1. Which rock would be the best source of the mineral garnet? A) basalt B) limestone C) schist D) slate 2. Which rock is composed of the mineral halite that formed when seawater evaporated? A) limestone B) dolostone C) rock gypsum D) rock salt 3. Which element, found in both biotite mica and muscovite mica, makes up the greatest percent by volume of Earth's crust? A) nitrogen B) oxygen C) potassium D) silicon 4. Which material is made mostly of the mineral quartz? A) sulfuric acid B) pencil lead C) plaster of paris D) window glass 5. Which mineral can be found in all samples of rhyolite and andesite? A) pyroxene B) quartz C) biotite D) potassium feldspar 6. Silicate minerals contain the elements silicon and oxygen. Which list contains only silicate materials? A) graphite, talc, and selenite gypsum B) potassium feldspar, quartz, and amphibole C) calcite, dolomite, and pyroxene D) biotite mica, fluorite, and garnet 7. Which mineral is the major component of drywall? A) talc B) calcite C) muscovite mica D) selenite gypsum
8. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. MINERALS MEGA PACKET Old Man's Loss Felt in New Hampshire FRANCONIA, N.H. Crowds of visitors were drawn to Franconia Notch on Sunday to mourn the loss of New Hampshire's well-known symbol the Old Man of the Mountain granite profile. The 700-ton natural formation was just a pile of rocks after breaking loose from its 1,200-foot-high mountainside perch. It was unclear when the outcropping fell because clouds had obscured the area Thursday and Friday; a state park trail crew discovered the collapse Saturday morning. The famous mountain's history dates millions of years. Over time, nature carved out a 40-foot-tall profile resembling an old man's face, and it eventually became New Hampshire's most recognizable symbol. The Buffalo News, May 5, 2003 The rock of the Old Man of the Mountain most likely includes a mineral with a composition of A) NaCl B) SiO2 C) FeS2 D) PbS
9. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below. The arrows show the direction in which sediment is being transported along the shoreline. A barrier beach has formed, creating a lagoon (a shallow body of water in which sediments are being deposited). The eroded headlands are composed of diorite bedrock. A groin has recently been constructed. Groins are wall-like structures built into the water perpendicular to the shoreline to trap beach sand. " Which two minerals are most likely found in the beach sand that was eroded from the headlands? A) quartz and olivine B) plagioclase feldspar and amphibole C) potassium feldspar and biotite D) pyroxene and calcite 10. The table below shows some properties of four different minerals. The minerals listed in the table are varieties of which mineral? A) garnet B) magnetite C) quartz D) olivine 11. Most rock gypsum is formed by the A) heating of previously existing foliated bedrock B) cooling and solidification of lava C) compaction and cementation of shells and skeletal remains D) chemical precipitation of minerals from seawater 12. The three statements below are observations of the same rock sample: The rock has intergrown crystals from 2 to 3 millimeters in diameter. The minerals in the rock are gray feldspar, green olivine, green pyroxene, and black amphibole. There are no visible gas pockets in the rock. This rock sample is most likely A) sandstone B) gabbro C) granite D) phyllite
13. Which two rocks have the most similar mineral composition? A) marble and rhyolite B) limestone and basalt C) quartzite and rock salt D) granite and phyllite MINERALS MEGA PACKET 14. Base your answer to the following question on the map and cross section below. The shaded areas on the map represent regions of the United States that have evaporite rock layers (layers of rock formed from the evaporation of seawater) under the surface bedrock. The cross section shows the generalized structure of the area in which the evaporite layers are found in New York State. These evaporite deposits could be composed of which minerals? A) garnet and pyroxene B) mica and feldspar C) hornblende and olivine D) halite and gypsum
