Starry, Starry Night Workshop - PDF Free Download

Starry, Starry Night Workshop February 2, 2018 Susan Ogden & Stephen Ogden Exploring the Universe of Science 1

Overview What we will accomplish tonight For each major topic, we will review example test questions, discuss key concepts, and answer your questions 2

Overview Part I Rotation and revolution Seasons Moon phases Eclipses Part II Celestial Sphere Constellations Part III Stellar evolution Galaxies and nebulae Part IV Telescopes 3

Revolution and Rotation Try the Example Questions: 1. The scientific term for a planet s trip around the sun is: a. Revolution b. Light Year c. Rotation d. Solstice 2. As viewed from above the north pole, which direction is a retrograde orbit clockwise or counterclockwise?. 4

Try the Example Questions: Units of Time 3. It takes one day for the earth to spin once on its. 4. How many days does it take for the earth to travel twice around the sun? 7

Try the Example Questions: Units of Time 3. It takes one day for the earth to spin once on its. axis 4. How many days does it take for the earth to travel twice around the sun? 8

Try the Example Questions: Units of Time 3. It takes one day for the earth to spin once on its. axis 4. How many days does it take for the earth to travel twice around the sun? 730 days 9

Revolution & Rotation Demonstration 3 volunteers Key concepts: What is the difference between revolution vs. rotation? Who can describe the basis for day, month, year? View the motion of the earth relative to the sun, and the moon to the earth Video Clip 10

Seasons Try the Example Questions: 5. The shortest day of the year is called the: a. Vernal Equinox b. Temporal Anomaly c. Winter Solstice d. Autumnal Equinox 6. Summer in the Northern Hemisphere occurs when the earth is the closest to the sun in the earth s elliptical orbit. (True or False) 11

As the earth revolves around the sun, different areas are more exposed to more direct sunlight. This is caused by the constant 23.5 tilt of the earth s axis. 14

In June, the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun and gets more sun energy, southern gets less. 15

The earth is at the farthest point from the sun in July not the cause of summer here! 16

Phases of the Moon Try the Example Questions: 7. In what phase is the moon when we can see its entire face lit up? 8. Draw a picture of a waxing crescent moon: 17

Phases of the Moon Try the Example Questions: 7. In what phase is the moon when we can see its entire face lit up? Full 8. Draw a picture of a waxing crescent moon: 18

Phases of the Moon Try the Example Questions: 7. In what phase is the moon when we can see its entire face lit up? Full 8. Draw a picture of a waxing crescent moon: 19

The 8 Phases of the Moon Moon phase animation 20

More about the Moon Do this moon phase activity with your kids This explains that the moon keeps one face pointing toward the Earth at all times First two minutes only. 21

Solar and Lunar Eclipses Try the Example Questions: 9. You can see stars in the daytime when a occurs. 10. Why do annular eclipses occur? 22

Solar and Lunar Eclipses Try the Example Questions: 9. You can see stars in the daytime when a Total Solar Eclipse occurs. 10. Why do annular eclipses occur? 23

Solar and Lunar Eclipses Try the Example Questions: 9. You can see stars in the daytime when a Total Solar Eclipse occurs. 10. Why do annular eclipses occur? The orbit of the moon is an oval (ellipse). If the moon is too far away, it s apparent size is too small to totally cover the sun. The furthest point from us is called the apogee. 24

In a solar eclipse, the moon casts a shadow on the earth Solar Eclipse Animation 25

As the earth rotates, the moon draws a path of shadow on the earth 26

Three basic types of eclipse Partial Annular Total Which you see is determined by the relative positions of the sun, earth and moon, and where you are on the earth. 27

Other good solar eclipse links Why a total eclipse is such a big deal This guy explains why a total solar eclipse will blow your mind 28

In 2024, a total solar eclipse will occur in Solar eclipses from 2004 to 2030 the United States Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Addison Wesley 29

In a lunar eclipse, the earth casts a shadow on the moon 30

Over a few hours, the moon will pass through the earth s shadow 31

Try the Example Questions: Celestial Sphere 11. The point directly above your head is always called: a. North Celestial Pole b. Panasonic c. Celestial Equator d. Zenith 12. The axis of the earth is tilted 23.5 o with respect to the. 32

The celestial sphere is an imaginary ball surrounding the earth, with all the stars plotted on it. Animated Celestial Sphere 35

Constellations 36

Constellations breaking it down 1. Start by learning how to recognize the season, based on the chart Find an anchor that you ll always recognize for each chart 2. Next, learn the circumpolar constellations; they are in the sky year-round e.g, Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Cassiopeia 3. Create your own navigating tricks to find other constellations Arc to Arcturus Speed to Spica 37

Try the Example Questions: Lifecycle of Stars 13. The stages a star will go through, and how long it will spend in each stage, depend on: a. Its mass b. The amount of carbon produced c. Its temperature d. The amount of solar wind it produces 14. A pulsar is a special type of that rotates and gives off radio waves. 38

