DUNE detector design and lowenergy reconstruction capabilities Inés Gil Botella Supernova Physics at DUNE Workshop, March 11-12, 2016
Outline 2 The DUNE detector design Single-phase option Dual-phase option Current DUNE prototypes 35-ton detector protodune SP protodune DP Other LAr TPC detectors Low-energy reconstruction capabilities Scientific motivation: SN neutrino burst events, solar neutrino events, low-energy backgrounds Low-energy neutrino interactions Experimental challenges and detector requirements
DUNE Design 3
Barrel'' RPCs' Magnet' Coils' Forward' ECAL' End' RPCs' Barrel' ECAL' STT'Module' Backward'ECAL' End' RPCs' The DUNE Project 4 1300 km FD ND Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment: 40 kton LAr TPC far detector at 1480 m depth (4300 mwe) at SURF measuring neutrino spectra at 1300 km in a wide-band high purity ν μ beam with peak flux at 2.5 GeV operating at ~1.2 MW and upgradeable to 2.4 MW 4 x 10 kton (fiducial) modules (single and/or dual-phase) with ability to detect SN burst neutrinos (+ nucleon decay, LBL oscillations, atmospheric vs)
Staged approach to 40 kton 5 Four caverns hosting four independent 10 kton (fiducial mass) FD modules Assumed four identical cryostats 15.1 (W) x 14.0 (H) x 62 (L) m 3 Phase-in approach Allows alternate designs (single vs dual-phase LAr TPCs) Installation of #1 module starts in 2022 Complete TDR should be ready for 2019 DUNE Far Detector at SURF #1 #2 #3 #4 LBNF and DUNE CDR Volume 4: The DUNE Detectors at LBNF (arxiv:1601.02984)
LBNF-DUNE Construction Schedule 6 First data in 2024! Beam ready in 2026 DUNE construction finished in 2028
Single-phase LAr TPC detection principle 7 Neutrino interactions in Ar produce charged particles that cause ionization and excitation of Argon High electric field drifts electrons towards finely segmented anode wire planes Excitation of Ar produces prompt scintillation light giving t 0 of the interaction Technology pioneered and demonstrated by the ICARUS experiment (the largest LAr TPC ever operated - 600 ton) Anode Wire Planes Independent views provided by multiple wire orientations (2D position information) PMTs detect the light produced providing timing information 3D reconstruction of tracks and showers Time Projection Chamber t 0 drift time wire number
Dual-phase LAr TPC principle 8 Ionizing particle in LAr (2.12 MeV/cm for mip) Two measurements: Charge from ionization: tracking and calorimetry Ionization signals amplified and detected in gaseous argon above the liquid surface Double-phase: multiplication in gas to increase gain and allow for long drift distances (> 5m) and low energy thresholds Scintillation light: primary scintillation (trigger and t0) & secondary scintillation in gas Large surface instrumented with PMTs in LAr WArP, ArDM, DarkSide,
DUNE Far Detector 9 The FD detector design is optimized (in the energy range of few MeV to few GeV) for: pattern recognition energy measurement particle ID The LAr TPC technology provides: excellent 3D imaging capabilities few mm scale over large volume detector excellent energy measurement capability totally active calorimeter particle ID by de/dx, range, event topology,
Two proposed technologies 10 Single-phase reference design for the CDR Dual-phase alternative design for the CDR
11 Two detector designs Single-phase 12 m 3.6 m drift 150 Anode Plane Assemblies (APAs) 6 m high x 2.3 m wide embedded photon detection system wrapped wires read out both sides 1 collection & 2 induction wire planes (wire pitch 5 mm) 200 Cathode Plane Assemblies (CPAs) APA CPA APA CPA APA 60m 12m 12 m Dual-phase 3 m high x 2.3 m wide Cathode at -180 kv for 3.6 m drift Cold electronics (384,000 channels) 2 80 3 x 3 m CRP modules at the gas-liquid interface (2D charge collection) Hanging field cage and cathode at 600 kv (12 m drift) Decoupled PD system (PMTs) Finer readout pitch (3 mm), high S/N ratio, lower energy threshold, better pattern recognition, fewer readout channels (153,600), absence of dead material