15. The table below indicates the presence of various minerals in different rock samples. 17. Although more than 2,000 minerals have been identified, 90% of Earth's lithosphere is composed of the 12 minerals listed below. Which statement is an accurate conclusion based on the information provided in the table? A) Most rocks are monomineralic. B) All rocks are polymineralic. C) Many rocks have a number of minerals in common. D) Only igneous rocks contain quartz. 16. Base your answer to the following question on the rock sample shown below. The average size of the pebbles in the sample is approximately A) 1.2 cm B) 0.2 cm C) 6.4 cm D) 13.2 cm The best explanation for this fact is that most rocks A) are monomineralic B) are composed only of recrystallized minerals C) have a number of minerals in common D) have a 10% nonmineral composition 18. Which mineral can be found in granite, andesite, gneiss, and hornfels? A) quartz B) pyroxene C) olivine D) biotite mica 19. In which group do the rocks usually have the mineral quartz as part of their composition? A) granite, rhyolite, sandstone, hornfels B) shale, scoria, gneiss, metaconglomerate C) conglomerate, gabbro, rock salt, schist D) breccia, fossel limestone, bituminous coal, siltstone 20. Which rock is usually composed of several different minerals? A) rock gypsum B) chemical limestone C) quartzite D) gneiss 21. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are usually composed of A) intergrown crystals B) fossils C) minerals D) sediments
22. Which is an accurate statement about rocks? A) Rocks are located only in continental areas of the Earth. B) Rocks seldom undergo change. C) Most rocks contain fossils. D) Most rocks have several minerals in common. 23. What do most igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks have in common? A) They are formed from molten material. B) They are produced by heat and pressure. C) They are composed of minerals. D) They exhibit crystals, banding, and distinct layers. 24. In which group are all the earth materials classified as minerals? A) feldspar, quartz, and olivine B) granite, rhyolite, and basalt C) cobbles, pebbles, and silt D) conglomerate, sandstone, and shale 25. Of the Earth's more than 2,000 identified minerals, only a small number are commonly found in rocks. This fact indicates that most A) minerals weather before they can be identified B) minerals have properties that are difficult to identify C) rocks have a number of minerals in common D) exposed surface rocks are igneous 26. Which statement best describes a general property of rocks? A) Most rocks have a number of minerals in common. B) Most rocks are composed of a single mineral. C) All rocks contain fossils. D) All rocks contain minerals formed by compression and cementation. 27. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite B) fluorite C) galena D) talc 28. Equal masses of basalt, granite, iron and copper received the same amount of solar energy during the day. At night, which of these materials cooled down at the fastest rate? A) basalt B) granite C) iron D) copper
Base your answers to questions 29 through 31 on the mineral chart below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The mineral chart lists some properties of five minerals that are the major sources of the same metallic element that is used by many industries. 29. Which mineral has a different common color from its color in powdered form? A) brucite B) canallite C) magnesite D) olivine 30. Which mineral might scratch the mineral fluorite, but would not scratch the mineral amphibole? A) brucite B) magnesite C) carnallite D) olivine 31. Which two minerals have compositions that are most similar to calcite? A) brucite and carnallite B) carnallite and dolomite C) dolomite and magnesite D) magnesite and olivine 32. The data table below gives characteristics of the gemstone peridot. Peridot is a form of the mineral A) pyrite B) pyroxene C) olivine D) garnet
33. The diagram of Bowen's Reaction Series below indicates the relative temperatures at which specific minerals crystallize as magma cools. Which statement is best supported by Bowen's Reaction Series? A) Most minerals crystallize at the same temperature. B) Most felsic minerals usually crystallize before most mafic minerals. C) Muscovite mica and quartz are the last minerals to crystallize as magma cools. D) Biotite mica is the first mineral to crystallize as magma cools. 34. The photograph below shows an outcrop where a light-colored, igneous rock is cross cut by a dark-colored, igneous rock. 35. Which characteristic do samples of the mineral pyroxene normally exhibit? A) yellow to amber color B) bubbling in hydrochloric acid C) cleaves at 56 and 124 D) hardness of 5 to 6 This fine-grained, dark-colored, igneous rock is most likely A) rhyolite B) diorite C) basalt D) gabbro