Try the Example Questions: Lifecycle of Stars 13. The stages a star will go through, and how long it will spend in each stage, depend on: a. Its mass b. The amount of carbon produced c. Its temperature d. The amount of solar wind it produces neutron star 14. A pulsar is a special type of that rotates and gives off radio waves. 40

Lifecycle of Stars 41

Galaxies and Nebulae Try the Example Questions: 15. What is the name of our galaxy? a. Andromeda b. Milky Way c. Local Group d. Messier 81 16. Which type of nebula glows red? 42

Galaxies and Nebulae Try the Example Questions: 15. What is the name of our galaxy? a. Andromeda b. Milky Way c. Local Group d. Messier 81 16. Which type of nebula glows red? 43

Galaxies and Nebulae Try the Example Questions: 15. What is the name of our galaxy? a. Andromeda b. Milky Way c. Local Group d. Messier 81 Emission 16. Which type of nebula glows red? 44

3 types of Galaxies Spiral galaxies Elliptical galaxies Irregular galaxies Top view Side view Huge; contain stars, gas, and dust Huge; contain stars, gas, and dust Huge; contain stars, gas, and dust Held together by gravity Held together by gravity Held together by gravity Pinwheel shape Round to oval shape No regular shape Have a bulge and thin disk; halo is present Have a bulge, but no disk; halo is present May show signs of a disk and/or a bulge; halo is present Rich in gas and dust Little cool gas and dust Usually rich in gas and dust Young and old stars are present. Mainly old stars are present. Young and old stars are present. Source: http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/organizers/docs/tchr_tchart_galaxytypes.pdf 45

Reflection Nebulae Emission Nebulae 5 types of Nebulae Dark Nebulae Planetary Nebulae Supernova Remnant The reflection nebula does not emit its own light. Instead, it scatters the blue light from a nearby cool star. Emission nebulae emit their own light. They glow very brightly, and they are frequently the birthplace of stars. Close to this nebula or within it is a hot, bright star or a star cluster which charges the hydrogen gas in the nebula, and causes it to emit red light. Non-glowing clouds of dust and cold gas are called dark nebulae or absorption nebulae. As seen from earth, they block light from brighter objects behind them and can only be seen as an outline in front of a bright nebula or a field of stars. When a mediumsized star begins to die, it will expand and become a red giant. After millions of years, it will again shrink down to normal size. As it shrinks, the surface layers are shed, leaving a ring. This glowing shell of gas and plasma is only visible for about 50 thousand years. A supernova is the result of a giant star that dies in a massive explosion. The remnant is a chaotic-looking nebula. 46

Earth-based Telescopes Telescope Description Location Date Advancements / Findings W. M. Keck Observatory A two-telescope astronomical observatory. Both telescopes feature 10 m (33 ft) primary mirrors Hawaii First light 1990 & 1996 Operates smaller 36 hexagonal mirror segments as a single, contiguous mirror Measured the motions of individual stars near a huge black hole in the center of the Milky Way Galaxy Gained more information about Dwarf Planet Eris Viewed supernovas, to chart the rate at which the universe is expanding First Picture of Exoplanet System Picture Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) Consists of sixty-six 12-metre (39 ft) and 7-metre (23 ft) diameter radio telescopes Chile 2013 Found specific amounts of organic molecules in the comas of comets Imaged protoplanet formation around star HL Tauri Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) Largest optical/nearinfrared extremely large telescope. 39.3 m (126 ft) segmented primary mirror and a 4.2-m secondary mirror Chile 2024 Enable detailed studies of: planets around other stars the first galaxies in the Universe supermassive black holes the nature of the Universe's dark sector and detect water and organic molecules in protoplanetary disks around other stars 47

Space Telescopes Telescope Purpose Date Findings / Goals Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) X-ray Astronomy Launched 1999 Observed gas that's about to fall into the mouth of a black hole Traced the dispersion of heavy elements into space after supernova explosions Watched mammoth galaxy clusters form Helped map out the distribution of dark matter as revealed by collisions between galaxy clusters Kepler The Planet Hunting Telescope Launched 2009 As of January 2015, Kepler and its follow-up observations had found over 1,000 confirmed exoplanets in about 440 star systems. There could be as many as 40 billion rocky, Earthsize exoplanets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way. James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NASA's Next Generation Space Telescope Scheduled to launch in 2019 Observe some of the most distant events and objects in the universe, such as the formation of the first galaxies. Understand the formation of stars and planets, and direct imaging of exoplanets and novae. Euclid Acceleration of the expansion of the universe Launch date 2020 Understand dark energy and dark matter by accurately measuring the acceleration of the universe. Measure the redshift of galaxies at varying distances from Earth and investigate the relationship between distance and redshift. 48

Resources on macombso.org 2018 Rules Star Charts General Glossary Deep Sky Glossary Telescope Table Galaxy & Nebula photos for visual identification Sample Scoring Result form for District Tournaments Sample Test Questions Test Template List of Useful Online Resources 49

What questions do you have? 50