Name Period GENERAL BIOLOGY Second Semester Study Guide Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND MEIOSIS 1. The cell cycle consists of a growth stage and a division stage. What is the growth portion of the cell cycle called? What are the division portions called? 2. Name the 3 parts of interphase AND briefly explain what happens in each: 3. What is divided in mitosis? What is divided in cytokinesis? 4. Name, in order, the phases of mitosis AND briefly tell what happens to the CHROMOSOMES in each: 5. When cell division is complete, what are the two new cells called? How many chromosomes do the new cells have in comparison to the original cell from which they divided? 6. Where in the cell cycle do the daughter cells go after cytokinesis is complete? 7. What is the purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms? 8. What are cyclins? 9. What is the definition of cancer?
10. What factors mutate genes resulting in cancer. 11. What is a zygote? How does a zygote become a multicellular organism? 12. Why does every cell in your body to have identical DNA? 13. What is differentiation? 14. What are specialized cells? 15. What causes cells to differentiate and become specialized? 16. What is a stem cell? 17. What is the purpose of meiosis? 18. Distinguish between diploid and haploid cells. 19. How many rounds of DNA replication and cell division occur during meiosis? 20. What is produced at the end of meiosis? (Include how many cells and whether they are diploid or haploid.)
21. How many alleles do gametes have for each trait after meiosis? Why? 22. How does non-disjunction cause chromosome number disorders? Define monosomy and trisomy. 23. Describe the following chromosome mutations: a. Deletion: b. Duplication: c. Inversion: d. Translocation: GENETICS 24. Explain the following principles associated with Mendel: a. Principle of Dominance: b. Principle of Segregation: c. Principle of Independent Assortment: 25. How many alleles does an individual carry for a trait? 26. What is the relationship between the following terms: gene, trait, DNA 27.In humans, free earlobes (F) are dominant to attached earlobes (f). Write the genotype of: e. A person who is homozygous for free earlobes: f. A person who is heterozygous for free earlobes: g. A person who is homozygous for attached earlobes:
28.In flowers, red petals (R) is dominant and white petals (r) is recessive. Cross a heterozygous red rose with a white rose. Show your work in a Punnett square and record the genotypic and phenotypic ratios. 29. Distinguish between the following modes of inheritance: a. incomplete dominance (describe the heterozygote): b. codominance (describe the heterozygote): c. polygenic inheritance (what it is and how you can tell by looking at a population graph): 30. In flowers, red petals (R) is incompletely dominant to white (W). The heterozygote flower is pink (RW). Cross two pink flowers. Show your work in a Punnett square and record the genotypic and phenotypic ratios. 31. In chickens, the allele for black feathers (B) is co-dominant to the allele for white feathers (W). The heterozygote is checkered. Cross a black hen with a checkered rooster. Show your work in a Punnett square and record the genotypic and phenotypic ratios. 32. Hemophilia is a recessive X-linked trait. Cross female who is a carrier for hemophilia with a male that has hemophilia. Show your work in a Punnett square and record the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
33. Cross a parent who is heterozygous type A blood with a heterozygous type B parent. Show your work in a Punnett square and give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring. 34. What type of gamete cells does a person who has a BbTt genotype produce? 35. Which parent determines the sex of the child? Why? 36. Why do females have recessive sex-linked traits less often than males? 37. Distinguish between autosomes and sex-chromosomes. 38. What is the sex chromosome combination of a normal male? A normal female? Describe how the sex chromosomes are inherited. (Which comes from each parent.) 39. Be sure you can analyze pedigrees. EVOLUTION 40. What is evolution? 41. What are the two dating methods used to determine the age of a fossil? Describe each. 42. How old is the earth?
43. When did life first appear on earth? 44. What were the first life forms? (Unicellular or multicellular, prokaryotic or eukaryotic) 45. List the following in the order in which they appeared over earth s history: eukaryotes, prokaryotes, multicellular organisms 46. What evolutionary event does the endosymbiotic hypothesis explain? 47. List the evidence for the endosymbiotic hypothesis. 48. What scientist incorrectly thought that evolution could be explained by the inheritance of acquired traits? What does the inheritance of acquired traits mean? 49. Briefly describe beliefs in society before Charles Darwin. 50. Who developed the theory that evolution occurs by the process of natural selection? 51. What is natural selection? 52. List all four components of the natural selection theory. 53. How do adaptations such as camouflage and mimicry develop?
54. How does the variation needed for natural selection arise? (There are three things.) 55. What is a gene pool? 56. How do you know if a population is evolving in terms of allelic frequencies? 57. What is happening to allelic frequencies in a population that is in genetic equilibrium? 58. List five factors that cause allelic frequencies to change in a population. 59. What part of Darwin s natural selection theory couldn t he explain? Whose work was discovered after Darwin s death to fill the gaps in his theory? 60. List the four major classes of evidences for evolution? 61. Compare analogous structures, homologous structures, and vestigial structures. Give examples of each. 62. Which form of evidence for evolution allows scientists to determine the amount of time that has passed since two species diverged from a common ancestor? 63. Describe (very briefly) how new species evolve.
64. Compare directional selection, disruptive selection, and stabilizing selection. 65. Explain the difference between convergent evolution, divergent evolution and adaptive radiation. ECOLOGY 66. Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors and give an example of each. 67. Describe the flow of matter and energy through an ecosystem. 68. What is the main source of energy for all life? 69. Why are producers important to an ecosystem? 70. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? 71. Construct a food chain for the following organisms: insect, leaves, hawk, sparrow. 72. Label each trophic level in your food chain above. 73. Label the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer and tertiary consumer in your food chain above.
74. About how much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next trophic level? 75. How are fossil fuels formed? 76. How is the carbon in fossil fuels eventually returned to the atmosphere? 77. What is causing global warming? (Specify which gas.) 78. List three factors that affect population growth? 79. Compare exponential and logistic growth. 80. What is carrying capacity? 81. Differentiate between density-independent and density-dependent limiting factors. 82. Give an example of a density-independent limiting factor. 83. What are the three density-dependent limiting factors? 84. Why are predator/prey relations important in an ecosystem? 85. What is an invasive species? Give an example of an invasive species.
86. What impact do invasive species have on the ecosystems they invade? 87. What is ecological succession? 88. Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession in the following ways: Type of surface it occurs on Amount of time required Pioneer Species Primary Succession Secondary Succession 89. What is biodiversity? 90. Why is biodiversity important? 91. What are some factors that contribute to species extinction?