36. The diagram below represents the mass and volume of a mineral sample being measured. These measurements were used to determine the density of the mineral sample. What is the density of this mineral sample? A) 6 g/ml B) 24 g/ml C) 34 g/ml D) 60 g/ml Base your answers to questions 37 and 38 on the data table below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The table provides information about four minerals, A through D. 37. Which mineral can scratch A, B, and C, but can not scratch D? A) talc B) selenite gypsum C) fluorite D) quartz
38. The diagram below represents a sample of mineral A. MINERALS MEGA PACKET Mineral A is most likely A) garnet B) galena C) olivine D) halite 39. The graph below shows the hardness of four minerals. Which mineral is hard enough to scratch calcite but is not hard enough to scratch amphibole? A) muscovite mica B) fluorite C) olivine D) graphite 40. Which two properties are most useful in distinguishing between galena and halite? A) cleavage and color B) luster and color C) hardness and streak D) streak and cleavage 41. A nonvesicular rock is made entirely of green 2-millimeter-diameter crystals that have a hardness of 6.5 and show fracture, but notcleavage. The rock is most likely A) shale B) phyllite C) dunite D) schist 42. Which mineral would most likely become rounded at the fastest rate when tumbled along A) garnet B) pyroxene C) plagioclase feldspar D) selenite gypsum 43. Which mineral will scratch fluorite, galena, and pyroxene? A) graphite B) calcite C) olivine D) dolomite 44. What is the approximate density of a mineral with a mass of 262.2 grams that displaces 46 cubic centimeters of water? A) 1.8 g/cm 3 B) 5.7 g/cm 3 C) 6.1 g/cm 3 D) 12.2 g/cm 3
Base your answers to questions 45 and 46 on the data table below, which lists some properties of four minerals that are used as ores of zinc (Zn). 45. Which mineral belongs in the same mineral group as quartz and olivine? A) zincite B) willemite C) sphalerite D) smithsonite 46. A mineral with a hardness of 5 would scratch A) all four zinc minerals in the table B) zincite, but not sphalerite, smithsonite, or willemite C) zincite and sphalerite, but not smithsonite or willemite D) zincite, sphalerite, and smithsonite, but not willemite
Base your answers to questions 47 and 48 on the diagram below, which shows the results of three different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral. 47. The luster of this mineral could be determined by A) using an electronic balance B) using a graduated cylinder C) observing how light reflects from the surface of the mineral D) observing what happens when acid is placed on the mineral 48. Which mineral was tested? A) amphibole B) quartz C) galena D) graphite 49. Which mineral is commonly used as a food additive? A) calcite B) talc C) halite D) fluorite
50. Which diagram best shows the grain size of some common sedimentary rocks? A) MINERALS MEGA PACKET B) C) D)
51. Base your answer to the following question on "the passage and map below. The map shows the generalized landscape regions of Vermont. Landscape Regions of Vermont Most of Vermont's landscape regions consist of ancient, weathered mountains that were covered by several ice sheets during the last ice age. When the ice melted, sand, cobbles, and boulders were deposited throughout the state, Vermont is divided into six landscape regions. (1) The Vermont Lowlands region has a mild climate, with Lake Champlain moderating its temperature. (2) The Green Mountains run the length of Vermont and were formed over 400 million years ago. Most of the bedrock is metamorphic and the region is known for its deposits of talc and asbestos. (3) The Taconic Mountains extend into New York State. Slate and marble are commonly mined in this region. (4) The Valley of Vermont is a narrow valley between two mountain ranges. Most of the bedrock in the region is limestone and marble. (5) The Vermont Piedmont covers the largest area of the state. This region consists of rolling hills and valleys. Granite mining is an important industry. (6) The Northeast Highlands is a mountainous region composed of granite bedrock.
" Some of the bedrock in the Green Mountains is actually green in color because of the presence of the mineral chlorite. Which other mineral can cause rocks to appear green? A) sulfur B) magnetite C) olivine D) halite
52. The diagram below shows the index minerals of Mohs hardness scale compared with the hardness of some common objects. MINERALS MEGA PACKET Which statement is best supported by the diagram? A) A fingernail will scratch calcite but not gypsum. B) Calcite will be scratched by a copper penny. C) The mineral apatite will scratch topaz. D) A steel file has a hardness of about 7.5.
