UV spectro-polarimetry with CLASP & CLASP2 sounding rocket experiments

UV spectro-polarimetry with CLASP & CLASP2 sounding rocket experiments R. Ishikawa (1), R. Kano (1), A. Winebarger (2), D. E. McKenzie (2), F. Auchere (3), J. Trujillo Bueno (4), N. Narukage (1), K. Kobayashi (2), L. Rachmeler (2), T. J. Okamoto (1), T. Bando (1), M. Kubo (1), Y. Katsukawa (1), S. Ishikawa (5), G. Giono (1), H. Hara (1), Y. Suematsu (1), M. Yoshida (1), T. Tsuzuki (1), D. Song (1), K. Shinoda (1), T. Shimizu (5), T. Sakao (5), S. Tsuneta (5), K. Ichimoto (6), M. Goto (7), J. Cirtain (2), P. Champey, B. De Pontieu (8), R. Casini (9), C. Bethge (2), R. Manso Sainz (4), A. Asensio Ramos (4), J. Stepan (11), L. Belluzzi (10), M. Carlsson (12),T. del Pino Aleman (9) and E. Alsina Bellester (4) (1) National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, (2) NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, (3) Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, (4) Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, (5) Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, (6) Kyoto University, Japan, (7) National Institute for Fusion Science, (8) Lockheed Martin Solar & Astrophysics Lab, (9) High Altitude Observatory, (10) Instituto Ricerche Solari Locarno, (11) Astronomical Institute of ASCR, (12) University of Oslo 1

Chromospheric Lyman-Alpha Spectro-Polarimeter (Sep. 3 2015) Science Objectives in 4 Steps 1. Realization of high-precision (<0.1%) spectro-polarimetery in Vacuum Ultra Violet (VUV) 2. Detection of scattering polarization in the Lyα line (1216 A ) 3. Detection of the Hanle effect in Lyα 4. Exploration of magnetic fields in the upper chromosphere and the transition region 2

NO polarization Atom Disk center obs. Linear pol. (Stokes-Q) Perpendicular to the limb Scattering Polarization Parallel to the limb Center-tolimb variation CLV) Off-limb obs. Linear polarization parallel to limb 1D plane-parallel atmosphere 3

Hanle effect Magnetic field modifies the scattering polarization Linear pol. (Stokes-Q) Perpendicular to the limb Atom B Parallel to the limb Off-limb obs. 1D plane-parallel atmosphere Linear polarization non-parallel to limb 4

Lyα: Theoretical Prediction (1D model) Belluzzi Trujillo Bueno, Stepan (2012) Lya core (<1%) Scattering polarization + Hanle effect Sensitive to B>5G (B H =53G) and temperature structure Trujillo Bueno et al. (2011,2012) Lya wing (>>1%) Scattering polarization ONLY (NO Hanle effect) Sensitive to temperature structure 5

CLASP instrument Cassegrain telescope Slitjaw Optics (SJ) Narukage et al. (2014, Applied Optics) Spectro-Polarimeter (SP) -1 st order CCD camera CH1 Aperture heat absorber slit rotating waveplate Camera (off-axis parabola) mirror Two symmetric channels: CH1 & CH2 Simultaneously measure orthogonal polarization states Realize high throughput in VUV +1 st order Constant-linespacing spherical grating Polarization analyzer Minimize the number of optical components Apply high-reflectivity coating to all optical components (Narukage et al. 2017) CH2 6

First detection of scattering pol. Lya wing: clear CLV at a few % Kano et al. (2017) Stokes-Q Scattering polarization ONLY (NO Hanle) Stokes-U Intensity Stokes-Q limb limb Stokes-U 4 [%] 1000 Y (solar radius) [arcsec] 900 800 700 slit length: 400 Y (solar radius) [arcsec] 900 800 2 0 600 700-2 -200-100 0 100 200 X [arcsec] Sit & stare observation near the limb for 280 sec 600-1.0-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0-1.0-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0-1.0-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 Wavelength A -4 8

First detection of scattering pol. Lya core: NO clear CLV at <0.5% Kano et al. (2017) Contradiction to the expectation from a stateof-the-art 3D solar atmospheric model (see Stepan, Trujillo Bueno, Leenaarts & Carlsson 2015) EXPLANATION: Stronger magnetic fields and More geometrical complexity of the TR plasma Stepan et al. (2017; in preparation), Trujillo Bueno et al. (2017; in preparation) Scattering polarization & Hanle effect Y (solar radius) [arcsec] 900 800 700 600 Intensity -1.0-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 Stokes-Q limb limb -1.0-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0-1.0-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 Wavelength A Stokes-U 0.6 0.4 0.2-0.0-0.2-0.4-0.6 [%] 9

Radiation field: Global vs. Local Global effect (atmospheric stratification) CLV in Stokes-Q Local effect (horizontal inhomogeneity) Modification of Stokes-Q & Generation of Stokes-U 10

