PHYS1014 Physical Science Summer 2013 Professor Kenny L. Tapp Exercise 1: Earth s Moon Complete and submit this packet, securely stapled, at the beginning of Exam 1. PART I --- Online Video Lecture from Prof. Tapp a. Apollo Moon Missions from to. i. missions landed on the moon and brought back kg of lunar samples. b. Lunar Phases i. Moon rotates once every days. ii. Compared to Earth s 23.5 degrees, the Moon tilts at degrees. iii. The phase occurs when the Moon is opposite the Sun and fully illuminated. iv. Synodic month represents the and takes days to complete. v. Sidereal month represents the and takes days to complete. vi. The Moon s orbit around Earth is inclined degrees to Earth s orbital plane around the Sun. vii. Moon revolves around Earth once every days. c. Solar eclipse: when the Moon is in a line with the and Earth. 1. Only occurs during the -Moon phase. 2. is the partial stage of an eclipse. 3. is the totality stage of an eclipse. ii. Lunar eclipse: when the Moon is in the shadow of the. 1. Only occurs during the -Moon phase. 2. Usually occurs times per year. d. Moon Specifications i. width of Earth; gravity of Earth ii. No atmosphere iii. Distance from Earth to Moon is approximately km. iv. Much less dense than Earth because it has much less. 1. No magnetic field. v. are no longer active. vi. Landscape is smooth due to impacts e. Lunar Surface i. Types of Terrain 1. : latin for sea a. Dark regions b. Smooth c. Originated from flooding the surface. 2. : most of the Moon s surface a. Bright, densely cratered regions b. Located mostly on the side of the Moon. c. Older than. ii. Regolith 1. Covers all lunar terrains 2. Color is. 3. Composed of rocks and fine lunar. 1
PART II --- Direct from the Moon Film by National Geographic a. Launched in September, 2007, the Japanese spacecraft named, orbits miles above the Moon s surface. i. Satellite is carrying tools/instruments. b. There is no dark spots on the far side of the Moon. c. The Moon was initially shaped like an, but as it go farther away from Earth, it became more. Earth s gravity pulled softened rock to one side of the Moon during its initial development. This has caused differences in the Moon s weak gravitational field. i. High density mass produces gravity. ii. Low density mass produces gravity. d. Apollo 11 landed on the Moon on. i. Astronauts Buzz and Neil were first to walk on the Moon. ii. Heavy suits protected the astronauts from temperatures and intense radiation. iii. The first Moon-walk lasted for hours. e. Apollo 12 landed on the Moon that following November. i. Moon-walk lasted for hours. f. Russian robotic Lunar rovers i. Used a to accurately measure the distance to Earth. g. Research of Lunar samples through a spectrometer revealed what was in the orange soil:. h. U.S. Moon missions took aerial imagery at ft. resolution versus ft. resolution of the Kaguya satellite. i. Render 3D images from 2 cameras tilting forward and backward. ii. New pictures of the Tycho crater 1. Diameter: miles 2. Depth: miles 3. Formed years ago and threw debris up to 1,250 miles away from the crater s center. a. Approximately tons of debris. i. To determine the age of a crater, its state of is evaluated and compared to others around it. j. A peak of asteroid impacts around 3.8 billion years ago i. The orbit of shifted slightly tossing asteroids to the moon. ii. New research found that were formed from the high energy of asteroid impacts. 1. Massive energy is required to merge the substances melted iron,, and. k. NASA launches in the year to return to the Moon. i. Serves as a stepping stone for deeper space exploration. l. Lunar regolith can be heated up to in the presence of hydrogen to form iron oxides, which will produce so that oxygen can be extracted. 2
PART III --- Phases of the Moon The changing geometry of the Earth-Moon-Sun system is the cause of the phases of the Moon. When the Moon is in the same direction as the Sun, we call that phase New Moon. During New Moon, the Moon rises with the Sun and sets with the Sun. So if the Moon s phase was New, and the Sun rose at 7am, the Moon will also rise at 7am, even though you may not be able to see it. The opposite occurs at Full Moon: at Full Moon, the Moon is in the opposite direction from the Sun. Therefore, as the Sun sets in the western horizon, the Full Moon rises in the eastern sky, and vice versa. The Sun reaches its highest point in the sky at noon each day; the Full Moon will reach its highest point in the sky at midnight. At First and Third Quarters, the Earth-Moon-Sun angle is a right angle. At these phases, the Moon will rise or set at either noon or midnight. a) Complete the Lunar Phase cycle (draw and label the diagram to indicate all of the phases): Shown below are different phases of the Moon as seen by an observer in the Northern Hemisphere. b) Beginning with the waxing gibbous phase of the Moon, rank all five Moon phases shown above in the order that the observer would see them over the next 28 days. RANKING ORDER: 1. D; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. 3
PART IV --- Our Solar System Using the table of planetary data found in the worksheet from our in-class activity (also available under the Next Time column on our course website), complete the following questions: 1. List the differences between Terrestrial and Jovian Planets? 2. What feature of the solar system separates the terrestrial planets from the jovian planets? 3. Write a brief statement that describes the spacing of the planets in the solar system. 4. Which is the largest of the Terrestrial planets and what is its diameter? 5. Which is the smallest Jovian planet and what is its diameter? 6. The Sun is times larger than Earth and times larger than Jupiter. 7. The smallest Jovian planet is times larger than the largest Terrestrial planet. 8. If you could live on Venus or Jupiter, approximately how long would you have to wait between sunrises? On Venus, a sunrise would occur every days. On Jupiter, a sunrise would occur every hours. 9. Mercury completes rotations (Mercury days) in one Mercury year. 10. On Venus, how many sunrises would there be in each of its years? 11. Mercury completes revolutions while Neptune completes revolutions in one Earth year. 12. 1 AU = miles 4
13. On the space below, prepare a sketch illustrating the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars at their approximate distance from the Sun. Draw arrows around each planet to illustrate its direction of rotation. Also, draw an arrow in the orbit of each planet that shows the direction of revolution. 14. In the table of planetary data, notice the mean temperatures for the planets. Plot the mean temperatures of the terrestrial planets at their proper locations on the graph. Assume a scale of 40 cm equals 1 AU and use the temperature scale on the right axis of the graph. Label each point with the planet s name and connect the points to create the graph. a) Write a brief description of this graph and describe any relationship between a planet s distance from the Sun and its mean temperature. 5
PART V --- Telescopes 1. Draw a sketch and label the main parts of the following telescopes REFLECTING TELESCOPE: REFRACTING TELESCOPE: 2. What kind of information or data can be gather about a star from just observing its light? 3. Locate 2 observatories in Oklahoma and find out their information a) Name: Website: Location & Distance from OCCC Campus: Diameter of Primary Telescope: b) Name: Website: Location & Distance from OCCC Campus: Diameter of Primary Telescope: END OF EXERCISE 1 6