Base your answers to questions 53 and 54 on "map below, which shows areas where certain minerals were mined in significant amounts during 1989. " 53. The mineral wollastonite has a hardness of 4.5 to 5. Which New York State mineral could easily scratch wollastonite? A) garnet B) halite C) talc D) gypsum 54. What is a common use for the mineral that is mined at the southern end of the two largest Finger Lakes? A) making talcum powder B) vulcanizing rubber C) polishing jewelry D) melting ice
A) MINERALS MEGA PACKET 55. In which set are the rock drawings labeled with their correct rock types? B) C) D) 56. Which mineral has a metallic luster, a black streak, and is an ore of iron? A) galena B) magnetite C) pyroxene D) graphite 57. A student created the table below by classify six minerals into two groups, A and B, based on a single property. 58. The mineral graphite is often used as A) a lubricant B) an abrasive C) a source of iron D) a cementing material Which property was used to classify' these minerals? A) color B) luster C) chemical composition D) hardness
59. The table below shows the hardness of four common materials. MINERALS MEGA PACKET Which statement best describes the hardness of the mineral dolomite? A) Dolomite can scratch window glass, but can not be scratched by a fingernail. B) Dolomite can scratch window glass, but can not be scratched by a steel nail. C) Dolomite can scratch a copper penny, but cannot be scratched by a fingernail. D) Dolomite can scratch a copper penny, but cannot be scratched by a steel nail. 60. The diagram below shows four mineral samples, each having approximately the same mass. If all four samples are placed together in a closed, dry container and shaken vigorously for 10 minutes, which mineral sample would experience the most abrasion? A) quartz B) amphibole C) pyroxene D) galena
61. The table below shows some observed physical properties of a mineral. Based on these observations, the elements that make up this mineral's composition are A) sulfur and lead B) sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen C) oxygen, silicon, hydrogen, and magnesium D) oxygen, silicon, aluminum, and iron Base your answers to questions 62 and 63 on " the photograph below. The photograph shows several broken samples of the same colorless mineral. 62. Which mineral is most likely shown in the photograph? A) quartz B) calcite C) galena D) halite 63. Which physical property of this mineral is most easily seen in the photograph? A) fracture B) hardness C) streak D) cleavage 64. Which home-building material is made mostly from the mineral gypsum? A) plastic pipes B) window glass C) drywall panels D) iron nails "
65. A human fingernail has a hardness of approximately 2.5. Which two minerals are softer than a human fingernail? A) calcite and halite B) sulfur and fluorite C) graphite and talc D) pyrite and magnetite 66. The internal atomic structure of a mineral most likely determines the mineral's A) color, streak, and age B) origin, exposure, and fracture C) size, location, and luster D) hardness, cleavage, and crystal shape 67. What is the best way to determine if a mineral sample is calcite or quartz? A) Observe the color of the mineral. B) Place the mineral near a magnet. C) Place a drop of acid on the mineral. D) Measure the mass of the mineral. 68. The photograph below shows a piece of halite that has been recently broken. MINERALS MEGA PACKET Which physical property of halite is demonstrated by this pattern of breakage? A) hardness B) streak C) cleavage D) luster 69. Which mineral will scratch glass (hardness = 5.5), but not pyrite? A) gypsum B) fluorite C) orthoclase D) quartz
Base your answers to questions 70 and 71 on "the diagram below, which shows three minerals with three different physical tests, A, B, and C, being performed on them. " 70. The results of all three physical tests shown are most useful for determining the A) rate of weathering of the minerals B) identity of the minerals C) environment where the minerals formed D) geologic period when the minerals formed 71. Which sequence correctly matches each test, A, B, and C, with the mineral property tested? A) A cleavage; B streak; C hardness B) A cleavage; B hardness; C streak C) A streak; B cleavage; C hardness D) A streak; B hardness; C cleavage 72. An unidentified mineral that is softer than calcite exhibits a metallic luster and cubic cleavage. This mineral most likely is A) galena B) pyrite C) halite D) pyroxene 73. Which two rocks are primarily composed of a mineral that bubbles with acid? A) limestone and marble B) granite and dolostone C) sandstone and quartzite D) slate and conglomerate
