Data Origin How to obtain geodata? Ron van Lammeren CGI-GIRS 0910
Spatial Data interest Improvement of policy making. ± 90% of all information used by government has spatial characteristics SPATIAL INFORMATION Spatial data/information is one of the most critical elements underpinning decision making for many disciplines INTEROPERABILITY Very high costs for spatial data collection and maintenance (70-80% cost of many GIS projects). Same data sets collected by different agencies again and again. AWARENESS REUSABILITY Weak Access and Awareness AVAILABILITY ACCESSIBILITY Improve Infrastructure 2/45
Geo data initiative Executive Order 12906, "Coordinating Geographic Data Acquisition and Access: The National Spatial Data Infrastructure," was signed on April 11, 1994, by President William Clinton. Section 3, Development of a National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse, paragraph (b) states: "Standardized Documentation of Data. Beginning 9 months from the date of this order, each agency shall document all new geospatial data it collects or produces, either directly or indirectly, using the standard under development by the FGDC, and make that standardized documentation electronically accessible to the Clearinghouse network. Within 1 year of the date of this order, agencies shall adopt a schedule, developed in consultation with the FGDC, for documenting, to the extent practicable, geospatial data previously collected or produced, either directly or indirectly, and making that data documentation electronically accessible to the Clearinghouse network." This standard is the data documentation standard referenced in the executive order. http://geology.usgs.gov/tools/metadata/standard/overview.html 3/45
Geo-Information Cycle Geo-Data cycle I II I III III IIII 4/45
Content Acquiring existing geo data Spatial Data Infrastructure SDI- Data Framework SDI- Technology SDI- People / Policy SDI- Standards Metadata Clearinghouses Portals Geo-Data cycle Acquiring non-existing geo data 5/45
Geo data availability - 1998 6/45
Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) A spatial data infrastructure is an related set of standards, agreements, policies, datasets and technologies to support the use of geo-information.. SDI is an initiative necessary for the effective collection, management, access, delivery and utilization of spatial data SDI is about facilitation and coordination of the exchange and sharing of spatial data 7/45
Nature of SDI Data Technology Access Network Policy (Inst.Framework ) Standards People Data: authorized datasets People: communication, partnerships Institutional Framework: policy, legislation Technology: access, distribution, storage, web services Standards: data models, metadata, transfer 8/45
People users providers administrators value added resellers, corporate or individual public or private partnerships Access Networks People Policy Data Standards 9/45
Resellers and Data brokers 10/45
INSPIRE (14/3/2007) 11/45 http://geoportal.jrc.it/geoportal/
Policy (Institutional Framework) Access Networks People Policy Data Standards administration policy legislation coordination organisational partnerships and collaboration Role of Administrative Bodies Nature-January 2009 12/45
Legal instruments Water framework directive (implementation 2007) http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html Dutch Law on Spatial Planning (july 2008) http://www.vrom.nl/pagina.html?id=36024 13/45
Framework Data (US) see 6.1 Ortho-imagery Elevation Transportation Cadastral information Hydrography Governmental units Geodetic control 14/45
INSPIRE FRAMEWORK 34 data themes: Annex I protected sites, hydrography, transport networks, cadastral parcels, addresses, administrative units, geographical names, grid systems, references Annex II elevation, land cover, ortho-imagery, geology Annex III resources, facilities, features, units, zones, buildings http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/2/list/7 15/45
KNAW/NCG Geodetic control http://www.ncg.knaw.nl/subcommissies/infrastructuur/coordinatenstelslels.html KADASTER/TDN Orthoimagery/Topography http://www.kadaster.nl/?inhoud=/zakelijk/producten/ WUR/LGN Orthoimagery/ Landuse http://www.lgn.nl/ RWS/ - Elevation AHN http://www.ahn.nl/ RWS/AVV - Transportation http://www.rijkswaterstaat.nl/dvs/ Hydrography http://www.donarweb.nl/pub/home/index.html KADASTER - Cadastral http://www.tdn.nl/ CBS/CENSUS Governmental units http://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/default.htm Dutch framework click green box 16/45
Technology (Access network) Web enabled, distribution Access Networks People Policy Data Standards Access Interoperability Data & Meta data 17/45
WWW traffic 18/45
Standards data models metadata spatial data transfer open GIS, interoperability consistent policy pricing, access, value added resellers (VAR) restrictions Access Networks People Policy Data Standards 19/45
Uniform - International standards National European standards International standards (FGDC / GeoNovum) (CEN) (ISO) FGDC : Federal Geographic Data Committee http://www.fgdc.gov/ GeoNovum: Raad voor Advies Vastgoed Informatie http://www.geonovum.nl/ CEN : Centre Europeen de Normalisation http://www.cen.eu/cenorm/homepage.htm ISO : International Standardisation Organisation http://www.iso.org/iso/home.htm 20/45
