Marine Invertebrates

Name: Date: Period: Marine Invertebrates Porifera Annelida Cnidaria Mollusca Platyhelminthes Arthropoda Nematoda Echinodermata

Name Class Date Section 26 2 Sponges (pages 664 667) This section explains what a sponge is. It also describes how sponges carry out essential functions. What Is a Sponge? (page 664) 1. Sponges are placed in the phylum. 2. What are pores, and where are pores on a sponge s body? 3. What does it mean that sponges are sessile? 4. Why are sponges classified as animals? Form and Function in Sponges (pages 664 667) 5. Is the following sentence true or false? Sponges have no tissues. 6. What does the movement of water through a sponge provide? Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Match the body part with its description. Body Part Description 7. Choanocyte a. Cell that makes spicules 8. Spicule b. Cell that uses flagella to move water through the sponge 9. Osculum c. A large hole at the top of the sponge 10. Archaeocyte d. A spike-shaped structure 11. Where does digestion take place in sponges? 12. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about sponges. a. Sponges are filter feeders. b. Sponges reproduce only asexually. c. Sponges rely on water movement to carry out body functions. d. Sponges do not have a nervous system.

Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Name Class Date 13. How do many sponges protect themselves from predators? 14. An immature stage of an organism that looks different from the adult form is called a(an). 15. How is a sponge larva different from the adult form? 16. What are gemmules, and what is their role in sponge reproduction?

Name Class Date Section 26 3 Cnidarians (pages 669 675) This section explains what a cnidarian is and describes the two body plans that exist in the cnidarian life cycle. It also identifies the three groups of cnidarians. Introduction (page 669) 1. Cnidarians are members of the phylum. What Is a Cnidarian? (page 669) 2. What important features unite the cnidarians as a group? 3. What are cnidocytes? 4. A poison-filled, stinging structure within a cnidocyte that contains a tightly coiled dart is called a(an). Form and Function in Cnidarians (pages 670 672) 5. Is the following sentence true or false? Cnidarians have bilateral symmetry. 6. What are the two stages in the cnidarian life cycle? a. b. 7. Write labels on each illustration below to identify the life-cycle stage and to name the different body parts. Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Name Class Date Match the cnidarian structure with its description. Structure 8. Gastroderm 9. Mesoglea 10. Gastrovascular cavity 11. Nerve net 12. Statocysts 13. Ocelli Description a. Digestive chamber with single opening b. Sensory cells that help determine direction of gravity c. Inner lining of the gastrovascular cavity d. Loosely organized network of nerve cells e. Layer that lies between gastroderm and epidermis f. Eyespots that detect light 14. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about form and function in cnidarians. a. In a polyp, the mouth points downward. b. Materials that cannot be digested are passed out of the body through the mouth. c. Cnidarians respire by diffusion through their body walls. d. Most cnidarians reproduce sexually and asexually. 15. What does a cnidarian s hydrostatic skeleton consist of? 16. Cnidarian polyps can reproduce asexually by. 17. In the Aurelia life cycle, how are young medusas released? Groups of Cnidarians (pages 672 674) 18. Complete the table about classes of cnidarians. CLASSES OF CNIDARIANS Class Characteristics of Life Cycle Examples Live lives primarily as medusas Polyps of most grow in branching colonies; some lack a medusa stage Have only the polyp stage 19. What is bioluminescence, and for what do jellyfishes use it?

Name Class Date 20. How do hydras differ from other cnidarians in the class Hydrozoa? 21. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about corals. a. Corals secrete an underlying skeleton of calcium carbonate. b. Corals are solitary polyps that live at all depths of the ocean. c. Coral colonies growing near one another produce coral reefs. d. Most corals are colonial. 22. Is the following sentence true or false? Sea anemones are solitary polyps. 23. How are coral reefs produced?

