Science 9 Unit A: Section 1.0 1 Textbook pages 8 15 2 1
Biological diversity, or simply, biodiversity, refers to all the different types of organisms on Earth. Recall: An organism is any living thing. Bio means life Diversity means changes or refers to something being different or unlike. #1 3 Regardless of how unique they may appear, all life forms share certain characteristics, including: i. Are made of cells ii. Need energy iii. Grow and develop iv. Reproduce* v. Have adaptations that suit them for the environment in which they live #2 4 2
A species is a group of organisms that have the same structure and can reproduce with one another. Example: human beings 5 Example: a mule A mule is the infertile offspring of a male donkey and a female horse. 6 3
Example: a hinny A hinny is the infertile offspring of a male horse and a female donkey. 7 Diversity Between Ecosystems Diversity Within Ecosystems Diversity Within Species Biological Diversity 8 4
In an ecosystem, living (biotic) things interact with other living and non-living (abiotic) things in a shared environment. Non-living = abiotic Examples include air, water, sunlight Living = biotic Have the characteristics of living things Examples include: man, dog, birds, trees #3 9 BOREAL FOREST Pines Mosses Lichens Wolves PRAIRIE SLOUGH Dragonflies Mosquitoes Ducks Muskrats Grizzlies Lynx Birds #3 10 5
Diversity Between Ecosystems Diversity Within Ecosystems Diversity Within Species Biological Diversity 11 A population is a group of individuals of the same species, living in the same area and sharing the same resources. Example: Consider all the magpies living in a certain park. #4 12 6
A community refers to a group of populations of different species living in the same area. Example: Magpies, grasses, aspen trees, and gophers that live in the park. Note: A community includes only the BIOTIC components of an ecosystem. #4 13 In a natural habitat: Consider a population of zebras living in the Serengeti Plain of Africa. What might the community include? #4 14 7
In a forced habitat: Consider a population of monkeys living in a zoo. What might the community include? 15 Diversity Between Ecosystems Diversity Within Ecosystems Diversity Within Species Biological Diversity 16 8
There are differences or variations between the individual members of a population. Example: humans consider different nationalities or how tall/short people are #5 17 These differences are caused mainly by subtle differences or variations in the cells of organisms. Example: compare the banded snails below: 18 9
Some variations CANNOT be seen by the naked eye. Example: All human blood looks the same but they can actually be one of four different blood types: A, B, AB, or O. 19 Humans purposely reduce the amount of variation between individual organisms by breeding plants and animals so that as many individuals as possible show specific characteristics. Example: Wheat plants in a crop have strong stalks and many large seeds but this wasn t always the case. More to come on this topic later! 20 10
21 The species on our planet are not distributed evenly. Areas around the equator have the greatest number of plant species. The number of plant and animal species is greatest in tropical regions. So, tropical rain forests in equatorial regions contain the greatest biological diversity. North and polar regions (i.e. Arctic and Antarctic) contain the least amount of biodiversity. #6 22 11
There are 22 snake species in Canada. There are 126 snake species in the USA. There are 293 snake species found in Mexico! This trend is found with many organisms! 22 126 293 23 #6 24 12
In the 1700s, Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus developed a system for naming and classifying organisms. The system arranges species based on their PHYSICAL STRUCTURE, not their habitat. Using Latin, the common scientific language, he helped bring consistency to the naming of species worldwide. #7 25 #7 Each living thing is named by only two words: Genus species 1 st word 2 nd word genus name species name (that the organism (no two have the belongs to) same name) 1 st letter is all lowercase Uppercase letters 26 13
Closely related species can have the same genus name, but not the same species name. RED WOLF = Canis rufus TIMBERWOLF = Canis lupus DOG = Canis familiarius #7 27 There were names for categories of things that were useful for SURVIVAL. snow types: polar bear ice types: walrus shapes in water: seal Also for UTILITY: what was it used for? Animals: shelter, clothing, food, tools, medicine, etc. Plants: shelter, decorations, dyes, food, medicine, spices, tools, food gathering devices (baskets), transportation (canoes, snowshoes), etc. 28 14
29 Scientists have been using a fivekingdom classification system: i. Animalia (animals) ii. Plantae (plants) iii. Fungi (yeasts, moulds, and mushrooms) iv. Protista (mostly single-celled organisms) v. Monera (bacteria) #8 30 15
