406 Ca 78125 76687 77766 49850 50149 49958 49986 50339 Sc 37.2 41.5 40.7 38.5 364 370 379 V 35.0 37.7 35.0 34.3 396 400 391 Ni 37.3 39.6 32.8 31.7 442 416 361 Sr 74.9 87.5 79.9 77.2 496 510 467 498 489 494 337.6 335.7 336.2 337.5 335.1 Y 41.2 47.4 42.6 41.6 497 506 463 516 512 517 36.9 36.4 36.4 37.7 36.1 Zr 39.9 42.4 41.2 40.1 461 465 443 477 476 476 191.2 188.7 188.6 193.6 186.2 Nb 35.7 38.0 37.0 36.1 437 440 425 470 460 458 12.6 12.1 12.0 12.1 12.2 Ba 38.6 39.4 36.9 37.5 426 432 406 428 421 419 666.4 661.2 662.8 666.4 655.8 La 36.4 37.4 35.2 34.8 434 426 395 440 431 434 25.0 24.6 25.0 25.2 24.4 Ce 37.4 40.2 38.9 38.1 439 425 408 447 438 439 52.5 52.2 51.9 52.2 51.7 Nd 37.2 37.7 38.5 36.8 445 423 404 437 431 434 28.8 27.8 28.0 28.2 27.9 Sm 34.4 39.7 36.7 37.0 425 447 389 459 461 471 6.3 6.8 6.7 6.9 6.5 Lu 40.0 43.3 40.5 40.7 493 466 460 485 493 510 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Hf 38.9 39.8 38.3 38.2 459 443 425 470 456 444 4.9 5.1 5.0 5.2 4.6 Ta 37.1 43.6 38.9 38.5 454 476 438 504 493 488 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Pb 35.3 39.8 37.7 36.9 387 402 398 378 367 373 10.5 10.6 10.4 10.6 10.4 Th 34.7 39.7 39.1 39.8 428 464 442 485 482 476 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.5 6.1 U 32.4 40.7 38.4 35.4 410 448 432 411 422 442 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 calibration standard BHVO2-G; internal standard Ti

Supplementary Table 5. continued Zircon analyses standard BCR2-G BCR2-G BCR2-G BCR2-G analysis n. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 P 1712 1650 1637 1782 Ti 15004 13816 15268 15268 Fe 110000 95480 104720 103400 Sr 410 375 403 395 Y 39 37 39 38 Nb 13 12 13 13 Ba 801 730 770 766 La 31 29 30 30 Ce 62 57 61 59 Pr 7 7 7 7 Nd 33 31 32 32 Sm 7.5 6.6 8.1 7.2 Eu 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.1 Gd 7.3 6.6 8.1 7.7 Tb 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 Dy 7.6 7.1 6.5 6.8 Ho 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 Er 3.5 3.5 4.1 4.1 Tm 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 Yb 3.3 3.4 4.1 3.6 Lu 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ta 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 206 Pb 14.1 12.8 14.9 12.9 207 Pb 13.0 12.0 12.9 11.8 208 Pb 12.7 12.5 13.1 13.2 Th 7.0 6.7 6.8 7.0 U 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.0 calibration standard NIST610; internal standard Hf

Supplementary Table 6. SHRIMP U-Pb data for zircons in MARID sample XM1/331 Label U (ppm) Th (ppm) 232 Th/ 238 U 206 Pb* (ppm) % 206 Pb c 206 Pb/ 238 U Age (Ma) a ±2sd 238 U/ 206 Pb (uncorr.) ±2sd 207 Pb/ 206 Pb (uncorr.) ±2sd 238 U/ 206 Pb* ±2sd XM1/331 331A_1.1 114 189 1.71 1.39 0.6 90.1 1.4 70.6 2.1 0.0523 0.0048 0.0141 0.0002 331A_2.1 29 30 1.04 0.36 3.2 89.1 2.8 69.5 4.2 0.0733 0.0108 0.0139 0.0004 331A_2.2 91 96 1.09 1.10 1.6 89.2 1.6 70.7 