Name Class Date Chapter 27 Worms and Mollusks Section 27 1 Flatworms (pages 683 688) This section describes the defining features of flatworms. It also describes the characteristics of the three groups of flatworms. What Is a Flatworm? (page 683) 1. Flatworms make up the phylum. 2. What are the defining features of flatworms? 3. A fluid-filled body cavity that is lined with tissue derived from mesoderm is called a(an). 4. Why are flatworms known as acoelomates? 5. Is the following sentence true or false? Flatworms are the simplest animals to have three germ layers. Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Form and Function in Flatworms (pages 684 686) 6. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about flatworms. a. Parasitic species are typically simpler in structure than freeliving species. b. Free-living flatworms have organ systems for digestion, excretion, response, and reproduction. c. Free-living species probably evolved from parasitic ancestors. d. All flatworms rely on diffusion for some essential functions. 7. What do free-living flatworms feed on? 8. A muscular tube near the mouth at the end of the gastrovascular cavity is called a(an). 9. What is the function of the pharynx? 10. What are flame cells, and what is their function?

Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Name Class Date 11. What are ganglia, and what do they do in flatworms? 12. A group of cells that can detect changes in the amount of light in a flatworm s environment is called a(an). 13. How do cilia help flatworms move, and what do muscle cells allow them to do? 14. What is a hermaphrodite? 15. What occurs during fission? 16. Is the following sentence true or false? Free-living flatworms often have complex life cycles that involve both sexual and asexual reproduction. Groups of Flatworms (pages 686 688) 17. Complete the table about the main groups of flatworms. GROUPS OF FLATWORMS Common Name Class Description Turbellaria Parasitic flatworms that infect hosts internal organs or outside parts Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cestoda 18. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true of turbellarians. a. Most live in marine or fresh water. b. Most are the same color, form, and size. c. Most are bottom dwellers. d. The most familiar are the planarians.

Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Name Class Date Section 27 2 Roundworms (pages 689 693) This section describes the defining features of roundworms. It also identifies which roundworms are important in human disease. What Is a Roundworm? (page 689) 1. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about roundworms. a. Parasitic roundworms live in plants and in animals. b. All roundworms are parasitic. c. Some roundworms are a meter in length. d. All roundworms develop from three germ layers. 2. A body cavity that is lined only partially with tissue derived from the mesoderm is called a(an). 3. How is a roundworm s digestive tract like a tube-within-a-tube? 4. The posterior opening of the digestive tract is called the. 5. Circle the letter of each feature that a roundworm has. a. pseudocoelom b. mouth c. anus d. coelom Form and Function in Roundworms (page 690) 6. Which have more complex body systems, free-living or parasitic roundworms? 7. Is the following sentence true or false? Many free-living roundworms are predators. 8. Roundworms exchange gases and excrete metabolic wastes through their 9. What can roundworms sense organs detect?. 10. Do roundworms reproduce sexually or asexually?

Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Name Class Date Section 27 3 Annelids (pages 694 699) This section describes the defining features of annelids. It also describes the characteristics of the three classes of annelids. Introduction (page 694) 1. What phylum are earthworms a member of? 2. What evidence is there that annelids are more closely related to clams and snails than to flatworms or roundworms? What Is an Annelid? (page 694) 3. What is a septum? 4. Attached to each annelid segment are bristles called. 5. Annelids are among the simplest animals to have a true. Form and Function in Annelids (pages 695 696) 6. How is the pharynx used differently in carnivorous species than in annelids that feed on decaying vegetation? 7. What is a closed circulatory system? 8. What is a gill? 9. How do aquatic annelids respire differently than land-dwelling annelids? 10. How do annelids keep their skins moist? 11. What are the two major groups of body muscles in annelids called? a. b. 12. Marine annelids have paddlelike appendages called.

Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Name Class Date 13. What is a clitellum, and what is its function? 14. Write labels on the illustration of the annelid for each of the features pointed to. Groups of Annelids (pages 697 698) 15. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about leeches. a. They suck blood and body fluids from their hosts. b. Most live in moist, tropical habitats. c. They are typically external parasites. d. All are carnivores that feed on snails. 16. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about polychaetes. a. They typically have only a few setae. b. They have paired, paddlelike appendages tipped with setae. c. They suck the blood of their host. d. They are marine annelids. 18. What annelids do polychaetes include?