Expected detector capabilities 12 For E e < 50 MeV, 11%/ E(MeV) + 2% ICARUS Advantage for low energy measurement
DUNE Photon Detection Systems 13 FD single-phase optical detectors: WLS bars + SiPM Technique under development FD dual-phase optical detectors: PMTs with TPB System well understood S2 S1
DUNE Prototypes 14
15 The DUNE strategy Single-phase DUNE 35-t @Fermilab (2015) protodune SP @CERN: 300 ton (2016-2019) DUNE SP @SURF: 10 kton Dual-phase WA105 3x1x1 m3 @CERN: 4.2 ton (2016) protodune DP @CERN: 300 ton (2016-2019) DUNE DP @SURF: 10 kton
35-ton prototype @FNAL First complete system test of DUNE singlephase TPC Characteristics Will test FR4 printed circuit board field cage Wrapped wire planes 2.5 m x 1.5 m x 2 m active volume Cold electronics 2 drift volumes (long/short) Light-guide + SiPM photon detectors 8 sets of wire planes Triggerless DAQ (continuous readout) Reconstruction code Status Filled with LAr (Feb 2nd, 2016) Commissioning 16
ProtoDUNEs @CERN 17 Construction, installation and operation of single- and dual-phase large scale prototypes input to final DUNE FD designs ProtoDune DP ProtoDune SP Data taking in 2018 Establishment of construction facilities Early detection of potential issues with construction methods and detector performance according to current designs Calibration of detector response to particle interactions in test beam
ProtoDUNE Single-Phase Engineering prototype of DUNE SP TPC using fullscale detector components Active volume: 6 m x 7 m x 7 m 6 Anode Plane Assemblies (6 m high x 2.3 m wide) Photon detectors integrated into the APAs 10 PD paddles per APA 6 Cathode Plane Assemblies (3 m high x 2.3 m wide) Cathode at -180 kv for 3.6 m drift (same drift length as in FD) Drift field: 500 V/cm 15360 total readout wires in TPC Wire spacing: 4.79 mm X plane, 4.67 mm U plane, 4.67 mm V plane, 4.5 mm Test-beam with charged particles at CERN 18
ProtoDUNE Dual-Phase 19 Engineering prototype of DUNE DP TPC 1/20 number of channels of 10 kton DUNE (1/40 volume & data size) Active volume: 6 x 6 x 6 m 3 6 m x 6 m anode plane made of four 3m x 3m independent readout units 6 m vertical drift -> -300 kv cathode voltage Drift field: 500 V/cm (extraction field: 2 kv/cm) 7680 readout channels 6 m Validation of construction techniques and operational performance of fullscale DP TPC prototype modules Exposure to charged hadrons, muons and electrons beams at CERN (0.5-20 GeV)
Other LAr TPC detectors 20
ArgoNEUT @NuMI ( LArIAT) 21 90 cm long x 40 cm tall x 47 cm drift Active volume: 175 litres 3 wire planes: induction, collection and shield (4 mm wires spacing) No light detection system Took data from 09/2009 to 02/2010 at the NuMI beam 2 weeks in neutrino mode & 4 months in antineutrino mode 0.1-20 GeV energy of neutrino beam Goals: Measure v-ar cross-sections Calibration of LAr detectors Study nuclear effects Reconstruction techniques Main results: Muon neutrino and antineutrino cross sections Crossing muon analysis Charge recombination Back to back protons Coherent pion production
MicroBooNE @BNB 22 170 ton (80 ton active) LAr TPC neutrino experiment in the Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beam line (at 470 m from start of the BNB) 10.3 m long x 2.3 m tall x 2.5 m drift, 3 mm wire pitch, -128 kv cathode voltage 32 8 cryogenic PMTs Physics goals: Address the low-energy electron-like excess observed by MiniBooNE Make high statistics measurements of ~1 GeV neutrino interactions in Ar and study nuclear effects
MicroBooNE status 23 Assembly and installation complete Detector filled with ultra pure LAr First neutrino beam from the Fermilab Booster accelerator on October 15, 2015 Taking data Cosmic rays tracks Neutrino candidate
