Darwin s Theory of Evolution How do biologists use evolutionary theory to develop better flu vaccines? Theory: Evolutionary Theory: Why do we need to understand the Theory of Evolution? Charles Darwin: Darwin s explanatory theory for evolutionary change: 1) 2) 3) Who else contributed to the Theory of Evolution? Evidence of Evolution: What happened with Staph? Put the following events in chronological order. 1 would be the earliest, 9 would be the most recent. In 1961, Patricia Jevons, an English bacteriologist, discovers a methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in English hospitals. 50% of hospital Staphylococcus aureus infections in the US are identified as MRSA. Penicillin is used in England and the US to fight Staphylococcus aureus infections. Hospitals report that 25% of Staphylococcus aureus infections are penicillin resistant. In the late 1880s, Alexander Ogston, a Scottish surgeon, identifies the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. British scientist Alexander Fleming discovers and isolates penicillin, the first-known antibiotic substance. 2% of hospital Staphylococcus aureus infections in the US are identified as methicillin resistant (MRSA). The antibiotic methicillin, among others, is introduced to fight penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Today, over 95% of Staphylococcus aureus is penicillin resistant and 60% is methicillin resistant worldwide.
Evidence of evolution 1) 2) 3) 4) Fossil Record: Anatomical and Molecular Record: Homologous Structures Analogous Structures Convergent Evolution Parallel Evolution Comparative embryology Embryology Molecular record: Vestigial Organs Biogeography: Artificial Selection: Speciation and Origin of Life
What do you think speciation means? Allopatric: Sympatric: What are the type s isolation? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Geographic Isolation: Ecological Isolation: Temporal Isolation: Behavioral Isolation: Mechanical Isolation: Gametic Isolation: Describe the viability, fertility and breakdown of hybrids. What process is occurring when female warblers from population JL do not recognize the songs of males in population XN, and therefore do not mate with those males? a. Speciation b. Reproductive isolation c. Evolution d. All of the above e. None of the above
Gradualism: Draw a graph showing an example Punctuated equilibrium Draw a graph showing an example: Origin of Life: How do you define life? Describe a reducing atmosphere Describe how scientists demonstrated the origin of life? Describe how prokaryotes have evolved: Describe how Eukaryotes evolved: Endosymbiotic theory Evidence: 1) 2) 3) Forces of Evolution Stabilizing selection Picture: Example
Directional selection Picture: Disruptive selection Picture: What is a population? do not evolve; do. What is the origin of gene mutation? What kind of mutations are there? Allele: Gene Pool: Allele frequency: Genotype frequency:
STOP: Look at the graph of number of mutations vs. number of generations. The experiment demonstrates how mutations accumulate in populations. Lines of E. coli were growing in Laboratory for 20, 000 generations, and genomes were sequenced every 5,000 generation. Discuss with your partner what can you tell about the rate of mutations? What do you think is happening to the phenotypes of this population? Explain Natural selection: Adaptation: What is the difference between Adaptation and Natural selection? Gene Flow: Genetic Drift: Population bottleneck: Founder effect: Sexual Selection: Hypothesis: Method: Results: Conclusion: Nonrandom mating:
Phylogenetics and Blast Blast: Why is blast a useful tool? Give an example of a gene that exists in animals that you would want to compare with another organism: Phylogenetic Tree: What can we use to build a phylogenetic tree? What could each branch be indicative of? Come up with a hypothesis: (What would you want to make a phylogenetic tree of? What information would you need?) Discuss with your partner about your hypothesis, what was your partner s hypothesis? (What do they want to make a phylogenetic tree of? What information would they need?)
Hardy Weinberg Evolution can be measured by changes in Define the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium: Break Down the Equation:
Example 1 Example 2