Calcolo manuscrpt No. (wll be nserted by the edtor) A property of the elementary symmetrc functons A. Esnberg, G. Fedele Dp. Elettronca Informatca e Sstemstca, Unverstà degl Stud della Calabra, 87036, Rende (Cs), Italy, e-mal: esnberg@uncal.t, fedele@s.des.uncal.t Receved: date / Revsed verson: date Abstract. We show a smple relaton concernng the elementary symmetrc functon and present two applcatons concernng the nverse of a Vandermonde matrx and the spectral propertes of square matrces. 1. Introducton Let n be a postve nteger and consder the set of complex numbers X n = {x 1, x 2,..., x n }. Defne the polynomal S n (x) = n =1 (x x ) of degree n, such that S n (x) = n =0 ( 1)n+ σ(n, n )x, where σ(n, k) = x π1 x π2...x πk (1) 1 π 1 <...<π k n s the kth order elementary symmetrc functon assocated wth X n. In ths short note we show an dentty concernng the functons σ(n, k) and φ(n, k) = ( 1) n+k S n(x k ), then we apply t for obtanng n a smple way the nverse structure of a nonsngular Vandermonde matrx V n. Our formulaton, whch we present n secton 3, can be derved from [8], but n our opnon t s more flexble and allows one to obtan specal algorthms for partcular sets of nodes [2], [3], [5]. Moreover, relyng on ths dentty n [4] we desgn an accurate and fast algorthm for the nverson of V n that provdes better performance than the algorthm of [7]. Another applcaton of ths dentty s the smple proof of a result of [6] where the egenvectors of a matrx are expressed n terms of ts
2 A. Esnberg, G. Fedele egenvalues and of the elementary symmetrc functons. We present ths result n secton 3. 2. Man result By usng an nducton argument t s a smple matter to prove that σ(n, s) = σ(n 1, s) + x n σ(n 1, s 1), 0 < s n, σ(n, s) = 0, s > n, σ(n, 0) = 1, n 0, and that φ(n + 1, s) = φ(n, s)(x n+1 x s ), 1 s n, φ(n + 1, n + 1) = n (x n+1 x k ), n 1, k=1 φ(2, 1) = φ(2, 2) = x 2 x 1. Consder the functon (2) (3) h(n,, j, q) = ( 1) k+r x k+q x r jσ(n, r)+( 1) j+1 x q+1 j φ(n, j)δ,j. (4) We have the followng result Theorem 1. For n 2 and q 1 one has h(n,, j, q) = 0,, j = 1, 2,..., n. Proof. We proceed by nducton on n. For n = 2 we have h(2,, j, q) = 0 by drect nspecton. For the nductve step, performng standard algebrac manpulatons we obtan the followng equvalent expressons for h(n + 1,, j, q): h(n+1,, j, q) = (x n+1 x )h(n,, j, q)+( 1) j+1 (x x j)x q+1 j φ(n, j)δ,j,, j = 1, 2,..., n, (5) h(n + 1,, j, q) = (x n+1 x j)h(n,, j, q),, j = 1, 2,..., n. (6) Hence we obtan that, f h(n,, j, q) = 0 for, j = 1, 2,..., n then h(n + 1,, j, q) = 0 for, j = 1, 2,..., n. Consder the case where =
A property of the elementary symmetrc functons 3 n + 1 or j = n + 1 and use the followng equvalent expresson for h(n + 1,, j, q): h(n + 1,, j, q) = (x n+1 x n ) ( 1) r+k x k+q x r jσ(n, r) ( 1) r x r jσ(n, n r) + ( 1) j+1 x q+1 φ(n + 1, j)δ,j, x q+1, j = 1, 2,..., n + 1, j (7) h(n + 1,, j, q) = (x n+1 x n j) ( 1) r+k x k+q x r jσ(n, r) ( 1) r x r σ(n, n r) + ( 1) j+1 x q+1 φ(n + 1, j)δ,j, Snce x q+1, j = 1, 2,..., n + 1. j (8) ( 1) r x r tσ(n, n r) = ( 1) n φ(n + 1, t)δ n+1,t, t = 1, 2,..., n + 1, (9) then, usng (7) and (8) we have that h(n + 1, n + 1, j, q) = 0 for j = 1, 2,..., n + 1 and h(n + 1,, n + 1, q) = 0 for = 1, 2,..., n + 1 respectvely. 3. Applcatons 3.1. Egensystems The followng theorem gves an explct expresson for a system of a matrx egenvectors when the egenvalues are known. Theorem 2. Let A be a n n matrx wth dstnct egenvalues Λ = {α 1, α 2,..., α n } where α k C, k = 1, 2,..., n and U = {u 1, u 2,..., u n }, wth u k C n, k = 1, 2,..., n, the correspondng rght-egenvectors. A system of rght-egenvectors s w = ( 1) r+k+1 σ(n, n k r)α k 1 A r h, = 1, 2,..., n (10) where h C n ; h 0; h T u k 0, k = 1, 2,..., n.
4 A. Esnberg, G. Fedele Proof. Let Note that h = γ j u j. (11) j=1 ( h T u k 0, k = 1, 2,..., n ) (γ k 0, k = 1, 2,..., n) (12) and φ(n, k) 0, k = 1, 2,..., n (13) due to the fact that α α j, j;, j = 1, 2,..., n. Therefore w j can be expressed as: where w j = γ j θ(n,, j)u j, j = 1, 2,..., n (14) j=1 θ(n,, j) = ( 1) r+k+1 α k 1 αjσ(n, r n k r),, j = 1, 2,..., n. By substtutng q = 1 n theorem 1, we have: (15) θ(n,, j) = ( 1) j+1 φ(n, j)δ,j,, j = 1, 2,..., n. (16) Therefore we have: w = ( 1) +1 γ φ(n, )u, = 1, 2,..., n, (17) and (10) follows. 3.2. The Vandermonde matrx Let X n = {x 1, x 2,..., x n } be a set of n dstnct complex numbers, usually called nodes. Vandermonde matrx V n s defned as the n n matrx whose generc element v n (, j) s gven by: v n (, j) = x j 1,, j = 1, 2,..., n. (18) The followng theorem gves the explct expresson for the generc elements of the nverse of V n.
A property of the elementary symmetrc functons 5 Theorem 3. Let W n be the nverse of V n. Then the generc element w n (, j) of W n s: w n (, j) = ψ(n,, j),, j = 1, 2,..., n (19) φ(n, j) where n ψ(n,, j) = ( 1) +j ( 1) r x r jσ(n, n r),, j = 1, 2,..., n. (20) Proof. It must be shown that But (V n W n ),j = δ,j,, j = 1, 2,..., n. (21) (V n W n ),j = ( 1) k+r+j x k 1 x r 1 jσ(n, n k r) φ(n, j) (22) therefore, by substtutng q = 1 n theorem 1 the (21) follows. Note that the (19) gves also the followng factorzaton of W n : where W n = M V T n D (23) M(, j) = ( 1) +j+1 σ(n, n+1 j), = 1, 2,..., n; j = 1, 2,...n+1, (24) { } ( 1) D = dag. (25) φ(n, ) =1,2,...,n Acknowledgements We wsh to thank Prof. D. Bn of Unverstá d Psa, Italy, for the helpful dscussons. We also lke to acknowledge the constructve crtcsm of the referee.
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