Name Class Date Section 27 4 Mollusks (pages 701 708) This section describes the defining features of mollusks. It also describes the basic mollusk body plan and the characteristics of the three main classes of mollusks. What Is a Mollusk? (page 701) 1. Mollusks are members of the phylum. 2. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about mollusks. a. They share similar developmental stages. b. They usually have an internal or external shell. c. They are the ancestors of annelids. d. They are soft-bodied animals. 3. What is a trochophore? Form and Function in Mollusks (pages 702 704) 4. What are the four parts of the body plan of most mollusks? a. b. c. d. 5. What forms do the muscular mollusk foot take? Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6. The thin layer of tissue that covers most of the mollusk s body is called the. 7. How is the mollusk shell made? 8. Snails and slugs feed using a tongue-shaped structure known as a(an). 9. What is a siphon? 10. Why do land snails and slugs typically live only in moist places? 11. How does an open circulatory system carry blood to all parts of a mollusk s body?

Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Name Class Date 12. A large saclike space in the body is called a(an). 13. Ammonia is removed from the blood and released out of the body by tube-shaped. 14. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about mollusk response. a. Clams have a simple nervous system. b. Octopi and their relatives have the most highly-developed nervous system of all invertebrates. c. Clams have well-developed brains. d. Vertebrates are more intelligent than octopi. 15. Where does fertilization take place in tentacled mollusks and certain snails? Groups of Mollusks (pages 705 707) 16. Complete the table about groups of mollusks. GROUPS OF MOLLUSKS Class Common Name Description of Shell Examples Gastropods Bivalves Cephalopods 17. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about bivalves. a. Mussels use sticky threads to attach themselves to rocks. b. Some bivalves feed on material deposited in sand or mud. c. Clams move by flapping their shells rapidly when threatened. d. Scallops sting predators with recycled cnidarian nematocysts.

Name Class Date 18. How do gastropods move? 19. The cephalopod head is attached to a single. 20. What is a cephalopod s foot divided into? 21. What allows squids to locate a wide variety of prey? 22. The only present-day cephalopods with external shells are. Ecology of Mollusks (page 708) 23. What allows mollusks to inhabit the extreme environment around deep-sea volcanic vents? 24. Why can careful checks of bivalves warn public health officials of possible health problems to come? Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Name Class Date Chapter 28 Arthropods and Echinoderms Section 28 1 Introduction to the Arthropods (pages 715 719) This section identifies the main features of arthropods. It also describes the important trends in arthropod evolution and explains how growth and development take place in arthropods. What Is an Arthropod? (page 715) 1. What is the basic body plan of all arthropods? 2. A tough body wall that protects and supports the body of arthropods is called a(an) 3. What is chitin?. 4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about arthropod exoskeletons. a. The exoskeletons of many land-dwelling species have a waxy covering. b. All arthropod exoskeletons are the same shape. c. Lobster exoskeletons cannot be crushed by hand. d. An exoskeleton is an external covering. 5. What are appendages? 6. Is the following sentence true or false? The appendages of arthropods are jointed. Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Evolution of Arthropods (page 716) 7. Where did the first arthropods appear more than 600 million years ago? 8. What are two ways in which arthropods have evolved since they first appeared? a. b.

Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Name Class Date 9. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about arthropod evolution. a. Most primitive arthropods had only one or two body segments. b. Arthropod appendages evolved into different forms. c. The early body plan was modified gradually. d. Appendages of living arthropods include wings, flippers, and mouthparts. Form and Function in Arthropods (pages 716 719) 10. Is the following sentence true or false? Arthropods include herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. Match the arthropod structure with its description. Structure Description 11. Tracheal tubes 12. Spiracles 13. Book lungs 14. Book gills 15. Malpighian tubules 16. Complete the concept map about arthropod respiration. a. Saclike organs that extract wastes from the blood and add them to feces b. Network of branching tubes through which arthropods breathe c. Organs through which horseshoe crabs respire d. Layers of respiratory tissue stacked like the pages of a book through which spiders respire e. Small openings on the side of the body through which air enters and leaves tracheal tubes Arthropod Respiratory Structures include Featherlike gills used by used by used by used by Most terrestrial arthropods Spiders and others Horseshoe crabs