74. Which statement about the minerals plagioclase feldspar, gypsum, biotite mica, and talc can best be inferred from the chart? A) These minerals have the same chemical and physical properties. B) These minerals have different chemical properties, but they have similar physical properties. C) These minerals have different physical and chemical properties, but they have identical uses. D) The physical and chemical properties of these minerals determine how humans use them. 75. Which mineral scratches dolomite and is scratched by olivine? A) galena B) quartz C) potassium feldspar D) muscovite mica 76. Which mineral leaves a green-black powder when rubbed against an unglazed porcelain plate? A) galena B) graphite C) hematite D) pyrite 77. Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? A) calcite B) halite C) pyrite D) mica 78. Halite has three cleavage directions at 90º to each other. Which model best represents the shape of a broken sample of halite? A) B) C) D) 79. Scratching a mineral against a glass plate and rubbing a mineral on a streak plate are helpful procedures for determining a mineral s A) density B) identity C) cleavage D) internal atomic structure 80. Which mineral has a hardness of 6, and shows cleavage? A) Olivine B) Talc C) Hematite D) Potassium Feldspar 81. Which mineral has a hardness of 2.5 3 and makes a good electrical insulator? A) Pyroxene B) Biotite Mica C) Gypsum D) Magnetite
82. Which mineral has a greater hardness? A) Galena B) Olivine C) Garnet D) Biotite Mica 83. Which mineral bubbles when acid is placed on it? A) Calcite B) Pyroxene C) Potassium Feldspar D) Garnet 84. What is the hardness of Sulfur? A) 6.5 B) 2 C) 3 D) 2.5 85. Which mineral shows no cleavage, has a hardness of 7, and a composition of SiO2? A) Graphite B) Garnet C) Halite D) Quartz 86. Which mineral is an ore of iron and has a characteristic reddish brown streak? A) magnetite B) pyrite C) hematite D) olivine 87. Which common mineral fizzes when dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is placed on it? A) calcite B) feldspar C) quartz D) talc 88. Different arrangements of tetrahedra in the silicate group of minerals result in differences in the minerals' A) age, density, and smoothness B) cleavage, color, and abundance C) hardness, cleavage, and crystal shape D) chemical composition, size, and origin Base your answers to questions 89 through 92 on the data table below. 89. Moh's scale would be most useful for A) finding the mass of a mineral sample B) finding the density of a mineral sample C) identifying a mineral sample D) counting the number of cleavage surfaces of a mineral sample 90. The durable gemstones ruby and sapphire are valuable due to their color and hardness. These gemstones would most likely be located on Moh's scale at the hardness level of A) 1 B) 9 C) 3 D) 4 91. Which statement is best supported by the data shown? A) An iron nail contains fluorite. B) A streak plate is composed of quartz. C) Topaz is harder than a steel file. D) Apatite is softer than a copper penny. 92. Moh's scale arranges minerals according to their relative A) resistance to breaking B) resistance to scratching C) specific heat D) specific gravity
93. The diagrams below represent fractured samples of four minerals. MINERALS MEGA PACKET Which mineral property is best illustrated by the samples? A) hardness B) streak C) cleavage D) density 94. Which property is most useful in mineral identification? A) hardness B) color C) size D) texture Base your answers to questions 95 and 96 on "the diagram and table below. " 95. The original shape of mineral sample A was altered when it was hit with a rock hammer. Which physical property caused the mineral to break as it did? A) hardness B) luster C) cleavage D) streak 96. If the volume of mineral sample A is 28 cubic centimeters, sample A is most likely A) copper B) galena C) chalcopyrite D) dolomite