Strategy to disentangle Hanle effect Focus on Stokes U, which is only affected by the local anisotropic radiation field Y (solar radius) [arcsec] 820 815 810 805 Compare three spectral ranges with different sensitivities to the Hanle effect 100.0 10.0 1.0 + 1215.0 1215.5 1216.0 1216.5 Si III (B H =290G) Intensity Stokes-U + Lya wing (B H =, NO Hale effect) Lya core (B H =53G) R. Ishikawa et al. (2017) + and distribution in U is caused by the local scattering of a bright structure 0.1 1205 1210 1215 1220 1225 11

900 800 700 A B C D U/I in magnetized & nonmagnetized regions Compare spatial variation in U/I signals between Lya wing (NO Hanle), Lya core (B H =53G), Si III (B H =290G) Region A + Lya core Lya wing + + -1.0-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 Wavelength [Å] 0.6 0.4 0.2-0.0-0.2-0.4-0.6 [%] Si III + -0.4-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 Wavelength [Å] R. Ishikawa et al. (2017) 1.0 0.5 0.0-0.5-1.0 [%] -20-10 0 10 20 X [arcsec] Region D 600-1.0-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 Wavelength [A ] -1.0 + + -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 Wavelength [Å] 0.6 0.4 0.2-0.0-0.2-0.4-0.6 [%] -0.4-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 Wavelength [Å] 1.0 0.5 0.0-0.5-1.0 [%] -20-10 0 10 20 X [arcsec] 12

U/I vs. photospheric flux In Lyα core and Si III, U/I deviates from the positive and negative spatial distribution as photospheric magnetic flux increases Indication of the Hanle effect! Deviation from Expected Scattering Polarization 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 A Lya wing Si III Lya core C R. Ishikawa et al. (2017) 0.0 Zero 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 18 Magnetic Flux at Solar Surface (x10 ) [Mx] B D Large Lya core B H =53G Si III B H =290G Lya wing B H = 13

Science Papers High-precision UV spectropolarimetric observations Kano et al. (2017, ApJL): Discovery of scattering polarization in the Lyα line. Ishikawa R. et al. (2017, ApJ): Scattering polarization in the Si III 120.6nm line and indication of the Hanle effect Katsukawa et al. : Scattering polarizations in the O-V line Narukage et al. : Temporal variations of the polarization in the Lyα line. Štěpán et al. Trujillo Bueno et al. High-cadence Lyα imaging by Slitjaw optics. Kubo et al. (2016, ApJ): Fast-Propagating Intensity Disturbances Ishikawa S. et al. (submitted): Activities at Coronal-Loop Footpoints Lyα spectral observation Winebarger et al. : Properties of Lyα intensity profiles Schmit et al. : Comparison with Mg II h & k lines and simulation Kubo et al. : Short-time scale oscillations Yoshida et al. : Spicules 2D polarimetric observations by Slitjaw optics. Kano et al. : Lyα wing scattering polarization on various regions Polarization calibrations : 3D RT modeling and explanation of absence of CLV in Lya center in terms of magnetization and geometrical complexity of TR Giono et al. (2016, SP) : Pre-flight polarization calibration Giono et al. (2017, SP) : In-flight polarization calibration 14

Chromospheric Lyman-Alpha Spectro-Polarimeter (Sep. 3 2015) Summary of CLASP 1. Realization of high-precision (<0.1%) spectro-polarimetery in Vacuum Ultra Violet (VUV) 2. Detection of scattering polarization in the Lyα line (1216 A ) 3. Detection of the Hanle effect in Lyα 4. Exploration of magnetic fields in the upper chromosphere and the transition region Achieved by CLASP CLASP2! 15

Re-flight of CLASP (CLASP2) Mission is already accepted by NASA CLASP instrument was successfully recovered! Re-flight is schedule in 2019 spring CLASP (Lyα) CLASP2 (MgII h&k) Full spectro-polarimetry in Mg II h & k at 2800 A To detect Zeeman effect (circular pol.) as well as Hanle effect (linear pol.) Minimum modifications of optics and structures Q/I (Scattering pol. & Hanle) V/I (Zeeman) B LOS =50G Belluzzi & Trujillo Bueno (2012), Alsina Ballester et al. (2016), del Pino Aleman et al. (2016) 16

CLASP2 observations CLASP CLASP2 Observables Stokes-I, Q, U Stokes-I, Q, U, V Spectral Lines Lya (1216 A ) & Si III (1206 A ) Mg II h & k at 2800 A Resolutions 0.1 A (wavelength), 2-3 (spatial) 0.1 A (wavelength), 1-2 (spatial) Slit Length 400 200 Target Quiet Sun (disk center & close to limb) Quiet Sun (disk center & close to limb) & Plage Observing targets & purpose QS @ disk center (15 sec): polarization calibration QS near the limb (50 sec): CLV to be compared with CLASP (Lyα) Plage (155 sec): Zeeman effect as well as Hanle effect to infer the vector magnetic field Toward multi-wavelength (Lya, Si III, & Mg II) UV spectro-polarimetry to explore the upper chromosphere and transition region in future! 17