2.5 0.0602 0.0054 0.0139 0.0003 331A_3.1 35 38 1.12 0.45 2.8 92.6 2.2 67.2 3.0 0.0704 0.0118 0.0145 0.0003 331A_3.2 99 191 2.01 1.20 0.9 90.2 1.5 70.3 2.4 0.0552 0.0055 0.0141 0.0002 331Z-1.1 121 119 1.02 1.43 1.6 86.6 1.4 72.7 2.4 0.0607 0.0051 0.0135 0.0002 331Z-2.1 141 136 1.00 1.76 1.7 91.8 1.5 68.5 2.1 0.0614 0.0048 0.0143 0.0002 331Z-3.1 174 184 1.10 2.09 1.0 88.9 1.4 71.2 2.2 0.0560 0.0068 0.0139 0.0002 331Z-3.2 132 136 1.07 1.59 1.3 89.0 1.4 71.0 2.2 0.0578 0.0047 0.0139 0.0002 331Z-3.3 146 121 0.86 1.79 0.7 90.7 1.4 70.1 2.2 0.0531 0.0044 0.0142 0.0002 331Z-4.1 137 143 1.08 1.74 1.5 93.4 1.5 67.5 2.1 0.0596 0.0044 0.0146 0.0002 331Z-5.1 155 141 0.94 2.72 0.5 129.8 2.0 48.9 1.5 0.0526 0.0033 0.0203 0.0003 331Z-5.2 130 105 0.84 1.97 0.0 113.1 1.8 56.5 1.7 0.0484 0.0041 0.0177 0.0003 331Z-6.1 140 118 0.87 1.70 0.5 89.8 1.4 70.9 2.1 0.0514 0.0060 0.0140 0.0002 331Z-6.2 89 76 0.89 1.08 1.9 88.6 1.5 70.9 2.4 0.0628 0.0059 0.0138 0.0002 331Z-7.1 14 17 1.23 0.21 7.5 102.3 4.4 57.8 3.4 0.1077 0.0462 0.0160 0.0007 331Z-7.2 157 155 1.02 2.41 1.1 112.7 1.8 56.1 1.7 0.0568 0.0037 0.0176 0.0003 331Z-8.1 29 25 0.89 0.38 5.9 91.6 2.2 65.8 2.9 0.0945 0.0130 0.0143 0.0003 331Z-9.1 110 107 1.00 1.35 1.1 89.9 1.5 70.5 2.3 0.0564 0.0050 0.0140 0.0002 331Z-9.2 80 93 1.20 1.00 1.4 91.1 1.6 69.3 2.4 0.0586 0.0057 0.0142 0.0003 331Z-10.1 95 134 1.46 1.14 0.2 88.9 1.5 71.8 2.4 0.0496 0.0054 0.0139 0.0002 331Z-10.2 119 133 1.15 1.46 0.2 91.0 1.5 70.2 2.3 0.0498 0.0047 0.0142 0.0002 331M_1 29 47 1.67 0.38 1.2 98.1 2.1 64.5 2.7 0.0572 0.0078 0.0153 0.0003 Pb c and Pb* indicate the common and radiogenic portions, respectively. a Common Pb corrected by assuming 206 Pb/ 238 U- 207 Pb/ 235 U age-concordance

Supplementary Table 7. Oxygen isotope composition of zircons in MARID sample XM1/331 and of Temora_2 zircon standard measured in situ by SHRIMP Label δ 18 O ( SMOW ) 2se a 2sd b Temora-2 zircon standard TEM-1.1 8.33 0.19 TEM-10.1 8.08 0.11 TEM-11.1 8.50 0.20 TEM-12.1 7.88 0.16 TEM-13.1 7.88 0.24 TEM-14.1 8.02 0.12 TEM-15.1 8.59 0.12 TEM-16.1 8.48 0.12 TEM-17.1 8.01 0.15 TEM-18.1 8.28 0.25 TEM-19.1 8.42 0.21 TEM-2.1 8.03 0.17 TEM-20.1 7.85 0.14 TEM-3.1 8.10 0.12 TEM-5.1 8.24 0.14 TEM-6.1 8.36 0.26 TEM-6.2 8.32 0.12 TEM-7.1 8.45 0.09 TEM-8.1 8.17 0.22 TEM-9.1 7.82 0.18 weighted mean 8.22±0.11 c XM1/331 zircons 331A-1.1 5.53 0.11 0.22 331A-2.1 5.32 0.20 0.31 331A-3.1 5.87 0.15 0.26 331A-3.2 6.21 0.21 0.32 331Z-5.1 5.86 0.19 0.30 331Z-5.2 6.38 0.11 0.22 331Z-6.1 5.74 0.15 0.26 331Z-6.2 5.47 0.09 0.20 331Z-7.1 6.32 0.22 0.33 331Z-8.1 6.56 0.10 0.21 331Z-X-1 6.32 0.24 0.35 331z-10.1 5.72 0.16 0.27 331z-3.1 6.03 0.09 0.20 331z-3.2 5.91 0.09 0.20 331z-3.3 5.54 0.10 0.21 331z-3.4 6.16 0.15 0.26 331z-3.5 5.99 0.12 0.23 331z-9.1 5.98 0.19 0.30 331z-9.2 6.49 0.19 0.30 weighted mean 5.94±0.17 MSWD 8.6 a internal reproducibility; b external reproducibility; c nominal value of Temora-2 = 8.2 7 Uncertainties of weighted mean is two times standard deviation

