Hubble Science Briefing 23 Years of Exoplanets with the Hubble Space Telescope Dr. John H. Debes, Dr. Remi Soummer, & Dr. Nikole K. Lewis October 26 th, 2015
Hubble s Studies of Planet Formation and Evolution in Dusty Disks around Stars Dr. John Debes 2
HST Is Pivotal in Exoplanet Science Space Resolution Precision 3
A Stellar Nursery Laid Bare 4
First Peeks at Protoplanetary Disks STScI-1999-05 STScI-2000-32 5
Complex Structures Hint at Planet Formation Ardila et al., 2007 STScI-2013-20 6
The Late Stages of Planet Formation STScI-2006-25 STScI-1998-03 Macintosh, et al., 2014 7
The Late Stages of Planet Formation STScI-2014-44 8
Chemistry in Disks Roberge et al., 2006 9
Chemistry in Disks HST-2013-18 Xu et al., 2014 10
Hubble s Direct Detections of Exoplanets Dr. Rémi Soummer 11
Direct Imaging of Exoplanets Mercury and Venus visible during solar eclipse The goal is to reproduce this effect for another star, using optical instrumentation 12
Case of a perfect telescope Diffraction pattern of a star with perfect telescope 13
Case of a perfect telescope Diffraction pattern of a star with perfect telescope, increasing the scaling 14
Case of a perfect telescope Diffraction pattern of a star with perfect telescope, increasing the scaling 15
Case of a perfect telescope Contrast: Young Jupiter: 10-6 how faint a detail can be Jupiter: 10-9 seen next to a star Earth: 10-10 16
Starlight suppression with coronagraph 17
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Reference star subtraction Courtesy M. Perrin 19
Fomalhaut b HST Observations Kalas et al. (2008+) 20
HD 106906b Large separation 11 Jupiter mass companion discovered using ground-based observations Bailey et al. 2014 Common Proper Motion was confirmed by HST archival data from several years ago i.e. it is not a chance alignment with background object 21
HR 8799 in 1998 HST archival data These results were made possible by post-processing speckle subtraction and achieve over an order of magnitude contrast improvement over the state of the art when the data was taken in 1998. Contrast of these images are in the range 10 4 to 10 5 to 1 22
Reference star subtraction The reference subtraction removes most of the star, but is not sufficient to detect the HR8799 planets Target Image Reference Image 20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80 80 80 80 80 80 Target- ReferenceImage 20 40 60 80 80 60 60 60 60 60 60 40 40 40 40 40 40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80 Science target HR8799 with its three planets (invisible in raw coronagraph data) Reference star Subtractions residuals This is why these planets were not found in 1998 23
Temporal evolution of HST 2.5 HRC TGSMOV PSF Measurements & Breathing model 2.4 2.3 2.2 FWHM HRC pixels 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 53611.6 53611.7 53611.8 53611.9 MJD (29 August 2005) Breathing Model FWHM measured Focus changes on three timescales: - HST 96min orbit - Days/Weeks (temp driven) - Long-term shrinkage (0.15mm total) Temperature-driven variations are not actively corrected, only the long-term shrinkage is 24 Lallo et al. SPIE 2006
Improved subtraction target refren ce reference Combining information from a library of reference PSFs LOCI algorithm subtraction linear combination of reference, least-square optimization (Lafrenière et al. 2007) KLIP algorithm principal component analysis (Soummer, Pueyo & Larkin 2012) 25
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New images of debris disks 27
Probing Exoplanet Atmospheres with Hubble Dr. Nikole Lewis 28
Confirmed Exoplanet Population 29
Transiting Exoplanets Figure credit: Prof. Sara Seager 30
Transiting Exoplanets Figure credit: Winn (2011) 31
Transiting Exoplanets with HST 32
Detection of Sodium Figure credit: Paul A. Wilson 33
Detection of Sodium HD 209458b STIS Observations Charbonneau et al. (2001) First Detection of an Exoplanet Atmosphere! 34
Detection of Molecules HD 189733b NICMOS Observations Swain et al. (2008) First Detection of Molecules in Exoplanet Atmosphere! 35
Detection of Haze HD 189733b STIS Observations Sing et al. (2011) 36
Water in Exoplanets WFC3 Observations Madhusudhan et al. (2011) 37 Image Credit: NASA, ESA, University of Cambridge, and STScI
Probing a Super-Earth 38
Probing a Super-Earth GJ 1214 b WFC3 Observations Kreidberg et al. (2014) 39
Mapping Exoplanets Credit: NASA, ESA, and Z. Levay (STScI) 40
Mapping Exoplanets WASP-43b WFC3 Observations Stevenson et al. (2014) 41
Mapping Exoplanets WASP-43b GCM Model Kataria et al. (2015) 42
Evaporating Exoplanet Atmospheres GJ 436b STIS UV Observations Enrenreich et al. (2015) Image Credit: NASA/ESA/STScI 43
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) 44