97. The diagram below shows the results of one test for mineral identification. Which mineral property is being tested? A) density B) fracture C) streak D) luster 98. The data table below gives information on mineral hardness. Moh's scale would be most useful for A) identifying a mineral sample B) finding the mass of a mineral sample C) finding the density of a mineral sample D) counting the number of cleavage surfaces of a mineral sample 99. Which rock type is most likely to be monomineralic? A) rock salt B) rhyolite C) basalt D) conglomerate 100. Which mineral property is illustrated by the peeling of muscovite mica into thin, flat sheets? A) luster B) streak C) hardness D) cleavage 101. One of the most abundant minerals in beach sand is quartz. Which property of quartz could account for its abundance? A) hardness B) texture C) color D) luster 102. The relative hardness of a mineral can best be tested by A) scratching the mineral across a glass plate B) squeezing the mineral with calibrated pliers C) determining the density of the mineral D) breaking the mineral with a hammer 103. Scratching a mineral against a glass plate is a method used for determining the mineral's A) color B) hardness C) luster D) cleavage 104. Minerals are identified on the basis of A) the method by which they were formed B) the type of rock in which they are found C) the size of their crystals D) their physical and chemical properties 105. The minerals talc, muscovite mica, quartz, and olivine are similar because they A) have the same hardness B) are the same color C) contain silicon and oxygen D) break along cleavage planes 106. Which mineral is commonly mined as a source of the element lead (Pb)? A) galena B) quartz C) magnetite D) gypsum
107. Base your answer to the following question on " the graph below, which shows the crustal temperature and pressure conditions under which three different minerals with the same chemical composition (Al2SiO5) crystallize. " Which mineral has a chemical composition most similar to andalusite, sillimanite, and kyanite? A) pyrite B) gypsum C) dolomite D) potassium feldspar 108. How are the minerals biotite mica and muscovite mica different? A) Biotite mica is colorless, but muscovite mica is not. B) Biotite mica contains iron and/or magnesium, but muscovite mica does not. C) Muscovite mica scratches quartz, but biotite mica does not. D) Muscovite mica cleaves into thin sheets, but biotite mica does not. 109. Which of the following elements is not found in Plagioclase Feldspar? A) Na B) Al C) Si D) Pb 110. Which mineral is composed of Calcium and Fluorine? A) Amphiboles B) Calcite C) Hematite D) Fluorite
Base your answers to questions 111 through 113 on the table below which provides information about the crystal sizes and the mineral compositions of four igneous rocks, A, B, C, and D. 111. Rock B most likely is A) conglomerate B) schist C) obsidian D) peridotite 112. Which characteristic of rock B could be caused by the minerals pyroxene and olivine? A) green color B) felsic composition C) folded layers D) metallic luster 113. The mineral quartz in rock A is composed of the two most abundant elements by mass in Earth's crust. These two elements are oxygen and A) magnesium B) silicon C) iron D) lead 114. The data table below shows the composition of six common rock-forming minerals. The data table provides evidence that A) the same elements are found in all minerals B) a few elements are found in many minerals C) all elements are found in only a few minerals D) all elements are found in all minerals
115. Which graph best represents the textures of granite, pegmatite, and rhyolite? A) 117. The diagrams below show the crystal shapes of two minerals. B) C) D) 116. Which property is most useful in distinguishing pyroxene from amphibole? A) sample size B) hardness C) type of luster D) angles of cleavage Quartz and halite have different crystal shapes primarily because A) light reflects from crystal surfaces B) energy is released during crystallization C) of impurities that produce surface variations D) of the internal arrangement of the atoms 118. Which two minerals have cleavage planes at right angles? A) biotite mica and muscovite mica B) sulfur and amphibole C) quartz and calcite D) halite and pyroxene