Supplementary Table 8. Lu-Hf isotopic composition of zircons in MARID sample XM1/331 and of Temora_2 and 91500 zircon standards analysed in situ by multi-collector ICP-MS Label Hf signal (V) 176 Lu/ 177 Hf ±2se 176 Hf/ 177 Hf ±2se εhf present ±2sd 176 Hf/ 177 Hf (90Ma) εhf (90Ma) 176 Hf/ 177 Hf (120Ma) εhf (120Ma) 176 Hf/ 177 Hf (180Ma) εhf (180Ma) XM1/331 zircons 331Z-3.1 3.5 0.00010 0.00000 0.28240 0.00007-13.6 2.5 0.282399-11.7 0.282399-11.0 0.282399-9.7 331Z-3.2 3.9 0.00008 0.00000 0.28232 0.00008-16.3 2.7 0.282323-14.3 0.282323-13.7 0.282323-12.4 331Z-3.3 3.7 0.00013 0.00000 0.28233 0.00009-15.9 3.0 0.282334-14.0 0.282334-13.3 0.282334-12.0 331Z-3.4 3.4 0.00011 0.00000 0.28239 0.00008-14.1 2.9 0.282387-12.1 0.282387-11.4 0.282387-10.1 331Z-4.1 3.8 0.00010 0.00000 0.28232 0.00007-16.5 2.6 0.282318-14.5 0.282318-13.9 0.282318-12.5 331Z-5.1 3.9 0.00010 0.00000 0.28226 0.00007-18.4 2.6 0.282264-16.4 0.282264-15.8 0.282264-14.4 331Z-5.2 4.1 0.00004 0.00000 0.28230 0.00007-17.3 2.5 0.282297-15.3 0.282297-14.6 0.282297-13.3 331Z-5b.1 3.9 0.00009 0.00000 0.28236 0.00007-15.0 2.4 0.282361-13.0 0.282361-12.3 0.282361-11.0 331Z-5b.2 3.8 0.00003 0.00000 0.28231 0.00008-16.8 2.7 0.282311-14.8 0.282311-14.1 0.282311-12.8 331Z-6.1 3.8 0.00010 0.00000 0.28235 0.00007-15.5 2.4 0.282348-13.5 0.282348-12.8 0.282348-11.5 331Z-6.2 3.9 0.00008 0.00000 0.28234 0.00007-15.8 2.6 0.282338-13.8 0.282338-13.2 0.282338-11.8 331Z-7.1 3.6 0.00010 0.00000 0.28234 0.00007-15.6 2.7 0.282343-13.6 0.282343-13.0 0.282343-11.7 331Z-7.2 3.5 0.00008 0.00000 0.28234 0.00008-15.7 2.7 0.282341-13.7 0.282341-13.0 0.282341-11.7 331Z-10.1 3.9 0.00009 0.00000 0.28234 0.00008-15.7 2.6 0.282342-13.7 0.282342-13.0 0.282342-11.7 331Z-10.2 4.0 0.00006 0.00000 0.28227 0.00008-18.1 2.7 0.282274-16.1 0.282274-15.4 0.282274-14.1 331Z-X.1 4.0 0.00003 0.00000 0.28227 0.00008-18.2 2.7 0.282271-16.2 0.282271-15.5 0.282271-14.2 331Z-8.1 4.0 0.00003 0.00000 0.28231 0.00007-16.9 2.4 0.282308-14.9 0.282308-14.2 0.282308-12.9 331Z-8.2 3.8 0.00008 0.00000 0.28234 0.00008-15.7 2.7 0.282341-13.7 0.282341-13.0 0.282341-11.7 331Z-9.1 3.6 0.00012 0.00000 0.28241 0.00008-13.4 2.7 0.282405-11.5 0.282405-10.8 0.282405-9.5 331Z-9.2 3.7 0.00008 0.00000 0.28238 0.00007-14.4 2.4 0.282378-12.4 0.282378-11.7 0.282378-10.4 331Z-9b.1 3.8 0.00008 0.00000 0.28238 0.00007-14.3 2.5 0.282381-12.3 0.282381-11.6 0.282381-10.3 331Z-BIG.1 3.6 0.00008 0.00000 0.28236 0.00008-15.0 2.8 0.282361-13.0 0.282361-12.3 0.282361-11.0 331Z-BIG.2 3.7 0.00006 0.00000 0.28236 0.00007-14.9 2.6 0.282364-12.9 0.282364-12.2 0.282364-10.9 331Z-BIG.3 3.3 0.00012 0.00000 0.28235 0.00007-15.5 2.5 0.282348-13.5 0.282348-12.8 0.282348-11.5 331Z-BIG.4 3.2 0.00012 0.00000 0.28235 0.00008-15.3 2.8 0.282353-13.3 0.282353-12.6 