Name: Biology 1 EOC Study Guide Date: Standard 2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles 1. What are three tenets of the cell theory? Page 59 2. What is a unicellular organism? What is a multicellular organism? Page 59 3. T/F Only multicellular organisms must carry out all basic cell processes. Page 59 4. Why must new cells be formed? Page 59 5. What is an organelle? Page 61 6. Describe the function of the following organelles AND include a small sketch for each one: Page 61 Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplasts Lysosomes Vacuoles Ribosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Cilia Flagella Cell Membrane (plasma membrane) Nuclear Membrane (nuclear membrane) Cell Wall Cytoplasm 7. Which organelles are only found in plant cells? Which organelles are only found in animal cells? Page 59 8. Compare and contrast plant cells vs. animal cells Page 59 9. What is a prokaryotic cell? Page 59 10. What is a eukaryotic cell? Page 59 11. How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different? How are they similar? Page 59 12. Which diagram is a prokaryotic cell? (A or B) A B Page 59 13. Which diagram is a eukaryotic cell? (A orb) 14. What are stem cells? What makes them unique? Page 91
15. Compare cell division and cell differentiation. Page 91 16. What is the hierarchical organization of organisms? Start with cells and work up to organ systems. Page 91 17. What is homeostasis? Page 71 18. How does the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis? Page 71 19. What does it mean if a cell has a semi-permeable membrane? Page 71 20. What is passive transport? What are 3 types of passive transport? What does each type do? Page 71 21. What is a hypotonic solution? What happens to the cell? Page 73 22. What is a hypertonic solution? What happens to the cell? Page 73 23. What is an isotonic solution? What happens to the cell? Page 73 24. What is active transport? What are two reasons a cell may undergo active transport? Page 75 25. What is endocytosis? Page 75 26. What is exocytosis? Page 75 27. List ALL the phases of the cell cycle. Be specific. What happens in each phase? Page 87 28. Which phase do cells spend the majority of their time in? Page 87 29. What is cytokinesis? Page 87 30. What is a cleavage furrow? A cell plate? Page 87 31. Illustrate the phases of mitosis. Page 87 32. What is a cell checkpoint? How do checkpoints regulate cell growth? Page 89 33. What is an internal signal? What is an example? Page 89 34. What is an external signal? What is an example? Page 89 35. What causes a cancer cell? Page 89 36. What is the difference between malignant and benign? Page 89 37. What is a chemical reaction? What is activation energy? Page 47 38. How can temperature and ph affect a chemical reaction? Page 39 39. What is a buffer? Page 39 40. What is a catalyst? What is an enzyme? How do catalysts affect chemical reactions? Page 47
Standard 3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the flow of energy within and between living systems. 1. What is photosynthesis? What is the chemical equation? Page 105/107 2. What occurs during the light-dependent reaction? (Summarize) Page 105 3. What occurs during the light-independent (dark) reaction? (Summarize) Page 105 4. What is needed to break down water molecules? Page 105 5. Compare light and dark reactions. Page 105 6. What is cellular respiration? What is the chemical equation? Page 109 7. What occurs during glycolysis? (Summarize) Page 109 8. If oxygen is available, what stage follows glycolysis? Page 109 9. What occurs during the Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle/aerobic respiration? Page 109 10. What step happens next? Summarize what occurs. Page 109 11. How much ATP is produced? Page 109 12. If oxygen is not available, what stage follows glycolysis? Page 111 13. Describe both types of fermentation. Page 111 14. Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Page 92/93 15. What is ATP? Sketch and label a molecule of ATP. Page 103 16. How is energy released from ATP? Page 103
17. Explain the ADP-ATP cycle. A sketch will work fine. Page 103 18. What are the 4 organic compounds? List the monomers and polymers for each type. Page 41 19. Which organic compound contains the most energy? WHY? Page 41 20. Compare the caloric value of proteins, carbs, and fats. Page 41/30 21. Which organic compound is the primary source of energy in humans? Page 41/30 22. What are proteins used for in the human body? Page 41 23. Describe at least 3 functions that proteins serve in the human body. Page 41 24. What are carbohydrates used for? Page 41 25. What are lipids used for? Page 41 26. What is a food chain? Page 207 27. What is a trophic level? Page 207 28. What does makes up the first trophic level? The second trophic level? The third? Page 207 29. What is an autotroph? A heterotroph? Page 207 30. What is an herbivore? An omnivore? A carnivore? A detritivore? Page 207 31. What is a food web? Page 207 32. What is an energy pyramid? How much energy is passed on to each successive level? Page 207 33. What is a number pyramid? What happens to the number of individual organisms as you go up the pyramid?207 34. What is a biomass pyramid? Page 207 35. Be able to interpret food webs/chains/energy pyramids/number pyramids/biomass pyramids. Page 207