CEN meta data standards ( Europe ) Identification Extent Overview Quality Spatial reference CEN meta-data Data definition Classification Administr. meta-data Meta-data reference 21/45
ISO standards ISO Standards and Technical Reports ISO 6709:1983 ISO 19101:2002 ISO 19105:2000 ISO 19107:2003 ISO 19108:2002 ISO 19111:2003 Standard representation of latitude, longitude and altitude for geographic point locations Geographic information Reference model Geographic information Conformance and testing Geographic information Spatial schema Geographic information Temporal schema Geographic information Spatial referencing by coordinates ISO 19113:2002 Geographic information Quality principles ISO 19115:2003 Geographic information Metadata ISO/TR 19120:2001 ISO/TR 19121:2000 Geographic information Functional standards Geographic information Imagery and gridded data 22/45
ISO 19115 (International) 1 General information 2 History 3 Data identification 4 Spatial information 5 Distribution 6 Meta-information reference 23/45
Why to describe spatial datasets by metadata? search (content summary ) use (content details, quality) exchange (format) manage (storage and change) 24/45
Metadata Geodata metadata Publication metadata Data about Geo Data Metadata information system Different approaches: National and International collection of metadata and data (clearinghouse) See ArcCatalog Data about publications Library information system Different approaches: See http://library.wur.nl/desktop/ 25/45
Metadata conclusion Describing spatial data-sets with meta-data is essential to keep the data accessible in the future. For (inter)national exchange the use of a standard is a must. The differences between perception (interest) and the organisational requirements makes definition of meta-data difficult. 26/45
Spatial Data Clearinghouse Electronic facility for making spatial data accessible to the general public and promoting data sharing (for multiple application domains/disciplines/purposes) Facility for searching, viewing, transferring, ordering, advertising and/or disseminating spatial data from numerous sources (agencies) via the Internet Yellow pages for spatial data on the Internet 27/45
PORTAL --- http://www.inspire-geoportal.eu/index.cfm 28/45
Clearinghouses Continental Governmental N S America Australia Asia Africa http://geodiscover.cgdi.ca/ http://www.anzlic.org.au/ http://geoportal.jrc.it/geoportal/ http://www.agirn.org/agirn/eis_africa.php National US UK Swiss Japan NL http://gos2.geodata.gov/wps/portal/gos http://www.gigateway.org.uk/ http://www.geocat.ch/ http://www.nsdipa.gr.jp/english/index.html http://www.geonovum.nl http://www.nationaalgeoregister.nl/geonetwork/srv/nl/main.home click green box 29/45
Clearinghouses worldwide 30/45
Clearinghouse quality 31/45
Geo Data Portals Semi-Governmental Non Governmental Business FAO UNEP NASA ESA SCAR AFRIGIS SLASHGEO ESRI http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/main.home` http://www.unep.org/ http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/gos.html http://www.esa.int/esacp/index.html http://www.antsdi.scar.org/eggi http://www.afrigis.co.za/ http://slashgeo.org/ http://www.geographynetwork.com/ TELE ATLAS click green box http://www.teleatlas.com/index.htm 32/45
WU GeoDesk http://www.grs.wur.nl/uk/geodesk/ 33/45
Volunteer Data Open Street Map http://www.openstreetmap.org/ GloboAmazonia - http://www.globoamazonia.com/ Wikimappia http://wikimapia.org/#lat=52&lon=6.0167&z=10&l=0&m=b Free Global Geodata http://free-gis-data.blogspot.com/2009/04/global-map-and-data-from-international.html Networks routes many GPS sites 34/45
Creating new data Geo data cycle Surveying Enquiries and Questionnaires Photogrammetry Remote sensing Digitizing maps 35/45
Terrestrial Acquiring information about a phenomenon by measuring it physically 36/45
Land surveying tools RTK/GPS Total station GPS 37/45
Remote sensing Acquiring information about an object without contacting it physically. Methods include aerial photography, radar, and satellite imaging. 38/45
Multi spectral bands Landsat TM (30m) G(4)+R(5)+SWIR(7) 39/45
Photogrammetry Stereo-photographs, normally made from aeroplanes are also a good data source. Not only for geometric data but also for attribute data. Photogrammetry is the technique to retrieve the data from the images. Most topographic map series are produced by this technique 40/45
Photogrammetry http://phototour.cs.washington.edu/ Stereo pairs: determination of object coordinates, position + elevation - Central versus Orthogonal projection - Optical versus symbolic image Optical image /central projection Symbolic image / orthogonal projection 41/45
Scanning 42/45
Digitizing Digitizing coordinates 43/45
Data acquisition strategy PROJECT DEFINITION GEO-DATA REQUIREMENTS 1 SDI (clearinghouse portal) search 2 Digital Unclassified Satellite images REMOTE SENSING 3 HARD COPY Maps/ Images/Sketches DIGITISING / SCANNING PHOTOGRAMMETRY 4 1st ORDER DATA ACQUISITION REMOTE SENSING - sensor TERRESTRIAL - fieldwork 44/45
How to obtain / acquire geo data Existing Geo Data Spatial data infrastructure (SDI) Metadata standards Clearinghouses geo data portal Geo-Data Cycle Creating Geo Data Terrestrial Remote sensing Photogrammetry Digitizing 45/45
Study materials: Theory Chang, 2006 [2008, 2010] Chapter 6: Data Input (except: 6.3) 6.1 offers only US examples Practical: Exercise Module 1 Working with ArcCatalog Exercise SDI-concepts Wageningen UR