Base your answers to questions 119 through 121 on "the two tables below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Table 1 shows the composition, hardness, and average density of four minerals often used as gemstones. Table 2 lists the minerals in Moh's Scale of Hardness from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest). " 119. Sapphire is a gemstone variety of which mineral on Moh's scale of hardness? A) corundum B) diamond C) fluorite D) topaz 120. Which gemstone minerals contain the two most abundant elements by mass in Earth's crust? A) emerald and spinel B) emerald and zircon C) sapphire and spinel D) sapphire and zircon
121. The hardness and density of each gemstone is based primarily on the gemstone's A) internal arrangement of atoms B) geologic time of formation C) oxygen content D) natural abundance 122. The diagram below represents a part of the crystal structure of the mineral kaolinite. An arrangement of atoms such as the one shown in the diagram determines a mineral's A) age of formation B) infiltration rate C) physical properties D) temperature of formation 123. The photograph below shows a broken piece of the mineral calcite. 124. The diagram below shows how a sample of the mineral mica breaks when hit with a rock hammer. The calcite breaks in smooth, flat surfaces because calcite A) is very dense B) is very soft C) contains certain impurities D) has a regular arrangement of atoms This mineral breaks in smooth, flat surfaces because it A) is very hard B) is very dense C) contains large amounts of iron D) has a regular arrangement of atoms
Base your answers to questions 125 and 126 on Moh's mineral hardness scale and on the chart below showing the approximate hardness of some common objects. MINERALS MEGA PACKET 125. Which statement is best supported by this scale? A) A fingernail will scratch calcite, but not quartz. B) A fingernail will scratch quartz, but not calcite. C) A piece of glass can be scratched by quartz, but not by calcite. D) A piece of glass can be scratched by calcite, but not by quartz. 126. The hardness of these minerals is most closely related to the A) mineral's color B) mineral's abundance in nature C) amount of iron the mineral contains D) internal arrangement of the mineral's atoms 127. Which of the following show cleavage in 2 directions at 90%? A) Pyrite B) Pyroxene C) Garnet D) Fluorite
Base your answers to questions 128 and 129 on the table below, which shows the characteristics of four different mineral samples. 128. Which two mineral samples would be most difficult to distinguish from each other based on their color, luster, and streak? A) halite and quartz B) halite and gold C) galena and quartz D) galena and gold 129. Which two mineral samples most likely have a similar internal arrangement of atoms? A) galena and quartz B) galena and halite C) gold and halite D) gold and galena 130. A mineral s crystal shape and cleavage are a direct result of the mineral s A) hardness B) abundance in nature C) arrangement of atoms D) exposure to the hydrosphere and atmosphere 131. The elements contained in four minerals are given in the table below. The basic structural unit of one of the minerals is also shown. The atom of element 1 is surrounded by four atoms of element 2. In which mineral are the atoms arranged as shown in the basic structural unit? A) fluorite B) halite C) quartz D) galena
132. The diagram below shows a broken crystal of the mineral halite The shape of the halite crystal is a direct result of the A) internal arrangement of the atoms in the crystal B) emperature at which the crystal formed C) type of surface on which the crystal formed D) stream erosion that changed the crystal 133. Differences in hardness between minerals are most likely caused by the A) internal arrangement of atoms B) external arrangement of flat surfaces C) number of pointed edges D) member of cleavage planes 134. Which property of the mineral diamond allows diamond powder to be used to shape gems for jewelry? A) crystal shape B) cleavage C) luster D) hardness 135. Which diagram best represents the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron of which talc, feldspar, and quartz are composed? 136. The physical properties of minerals result from their A) density and color B) texture and color of streak C) type of cleavage and hardness D) internal arrangement of atoms 137. A mineral's physical characteristics, such as hardness, cleavage, and luster, are dependent on the A) size of the mineral sample B) age of the mineral sample C) method by which the mineral sample was broken D) internal arrangement of the mineral's atoms 138. The cleavage or fracture of a mineral is normally determined by the mineral's A) density B) oxygen content C) internal arrangement of atoms D) position among surrounding minerals 139. Which model best represents the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron? A) B) A) B) C) C) D) D)