SBND & ICARUS at SBN program 24 Another 2 LAr detectors being constructed and operated soon SBND: under design phase 112 ton active volume (4 x 4 x 5 m 3 ) To be located 110 m from the BNB neutrino source To be operational in 2018 Large data sample for neutrino-argon interaction studies in the GeV energy range ICARUS: under refurbishment at CERN Was the first large scale LAr TPC to run in a neutrino beam line (CNGS from 2010 to 2013) Will be shipped to Fermilab in 2017
Low-energy reconstruction capabilities 25
Low-energy neutrino spectrum 26 Energy deposited in the TPC <100 MeV
Low-energy neutrino physics @DUNE 27 SN neutrino burst detection (primary DUNE goal) Burst of events with known background Solar neutrinos no oscillations collective effects High rate but background is an issue ~100 solar ν s per day (limited to 8 B physics) DSNB Low rate and high background (challenging) ~4 DSNB neutrino interactions per year LBNF and DUNE CDR Volume 2: The Physics Program for DUNE at LBNF (arxiv:1512.06148)
DUNE: 40 kton LAr (SN @10 kpc) 28 Time-dependent signal Expected event spectrum integrated over time
Low-energy ν detection channels 29 Elastic scattering (ES) Pointing information (e-) Proton recoil (difficult) Inverse beta-decay (IBD) High cross section Neutron tagging Charged-currents (CC) Different products (de-excitation gammas, leptons, neutrons ) Neutral-currents (NC) De-excitation gammas or neutrons
Neutrino interactions at < 100 MeV 30 Interactions with nuclei very poorly understood
Low-energy neutrino signal in LAr 31 Elastic scattering (ES) on electrons ν + e - ν + e - SN ν cross sections on Ar Charged-current (CC) interactions on Ar ν e + 40 Ar 40 K* + e - _ ν e + 40 Ar 40 Cl* + e + Eν e > 7.48 MeV Neutral current (NC) interactions on Ar ν + 40 Ar ν + 40 Ar* Eν e > 1.5 MeV _ Eν > 1.46 MeV hep-ph/0307222 JCAP 10 (2003) 009 JCAP 08 (2004) 001 I.G-B & A.Rubbia Possibility to separate the different channels by a classification of the associated photons from the K, Cl or Ar de-excitation (specific spectral lines for CC and NC) or by the absence of photons (ES)
ν e CC final states: de-excitation γs 32 Lack of precision models of low energy neutrino argon reactions No measurements are available Some efforts to study this problem with indirect beam sources and small-scale experiments Fermi transition to 4.38 MeV IAS 40 K σ precisely known < 1% Raghavan, PRD 34 (1986) 2088 GT transitions of various 40 K: Experimental data of β-decay of the mirror nucleus 40 Ti Ormand et al., Rhys. Lett. B 345 (1995) 343-350 Trinder et al., Phys. Lett. B 415 (1997) 211-216 Bhattacharya et al., Phys. Rev. C 58 3677 (1998)
Low energy neutrino interactions 33 Relative feeding of nuclear states is not precisely known Subsequent de-excitation γs are uncertain Critical for energy reconstruction Highly excited 40 K can de-excite via n or p emission ν e + 40 Ar 40 K* + e - MARLEY MC event generator is being integrated in the DUNE software 40 K excited energy states 2.730 MeV Further complication of energy reconstruction 3.110 MeV K deexcitation 3.798 MeV IAS E (MeV) BR (%) 2.290 0.19 2.730 28.94 3.110 18.16 3.146 1.90 3.739 0.45 3.798 13.69 4.384 32.76 4.789 0.48 5.282 0.93 5.642 0.09 5.922 0.83 6.151 0.04 6.428 0.92 6.480 0.42 6.683 0.05 6.876 0.01 IAS Reconstructed photon spectrum IAS 3.798 MeV line E detect > 50 kev 2y, 3 kton LAr
Challenges for low-e neutrino detection 34 Determination of low-energy ν-ar cross-sections Lack of knowledge Knowledge of neutrino interactions (γ s deexcitation)
Low energy neutrino interactions 35 Simulation of 20 MeV ν e (14.1 MeV e-), MicroBooNE geometry De-excitation gammas produce diffuse comptonscatters Energetic electron has significant probability of bremsstrahlung (gammas are present even in absence of nuclear de-excitations) How to reconstruct these small number of hits?