Standard 4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the molecular basis of heredity. 1. What are the 2 types of nucleic acids? Give both the full name and the abbreviation. Page 127 2. Sketch and label a nucleotide. Page 127 3. Compare DNA and RNA in terms of shape/structure, nitrogenous bases, and sugars. Page 127 4. What are complementary bases? Page 127 5. What is a chromosome? Page 127 6. What is a gene? Page 127 7. What is DNA? Page 127 8. How are chromosomes, DNA and genes related? You may use words or a diagram. Page 127 9. Why is DNA considered the code of life? Page 129 10. Summarize DNA replication. You may include a sketch if it helps. Page 129 11. What are sex chromosomes? Page 127 12. What are autosomes? Page 127 13. How chromosomes do somatic (body) cells contain? What about sex cells? Which are diploid? Haploid? Page 127/153 14. If organisms are similar, what would you their amino acid sequence to look like? Page 127 15. Summarize the process of transcription. Page 131 16. What are the 3 types of RNA? What is the function of each type? Where is each type found? Page 131 17. Summarize the process of translation. Include trna, anticodons and peptide bond in your answer. 18. What is a codon? Page 133 19. What would the amino acid sequence be if the DNA code was ACTCGACCGATC? (don t forget to transcribe & translate)p133 20. Compare the processes of transcription and translation. Page 131/133/116
21. Briefly describe and sketch each step of Meiosis (include Meiosis I and II). Page 155/157 22. What are homologous chromosomes? Page 153 23. Compare meiosis I and meiosis II with regard to processes and outcomes. Page 142/155/157 24. What is a haploid cell? A diploid cell? Page 153 25. Compare mitosis and meiosis. Page 142 26. What is crossing over? How does crossing over effect genetic variation? During which phase does crossing over occur? P153 27. What is an allele? Page 159 28. What does the Law of Dominance state? Page 161/159 29. What does the Law of Segregation state? Page 161 30. What does the Law of Independent Assortment state? Page 161 31. What does it mean if an organism is homozygous? Heterozygous? Page 159 32. What does it mean if a trait is dominant? Recessive? Page 159 33. What has to occur (in terms of alleles) for an organism to exhibit a recessive trait? Page 159 34. What is a genotype? A phenotype? Page 159
35. Complete the attached monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. Include genotypic and phenotypic ratios. Page 161 36. What is the parental generation? F1 generation? F2? Page 161 37. What does it mean for genes to be linked? Are they more or less likely to be inherited together? If they are not inherited together, what could have caused this? Page 161 38. Define incomplete dominance. Sketch an example. Page 165 39. Define codominance. Sketch an example. Page 165 40. Define multiple alleles. Give an example. Page 165 41. Define polygenic traits. Give an example. How would you know if a trait was polygenic? Page 165 42. Define sex-linked traits. Why are sex-linked traits more often seen in males? Complete the sex-linked cross on the attached sheet. Page 167 43. What is the genotype for a female? A male? Page 167 44. What is a pedigree? Complete the pedigree questions on the attached sheet. Page 167 45. What is a mutation? Page 173/135/117 46. Will somatic cell mutations be passed on to the offspring? Sex cell mutations? Page 173/135/117 47. Compare a gene mutation and a chromosomal mutation. Which is worse? Page 173/135/117 48. What is nondisjunction? Page 173 49. What is genetic engineering? What are some results of genetic engineering? (in plants, animals, and humans) Page 135 50. What is a gene map? A genome? Page 135 51. What is cloning? Describe the steps completed when cloning an organism. Page 135 52. What is gene therapy? Page 135 53. What is selective breeding? Page 139 a. Define inbreeding and give an example. Page 139 b. Define hybridization and give an example. Page 139
Standard 5: The student will demonstrate an understanding of biological evolution and the diversity of life. 1. What is evolution? Page 185 2. What is microevolution? Macroevolution? Page 185 3. What is natural selection? Page 185 4. What are the 4 principles of natural selection? Describe how each one leads to natural selection. Page 185 5. What is fitness? Page 185 6. What are two organic compounds that all life contains? Page 185 7. What is sexual reproduction? When is this beneficial? Why? Page 185 8. What is asexual reproduction? When is this beneficial? Why? Page 185 9. What two things lead to genetic variation? Page 185 10. Define species. Page 189 11. Define gene pool. Page 189 12. What happens to organisms with favorable traits when the environment changes? What happens to organisms with less favorable traits? Explain in terms of allele frequency. Page 189 13. What are the 5 mechanisms that lead to evolution? Page 189 14. What are the 5 conditions that must be met in order for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? What does it mean if a population is in HW equilibrium? Page 191