0.282353-11.3 331Z-BIG.5 3.5 0.00005 0.00000 0.28237 0.00008-14.5 2.7 0.282374-12.5 0.282374-11.9 0.282374-10.5 331Z-BIG.6 3.6 0.00007 0.00000 0.28236 0.00008-15.0 2.8 0.282360-13.0 0.282360-12.4 0.282360-11.0 331Z-2.1 3.3 0.00009 0.00000 0.28232 0.00008-16.4 2.7 0.282320-14.5 0.282320-13.8 0.282320-12.5 331Z-1.1 3.3 0.00011 0.00000 0.28234 0.00009-15.7 3.2 0.282340-13.7 0.282340-13.1 0.282340-11.8 331A_3.2 3.3 0.00005 0.00000 0.28236 0.00009-14.9 3.2 0.282364-12.9 0.282364-12.2 0.282364-10.9 331A_3.1 3.3 0.00006 0.00000 0.28233 0.00009-16.2 3.0 0.282327-14.2 0.282327-13.5 0.282327-12.2 331A_3.3 3.4 0.00006 0.00000 0.28233 0.00009-16.2 3.1 0.282327-14.2 0.282327-13.5 0.282327-12.2 331A_2.1 3.0 0.00011 0.00000 0.28228 0.00010-17.9 3.6 0.282280-15.9 0.282280-15.2 0.282280-13.9

Supplementary Table 8. continued Label Hf signal (V) 176 Lu/ 177 Hf ±2se 176 Hf/ 177 Hf ±2se εhf present ±2sd 176 Hf/ 177 Hf (90Ma) εhf (90Ma) 176 Hf/ 177 Hf (120Ma) εhf (120Ma) 176 Hf/ 177 Hf (180Ma) εhf (180Ma) *331A_2.2. 3.7 0.00003 0.00000 0.28218 0.00007-21.3 2.4 0.282182-19.3 0.282182-18.7 0.282182-17.3 331A_1.1 3.3 0.00009 0.00000 0.28228 0.00009-17.8 3.0 0.282283-15.8 0.282283-15.1 0.282283-13.8 331M_1 3.3 0.00004 0.00000 0.28230 0.00008-17.3 3.0 0.282297-15.3 0.282297-14.6 0.282297-13.3 mean 3.6 0.00008 0.28233-15.9 1.3 0.282332-13.9 0.282332-13.2 0.282332-11.9 min 3.0 0.00003 0.28218-18.4 0.282182-16.4 0.282182-15.8 0.282182-14.4 max 4.1 0.00013 0.28241-13.4 0.282405-11.5 0.282405-10.8 0.282405-9.5 weighted mean 0.282337± -15.9±0.5-13.8±0.5-13.2±0.5-11.9±0.5 (±2se) ±0.000013 standard deviation 0.000036 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 mswd 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 Temora-2 zircon standard Temora 3.3 0.00098 0.00000 0.28264 0.00010 Temora_1 3.3 0.00080 0.00000 0.28262 0.00010 Temora_2 3.0 0.00145 0.00001 0.28268 0.00009 Temora_3 3.3 0.00081 0.00000 0.28265 0.00009 Temora_4 2.6 0.00101 0.00000 0.28271 0.00013 91500 zircon standard 91500 2.0 0.00035 0.00000 0.28232 0.00013 91500_1 1.8 0.00036 0.00000 0.28233 0.00013 91500_2 2.0 0.00038 0.00000 0.28229 0.00013 normalised to nominal values of Plesovice zircon 8 standard analysed during the same session; * rejected analysis (based on statistically meaningful difference as defined by Isoplot); # rejected analyses not included εhf values calculated using 176 Lu decay constant of 1.865 10 11 a 1 (ref. 9); ( 176 Hf/ 177 Hf) CHUR = 0.282785 and ( 176 Lu/ 177 Hf) CHUR = 0.0336 (ref 10) Within-run uncertainties (2se) of 176 Hf/ 177 Hf ratios for the unknowns are high (~±0.00008) due to the low Hf signals (3.0 to 4.1 V) obtained. 176 Hf/ 177 Hf ratios for the 91500 and Temora-2 standard zircons acquired with similar signals are within error of the respective reference values and indicate a reproducibility of ±0.00004 and ±0.00007, respectively.