More diverse (broad) Kingdom Phyla (Phylum) Class Order Family Genera (Genus) Species Mnemonic Device: Kings Play Cards On Fine Green Silk #9 More specific 31 Coral reefs have been called the amazons of the oceans because of their richness of their species diversity. Organisms that inhabit coral reefs recycle the limited nutrients available. Example: Coral polyps convert sun s energy to fuel #10 32 16
Textbook Check and Reflect Page 15 # 1 3, 5 7 Read Topic 1.2 Page 16 19 33 Textbook pages 16 19 34 17
Plants produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis and are therefore a major source of atmospheric oxygen needed by most other organisms on Earth. Plants also provide shelter and cover for many organisms. Mule deer, for example, need trees to shelter them from the wind and from predators such as wolves. 35 To be interdependent is the ability to coexist in one habitat. Each species depends on other species in their environment to live. No species can survive on its own. Example: All species need food in order to grow, reproduce, and survive. #11 36 18
Predator-Prey Relationships Example: A lynx chases, catches, and eats a hare. Predator: eats individuals in a prey population Prey: that which is eaten Herbivores: eat plants Carnivores: eat herbivores Decomposers: break down dead animals and plants #11 37 If a population of predators such as the lynx grows so large that it eats too many snowshoe hares, then lynx numbers must eventually decrease as its members die of starvation. As the lynx population decreases, the hare population will have a chance to recover and its numbers will increase. The cycle will then continue. 38 19
If the population of the predator species is reduced due to an illness, then the population of its prey species will likely A. decrease because competition will increase B. increase because competition will decrease C. decrease because predation will increase D. increase because predation will decrease 39 Symbiosis Symbiosis is a relationship between members of different species, usually relating to living together. There are three types of symbiosis: Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism Symbiosis together life #12 40 20
+/neutral One organism benefits, and the other does not benefit nor is harmed. Example: A bird building a nest in a tree. Example: Barnacles on a whale. #11 41 42 21
+/+ The relationship benefits both organisms. Example: Fungus and algae form a lichen. Example: Flowers and insects. #11 43 44 22
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+/ One organism benefits and the other is harmed in the relationship. Example: Tapeworms and pigs. Example: Mosquitos and humans. #11 47 48 24
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The term niche describes the role of an organism within the ecosystem. It includes what the organism eats, what eats it, its habitat, nesting site or range and its effect on both the populations around it and its environment. It may change throughout a lifetime. It may differ within species depending on the area. #12 51 The frog tadpole lives in an aquatic environment and consumes plant matter while the adult frog lives in both aquatic and terrestrial environments and is carnivorous. 52 26
Interaction between different species in which neither species benefits. Interspecies competition happens when two or more species use or need the same resource. It limits the size of the populations of the competing species. #13 53 For similar species to live or coexist in an area, they must have slightly different niches, so they divide up their resources among them in what is known as resource partitioning. #14 54 27
Example: Three Warbler species feed at different heights of a tree so they are not in direct competition with each other. 55 56 28
Textbook Check and Reflect Page 19 # 1 4 Read Topic 1.3 Page 20 24 57 Textbook pages 20 24 58 29
Variation within species is important because it increases the chances for some individuals to survive if there are environmental changes such as: climate change an introduction of a new predator or toxic substance the spread of a new disease elimination of a food source #15 59 Variation can be quite simple, such as different coat colours, or it could be more involved like some bacteria getting used to certain antibiotics. Variation in a species gives rise to natural selection. #15 60 30
Natural Selection is a process in which the environment selects which individuals will survive and reproduce. Think about Charles Darwin s Survival of the Fittest. #15 61 62 31
How does nature select who survives? Organisms that are better suited to their environment, or changes in the environment, are more likely to survive and reproduce, thereby passing on their traits to their offspring. #15 63 64 32
But do not ignore this one fact, beloved, that with the Lord one day is like a thousand years and a thousand years like one day. 65 66 33
67 Textbook Check and Reflect Page 24 # 1 5 Section 1 Review Handout 68 34