15. What is speciation? What are 3 types of isolation that can lead to speciation? Page 191 16. What are the 6 patterns of evolution? Briefly describe each. Page 193 17. Compare gradual and mass extinction. Page 193 18. What are the 4 fields of evidence for evolution? Describe how each field provides support for evolution. Make sure to include homologous, analogous and vestigial structures where appropriate. Page 187 19. Explain how anatomy can support evidence of divergent evolution. Page 187 20. Explain how anatomy can support evidence of convergent evolution. Page 187 21. What are transitional fossils? How can they offer support for evolution? Page 187 22. Why is the fossil record challenging to use as evidence? Page 187 23. What is a phylogenetic tree? How does it show evolutionary relationships? Page 195 24. What 3 pieces of information can be determined from a phylogenetic tree? Page 195 25. Complete the attached phylogenetic tree. Page 195 26. What are the 3 domains? Page 197 27. What are the 6 kingdoms? Page 197
Standard 6: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the interrelationships among organism and the biotic and abiotic components of their environments. 1. What is an ecosystem? How is a stable ecosystem obtained? Page 205 2. What is predation? Page 205 3. Explain what is occurring in the diagram on the right. Page 205 4. What is competition? Page 205 5. What is a niche? Page 205 6. Can two species have the same niche in the same habitat? Page 205 7. What is a symbiotic relationship? Page 205 8. What is parasitism? Give an example. Page 205 9. What is mutualism? Give an example. Page 205 10. What is commensalism? Give an example. Page 205 11. What is a keystone species? What happens if that keystone species is removed? Give an example. 12. What is a population? Page 205/207 13. How is population density measured? Page 207 14. What are density-dependent factors? Give 3 examples. Page 207 15. What are density-independent factors? Give 3 examples. Page 207 16. What are abiotic factors? Page 207 17. What are biotic factors? Page 207 18. What may occur if there is a change in an abiotic or biotic factor? List both possibilities. Page 207 19. What is ecological succession? Page 209 20. Completely describe the process of primary succession all the way to obtaining a climax community. Page 209 21. Completely describe the process of secondary succession. Page 209 22. How long does each stage of succession last? Which typically lasts longer: primary or secondary? Page 209
23. Summarize the Carbon cycle. Make sure to include how organisms play a vital part. Include an illustration of the carbon cycle. Page 211 24. Summarize the Nitrogen cycle. Make sure to include how organisms play a vital part. Include an illustration of the nitrogen cycle. Page 211 25. Summarize the Water (hydrological) cycle. Make sure to include how organisms play a vital part. Include an illustration of the water cycle. Page 211 26. What is the ozone layer? Page 213/215 27. What is the greenhouse effect? Page 213 28. What would happen if Earth no longer had a greenhouse effect? Page 213 29. How does the ocean help in reducing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere? Page 211/213 30. What is the geosphere? Page 213 31. What is soil erosion and deposition? Page 213 32. What prevents soil erosion? Page 213 33. What happens to waste materials from organisms? Page 213 34. What does carrying capacity mean? Page 215 35. What determines the carrying capacity? Page 215 36. What has led to a natural slowing of population growth as we near Earth s carrying capacity? Page 215 37. What does deforestation cause (name 2 things)? Page 215 38. What advances has agricultural technology made to improve our lives? Page 215 39. What does the burning of fossil fuels do? Page 215 40. What is acid rain? Page 215 41. What are some alternative energy sources? Why are they so appealing? Page 215 42. What is a renewable resource? Give some examples. Page 215 43. What is a nonrenewable resource? Give some examples. Page 215
Helpful Notebook Study Tools Unit 1: Lab Safety and Inquiry Concept Map- Page 6 Quizzes- Page 7 Study Guide- Page 9 Unit 2: Biochemical Reactions (Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Enzymes) Concept Map- Page 30 Quizzes-Page 31 Macromolecule Review Chart- Page 42 Study Guide- Page 33 Round Robin Review- Page 51 Unit 3: Cell Structure (Organelles) Concept Map- Page 52 Quizzes- Page53 Study Guide- Page 55 Round Robin Review- Page 90 Unit 4: Cellular Transport (Active and Passive) Concept Map- Page 64 Quizzes- Page 65 Study Guide- Page 67 Round Robin Review- Page 90 Unit 5: Cellular Division (Cell Cycle) Concept Map- Page 78 Quizzes- Page79 Study Guide- Page 81 Round Robin Review- Page 90 Unit 6: Energy (Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration) Concept Map- Page 92 Summaries of Stages- Page 93 Quizzes- Pages 94 and 95 Study Guide- Page 97 Round Robin Review- Page 113 Unit 7: Molecular Genetics (DNA and RNA) Concept Map- Protein Synthesis Page 116; Mutations and GE Page 117 Quizzes- Pages 118 and 119 Study Guide- Page 121 Round Robin Review- Page 141 Unit 8: Meiosis and Heredity Concept Map- Meiosis Page 142; Heredity and Mutations Page 143 Quizzes- Pages 144 and 145 Study Guide- Page 147 Round Robin Review- Page 175 Unit 9: Evolution Concept Map- Page 176 Quizzes- Page 177 Study Guide- Page 179 Round Robin Review- Page 197 Unit 10: Ecology Quizzes- Page 199 Study Guide- Page 201 Round Robin Review- Page 217