The Rise of the Animals

The Rise of the Animals

Animal or Plant? No eye spots Don t move No organs How can it be an animal? Or is it a plant?

Meeting the Minimum Multicellular + Heterotrophic + Differentiated Cells + Structural Organization Kingdom Animalia!!

What did animals evolve from? Animals evolved from the protozoa. Proto=first, zoa=animal Type of protist Unicellular, but can form colonies No cell wall Often more complex than any single animal cell

Sponges ~9,000 species of sponges Ancient! Evolved 600 mya Grow in an assortment of shapes & colors, irregular encrustaceans or in elongated ropey forms. Largest sponge Brown barrel sponge grows 6 ft. tall Encrusted forms Resemble lumpy spilled paint

Sponge Diversity Rope Sponge Black-ball sponge Phylum Porifera

Phylum Porifera: The First Animals Porus = pore, fera = to bear Better known as sponges Asymmetric No tissues/organs Four cell types Heterotrophs - Filter feeders Central chamber that water flows through - Spongocoel

Sponge Cells: Pinacocytes Pina = drink, cyte = cell Thin and flat Line outside surface of sponge JOB Cover sponge, bring water into the inner sponge through small holes, or pores, called ostia AKA Epidermal Cell

Sponge Cells: Mesenchyme Cells Mesa = middle, chyme= juice Blob-like Make jellylike substance that is the guts of the sponge Create sponge skeleton Transport/Store food Reproductive Cells AKA Amoebocyte

Sponge Cells: Choanocytes Choane = funnel Most important cells AKA collar cells Have a flagella surrounded by collar of microvilli Flagella beats to move water, microvilli filter microscopic food from water

Water Sponge Feeding.

Build a Choanocyte! Using clay, toothpicks, and labels, please construct a choanocyte. MODELS MUST BE 3D! Flagella Microvilli Nucleus Attached Mesenchyme Cell Cell Body

The Sponge Skeleton Can be made of two substances: Spicules Microscopic needles made of calcium carbonate (snail shell material) or silica (glass-like) Spongin Made of collagen, which are long protein fibers Same material than tendons are made of

Sponge Cells: Porocytes Porocytes are tubular cells which make up the pores of a sponge known as ostia. Incurrent pores located all over the body. Allows water to pass into the sponge s radial canals AKA Myocyte

Sponges. Are you absorbing it yet? 21

Other Systems Digestive Water + food enter through pores called ostia, choanocytes collect food, give it to mesenchyme cells, which then spread it around Circulatory - Ambocytes spread food around. Respiratory None. Diffusion by cells from water. Excretory Filtered water + ammonia leave through hole in top called osculum Nervous None. Cells cannot communicate with one another.

Reproduction Each sponge is both sexes - hermaphrodite Avoids having sex with self by releasing either sperm or eggs, not both at same time Two methods of sexual reproduction External Sperm and egg meet in ocean and form larva, which attaches to ocean floor Internal Sperm from one sponge enters another with incoming water, fertilizes egg inside, forms larva, which then leaves parent sponge

Internal Fertilization

External Fertilization

Asexual Reproduction too! Sponges also reproduce by budding o Produce Gemmules - specialized buds made to survive harsh weather (hot or cold) o Contain food, amebocytes, and a protective covering of spicules o Released when a sponge dies o Resist dessication (drying out) o Become adult sponge conditions become favorable

Sponges: development A larva (plural larvae) is the immature form of an animal that looks very different from the adult. A sponge larva is a hollow ball of cells that swims through the water. Eventually the larva attaches to a surface and develops into a nonmoving adult sponge. Amphiblastula larva of a sponge The bodies of adult sponges have irregular shapes, with no symmetry. Sponge larva are motile and have bilateral symmetry. Settled sponge larva. The flagellated cells have invaginated. 32

Sponges Are Not Created Equally They vary greatly in shape and color depending on: Habitat, water currents, Depth The only way researchers can identify relationships is by looking at small microscopic hook-like spicules which form part of the sponge body wall skeleton. Sponges can be classified according to the shape and makeup of their spicules and/or frameworks.

Support & Defense Systems in Sponges Since Sponges are soft-bodied invertebrates, they need protection! Their internal structure gives them support and can help protect them from predators. Some sponges contain chemicals that are toxic to fishes and to other predators.

9. Skeletal Structure of the Sponge Skeleton made of network of protein fibers called Spongin. Spicules are hard spear or star-shaped structures Spicules made of CaCO 3 (limestone) or silica (glass) Provides support & protection

Sponge Skeletons Silica (SiO 2 )Spicules Limestone (CaCO 3 ) Spicules SPONGIN

Sponges: Ecological importance Many marine animals are symbiotic with sponges Sponges are important to the diet of sea turtles, snails, and starfish Sponges help clean the ocean floor Used by humans for personal hygiene And cleaning Produce powerful antibiotics other uses of chemical secretions for anti-cancer drugs, AZT Tourism 38

Our House Mutualistic symbiosis Sponges provide homes for smaller organisms (worms, sea stars, shrimp, crabs)

Other Cool Uses of Sponges Sponging Dolphins Some ingenious Shark Bay dolphins figured out that by prodding the sediments with a sponge attached to its beak, it could stir up fish without hurting itself. https://youtu.be/-zdzrogoelm In the name of love.. Australian Humpback Male Dolphins Find Beautiful Sponges To Give To Females As 'Gifts http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-21/maledolphins-gifting-sponges-to-females-incourtship/9176920

Know this for test!!

Porifera Classification Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Class Calcarea Class Demospongiae Class Hexactinellida (Sclerospongiae is no longer considered a class) Phylum Porifera

Class Calcarea Have spicules made of calcium carbonate Mostly small in size (<15 cm.), and form irregular masses Never contain spongin, restricted to shallow water, and strictly marine Phylum Porifera

Class Demospongiae (Most sponges) Have spicules made of silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) or spongin or a combination of both Most sponges belong to this class (90%) Nearly all are leuconoid body type Mostly found on the continental shelf Spongia spp. (Bath sponge)

Cloud Sponge Mostly deep sea forms 100 ft. and deeper Spicules are six pointed and have a lattice-like structure SiO2 spicules Euplectella (Deep sea Glass sponge)

The fruit section of L. aegyptiaca may be allowed to mature and used as a bath or kitchen sponge after being processed to remove everything but the network of xylem or fibers. Marketed as luffa or loofah, the sponge is used like a body scrub. Softly-textured luffa sponges are not derived from the luffa fruit, but are manufactured by folding in several layers of soft mesh-like fabric into a cloudlike shape; commonly used in tandem with shower soaps.