Main low-energy backgrounds 36 The main issue to understand They will constrain our capabilities for signal Neutron capture processes in detector materials Radioactive backgrounds in Ar and detector materials Cosmogenics by cosmic rays interaction with Ar Electronic noise ν e + 40 Ar 40 K* + e - νecc MC event Neutron background sources: External source: natural radioactivity of the rock Internal source: radioactive contamination of the detector materials High energy muons Stable Abundance isotope (%) Process σ (barns) Q-value (MeV) 40 Ar 99.6 n + 40 Ar 41 Ar* 41 Ar + γ s 0.66 6.099 36 Ar 0.337 n + 36 Ar 37 Ar* 37 Ar + γ s 5.2 8.788 38 Ar 0.063 n + 38 Ar 39 Ar* 39 Ar + γ s 0.8 6.598 27 Al 100 n + 27 Al 28 Al* 28 Al + γ s 0.23 7.725 56 Fe 91.72 n + 56 Fe 57 Fe* 57 Fe + γ s 2.59 7.646 54 Fe 5.8 n + 54 Fe 55 Fe* 55 Fe + γ s 2.25 9.298 57 Fe 2.2 n + 57 Fe 58 Fe* 58 Fe + γ s 2.48 10.045 58 Fe 0.28 n + 58 Fe 59 Fe* 59 Fe + γ s 1.28 6.581 Hit reconstruction (Edetect_th = 200 kev) γ No noise γ With noise No noise With noise γ γ γ 1 γ 1 e - 5.7 MeV e - γ γ γ γ γ 2 e - e - γ 2
Challenges for low-e neutrino detection 37 Determination of low-energy ν-ar cross-sections Knowledge of neutrino interactions (γ s deexcitation) Lack of knowledge Detector performance Triggering / DAQ νe + 40Ar 40K* + eγ s compton e- Low-energy event reconstruction and identification - - Ability to tag electrons and deexcitation gammas from nuclear transitions - Measurement of energy, time and direction of events - Extraction from background - Good time resolution Large data acquisition in a few seconds Good vertex resolution Low cosmic background Low radioactive background
Detector requirements for low-e ν s 38 Detector requirement/goal Value Main detector systems involved Purpose Trigger efficiency for interactions between 5-100 MeV >90% Trigger/DAQ & PD System SN burst Data acceptance without loss and buffer for at least 2 minutes Non-zero suppression DAQ SN burst Vertex resolution able to distinguish between SN v from entering or cosmogenic backg ~cm Photon Detection System & TPC Background rejection Reconstruction of cosmic muons and associated radiation TPC & PD System Background rejection Reconstruction efficiency for 5 MeV events ~80% Photon Detection System Particle Identification TPC & PD System Flavor-energy features of the SN spectrum Identification of gamma cascades from low-e ν int. / Flavor tagging Energy resolution for events of energy 5-100 MeV < 10% TPC & PD System Features on the SN neutrino spectrum Absolute time resolution < 1 ms DAQ & PD system SN burst / Energy resolution Angular resolution < 20º (T e > 5 MeV) TPC Event direction
Photons reaching optical detectors 39 Average yield vs. position in the detector Central region only to avoid over-emphasizing loss at walls Average ε geo = 4.7% Plot also includes 30% wire shadowing Total light: 24,600 x ε geo = 1,200 γ/mev Visibility 4 APAs simulation 0.5% at far edge
Reconstruction efficiency 40 Alternative Design Alternative Design (along the drift) Early + Late 99% avg. Early only 96% avg. 50 MeV 91% 20 MeV 79% 10 MeV 54% 5 MeV 33% 50 MeV 98% 20 MeV 96% 10 MeV 87% 5 MeV 74% A. Himmel Proton decay reconstruction efficiency: Assuming 200 MeV visible energy (conservative estimate) With late light (the late light gives 4x increase in photons, but need electronics capable of 1 PE signals, which increases cost) >99% efficiency Supernova reconstruction efficiency Only early light and requiring 2 coincident PEs -> For 5 MeV events, only 33% efficiency Early + late light and requiring 2 coincident PEs (optimistic!) -> For 5 MeV events, 74% efficiency
Low-energy backgrounds: 39 Ar 41 39 Ar β-decays, ~500 kev endpoint (~12,000 photons) Energy is low but visible if close to the photodetectors 39 Ar spectrum 3.5 γ s if decay is close to the PDs Expected background rate: ~1.01 Bq/kg Photocoverage improvement increases sensitivity to background Algorithms to suppress 39 Ar in PDs are needed Only 4 APAs FD will have 150 APAs
Background reduction 42 It does not look impossible to separate 39 Ar from signal events (good spatial resolution) 39 Ar is a serious background issue for photodetectors Rate depends on flash threshold 39 Ar can mimic low energy events so we need to use the photon detection information for trigger Signal (10 MeV γ)
Energy resolution 43 Energy resolution depends on drift distance and electron lifetime The t 0 correction improves the energy resolution ~20% w/o t 0 correction ~10% with t 0 correction
Energy resolution 44 If electron lifetime is worse (1.5 ms), the energy resolution is significantly degraded (~20%) With drift correction (from t 0 from photons), we get ~13% resolution G. Sinev
Information from prototypes 45 Low-energy data information from LAr prototypes Response from Michel electrons Radioactive backgrounds / 39 Ar Cosmogenics Calibration with sources Trigger/DAQ Photons Directionality Comparison between single- and dual-phase technologies
46 Conclusions Detection of SN neutrino events is one of the main goals of future large underground detectors (primary scientific goal for DUNE) Other low energy events can be detected with DUNE (solar νs, DSNB, ) Important to understand the different low-energy ν detection channels (cross-sections, signatures, directionality, reconstruction, timing, etc.) and the detector response Dedicated studies are needed to understand the low energy background sources and intensity ( 39 Ar and radiological backgs) and their separation from the low energy signals Many studies to be done to improve the low-energy event detection performance of future large underground detectors