www.xtremepapers.com Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level * 9 8 0 1 1 2 5 3 9 0 * ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8291/13 Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere May/June 2014 Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. 1 hour 30 minutes Electronic calculators may be used. You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. Section A 1 2 Section B For Examiner s Use Total This document consists of 12 printed pages. DC (AC/SW) 103143 [Turn over
2 Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows a section of slope which is unstable. X dipping strata Y narrow beach solid limestone bedrock unstable clay wave action sea Fig. 1.1 (i) State one type of mass movement that might be responsible for the leaning telegraph pole at X on Fig. 1.1.... [1] (ii) State the type of mass movement occurring at Y on Fig. 1.1.... [1] (iii) With reference to Fig. 1.1, explain why the slope shown is unstable.... [4]
3 (iv) Explain how weather conditions can also contribute to the slope instability shown in Fig. 1.1.... [3] [Turn over
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows slope management methods designed to stabilise the slope. 4 afforestation slope angle reduction drains sea Fig. 1.2
5 (i) Explain how afforestation, drainage, and slope angle reduction could prevent future mass movements on the slope shown in Fig. 1.2.... [7] (ii) Suggest two factors that need to be considered before deciding on the slope management methods in Fig. 1.2.... [4] [Total: 20] [Turn over
2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows the pattern of winter temperatures in Europe. 6 0 5 N 0 500 km 5 10 Key 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 temperature / C 10 10 Y X 5 0 10 5 Fig. 2.1 (i) State the temperature difference in winter between X and Y shown in Fig. 2.1.... [1] (ii) Using the information in Fig. 2.1, describe the pattern of winter temperatures in Europe.... [3]
7 (iii) Suggest two reasons for the differences in temperature between X and Y in Fig. 2.1.... [4] [Turn over
8 (b) Fig. 2.2 compares incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation at different northern latitudes and the pattern of energy flow required to balance the Earth s energy budget. high energy levels medium outgoing terrestrial radiation incoming insolation poleward energy flow incoming insolation outgoing terrestrial radiation low 90 80 70 North Pole 60 50 40 30 latitude / N 20 10 0 Equator Fig. 2.2
9 (i) Compare the pattern of incoming insolation with that of outgoing terrestrial radiation.... [4] (ii) Briefly explain why the amount of incoming solar radiation reaching the Earth s surface is affected by the presence of cloud cover.... [2] (iii) Outline three methods by which the flow of energy from equatorial latitudes towards polar latitudes, shown in Fig. 2.2, might be achieved.... [6] [Total: 20] [Turn over
10 Section B Answer one question from this section. 3 Fig. 3.1 provides information about the magnitude of a number of recent earthquake events and the number of resulting human deaths. Armenia 1988 Tohuku 2011 Haiti 2010 Bam 2003 Sichuan 2008 Kashmir 2005 Sumatra 2004 Key magnitude 6 7 8 9 plate boundaries number of deaths 250 000 100 000 50 000 10 000 Fig. 3.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 3.1, describe and suggest reasons for the relationship shown between earthquake magnitude and the number of human deaths. [10] (b) With reference to two recent natural disasters arising from tectonic events, assess the success of strategies employed to limit damage and loss of human life. [30] [Total: 40]
11 4 Fig. 4.1 shows a graph which compares global surface temperatures and global ocean heat content with atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide. Content removed due to copyright restrictions. Fig. 4.1 (a) Describe and explain the relationship shown in Fig. 4.1 between atmospheric carbon dioxide, global surface temperature and global ocean heat content. [10] (b) With reference to parts of the world with which you are familiar, assess the likely impact of global warming on the natural environment. [30] [Total: 40] [Turn over
12 5 Fig. 5.1 provides some historical data about the location and frequency of tropical cyclones (hurricanes) in the Atlantic Ocean. frequent tracks of tropical cyclones number of tropical cyclones Atlantic Ocean 7 6 5 warm Key Atlantic tropical cyclones ocean temperature warm number of hurricanes 4 3 cold Pacific Ocean 2 1 0 19451950 1960 1970 1980 year 1990 2000 Fig. 5.1 (a) Briefly describe the usefulness of the data in Fig. 5.1 for forecasting future tropical cyclones. Outline two additional sources of information that could be used to make accurate tropical cyclone forecasts. [10] (b) To what extent are MEDCs more able to cope with tropical cyclones than LEDCs? Use examples from both groups of countries to support your answer. [30] [Total: 40] Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.