Name Class Date 17. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the response to the environment by arthropods. a. Most arthropods have sophisticated sense organs. b. All arthropods have a brain. c. Ganglia along a ventral nerve cord coordinate the movements of individual legs. d. Very few arthropods have a well-developed nervous system. 18. How do aquatic arthropods carry out excretion? 19. How do arthropods move? 20. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about arthropod reproduction. a. Aquatic arthropods have only internal fertilization. b. In some species, males have an organ that places sperm inside females. c. Terrestrial arthropods may have internal or external fertilization. d. In some aquatic species, males shed sperm around eggs released into the environment. Growth and Development in Arthropods (page 719) 21. When do arthropods undergo periods of molting? 22. What occurs in arthropods during molting? Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Name Class Date Section 28 2 Groups of Arthropods (pages 720 725) This section explains how arthropods are classified. It also describes the distinguishing features of the three major groups of arthropods. Introduction (page 720) 1. What characteristics do biologists use to classify arthropods? 2. What are the three major groups of arthropods? a. b. c. Crustaceans (pages 720 721) 3. Circle the letter of each description of structures that crustaceans typically have. a. two pairs of branched antennae b. four or five body sections c. chewing mouthparts called mandibles d. two or three body sections 4. Label the two body sections of a typical crustacean.

Name Class Date 5. The largest group of crustaceans are the. 6. Complete the table about crustacean body parts. CRUSTACEAN BODY PARTS Body Part Description Thorax Fusion of the head with the thorax Abdomen The part of the exoskeleton that covers the cephalothorax Mandible First pair of legs in decapods, which bear large claws Swimmerets 7. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about barnacles. a. They are sessile. b. They have an outer, shell-like covering. c. They move backward by snapping a tail. d. They attach themselves to rocks and marine animals. Spiders and Their Relatives (pages 722 724) 8. Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, and scorpions are grouped as. 9. What is the function of the chelicerae? Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10. The appendages near the mouth that are usually modified to grab prey are called. 11. What arthropods do arachnids include? 12. How are horseshoe crabs like and unlike crabs?

Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Section 28 4 Echinoderms (pages 734 738) This section identifies the distinguishing features of echinoderms. It also describes functions carried out by the water vascular system of echinoderms and describes the different classes of echinoderms. Introduction (page 734) 1. An internal skeleton is called a(an). 2. What forms an echinoderm s endoskeleton? 3. In what environment do all echinoderms live? What Is an Echinoderm? (page 734) 4. Is the following sentence true or false? The bodies of most echinoderms are two-sided. 5. What are five features that characterize echinoderms? a. d. b. e. c. 6. What characteristic of echinoderms indicates that they are closely related to vertebrates? Form and Function in Echinoderms (pages 735 736) 7. What functions does the water vascular system carry out in echinoderms? 8. The water vascular system opens to the outside through a sievelike structure called a(an). 9. What is a tube foot? 10. Is the following sentence true or false? Sea stars usually feed on mollusks. 11. In most echinoderms, how are solid wastes released? 12. What is the structure of the nervous system in most echinoderms? 13. What do most echinoderms use to move? 14. Is the following sentence true or false? Echinoderms reproduce by internal fertilization.

Name Class Date Groups of Echinoderms (pages 737 738) 15. Complete the table about groups of echinoderms. GROUPS OF ECHINODERMS Group Description of Feeding Description of Body Many are detritivores or grazers Disk-shaped Sea cucumbers Look like warty, moving pickles Sea stars Carnivores Long, feathery arms and attached to the ocean bottom by a stalk 16. How do sand dollars defend themselves? 17. When a brittle star is attacked, it sheds one or more arms. How does this help the echinoderm? 18. Where are most sea cucumbers found? 19. What happens if a sea star is pulled into pieces? 20. Where do many feather stars live? Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Ecology of Echinoderms (page 738) 21. What is the effect of a sudden rise or fall in the number of echinoderms in a marine habitat? 22. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the ecology of echinoderms. a. The crown-of-thorns sea star is a major threat to coral reefs. b. Sea urchins help control the distribution of algae. c. Echinoderms feed almost exclusively on coral. d. Sea stars help control the number of clams and corals