140. The diagrams below illustrate a specific property of certain minerals. This property is most closely related to the A) arrangement of atoms in the mineral B) impurities found in the mineral C) softness of the mineral D) density of the mineral 141. The diagram below represents top and side views of a model of the silicate tetrahedron. 143. Although diamonds and graphite both consist of the element carbon, their physical properties are very different. The most likely explanation for these differences is that A) the internal arrangement of carbon atoms is different in each mineral B) graphite contains impurities not found in diamonds C) graphite contains radioactive carbon-14 but diamonds do not D) diamonds contain silicate tetrahedra but graphite does not 144. The mineral mica breaks evenly along flat sheets mainly because of its A) atomic arrangement B) chemical composition C) hardness D) density 145. The diagram below represents a basic atomic structure that forms when oxygen and silicon unite. This tetrahedron is found in large amounts in the Earth's A) hydrosphere B) troposphere C) lithosphere D) stratosphere 142. Two minerals made of pure carbon are diamond and graphite. Which statement best explains why diamond is so much more resistant to scratching than graphite? A) The atoms are lighter in graphite than in diamond. B) The atoms are heavier in graphite than in diamond. C) The atoms are bonded together more strongly in diamond than in graphite. D) The atoms are smaller in graphite than in diamond. This structure is called a A) tetrahedron B) cube C) sphere D) cylinder 146. What causes the characteristic crystal shape and cleavage (breaking along flat surfaces) of the mineral halite as shown in the diagram below? A) metamorphism of the halite B) the internal arrangement of the atoms in halite C) the amount of erosion the halite has undergone D) the shape of other minerals located where the halite formed
147. Two mineral samples have different physical properties, but each contains silicate tetrahedrons as its basic structural unit. Which statement about the two mineral samples must be true? A) They have the same density. B) They are similar in appearance. C) They contain silicon and oxygen. D) They are the same mineral. 148. Which element combines with silicon to form the tetrahedral unit of structure of the silicate minerals? A) oxygen B) nitrogen C) potassium D) hydrogen 149. Which object is the best model of the shape of a silicon-oxygen structural unit? A) B) 150. The crystal characteristics of quartz shown in the accompanying diagram are the result of the A) internal arrangement of the elements from which quartz is formed B) shape of the other rock crystals in the area where the quartz was formed C) amount of weathering that the quartz has been exposed to D) age of the quartz crystal C) D)
Answer Key ES MINERALS MEGA PACKET 1. C 37. C 73. A 109. D 2. D 38. B 74. D 110. D 3. B 39. B 75. C 111. D 4. D 40. B 76. D 112. A 5. C 41. C 77. B 113. B 6. B 42. D 78. B 114. B 7. D 43. C 79. B 115. D 8. B 44. B 80. D 116. D 9. B 45. B 81. B 117. D 10. C 46. D 82. C 118. D 11. D 47. C 83. A 119. A 12. B 48. A 84. B 120. B 13. D 49. C 85. D 121. A 14. D 50. B 86. C 122. C 15. C 51. C 87. A 123. D 16. A 52. B 88. C 124. D 17. C 53. A 89. C 125. C 18. A 54. D 90. B 126. D 19. A 55. D 91. C 127. B 20. D 56. B 92. B 128. A 21. C 57. B 93. C 129. B 22. D 58. A 94. A 130. C 23. C 59. C 95. C 131. C 24. A 60. D 96. B 132. A 25. C 61. C 97. C 133. A 26. A 62. D 98. A 134. D 27. A 63. D 99. A 135. D 28. D 64. C 100. D 136. D 29. D 65. C 101. A 137. D 30. B 66. D 102. A 138. C 31. C 67. C 103. B 139. A 32. C 68. C 104. D 140. A 33. C 69. C 105. C 141. C 34. C 70. B 106. A 142. C 35. D 71. A 107. D 143. A 36. A 72. A 108. B 144. A
Answer Key ES MINERALS MEGA PACKET 145. A 146. B 147. C 148. A 149. B 150. A