Topic Know the different reactions by which salts can be made Name a number of common salts and state their uses.

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Topic 14.1 Know the different reactions by which salts can be made. يفسر التفاعالث الوختلفت التي تنتج االهالح. 14.3 Name a number of common salts and state their uses. يسوي عذدا هي االهالح الوعروفت واستعواالتها. 1

A salt is always made when an acid is neutralised by a base. But the exact salt made depends upon which acid and base were used. تتن اال الح ػ ذ ؼادىح االح اض تاىق اػذ. ؼت ذ ع اى يح اى تن ػيى ع اىح ط اىقاػذج اى غتخذ. The name the salt is given has two parts: the first part comes from the metal in the base used the second part comes from the acid that was used Example Where does the name potassium nitrate come from? These are the rules for the second part of the name of a salt: Acid used Second part of salt's name hydrochloric acid sulfuric acid nitric acid chloride sulfate nitrate Example: copper sulphate مثش تاخ اى حاط 2

Copper sulphate crystal How can we make copper sulphate? The first part of the name is 'copper', so we need a base containing copper. We could use copper oxide or copper carbonate, for example. The second part of the name is 'sulphate', so we need to use sulphuric acid. Here are word equations for those reactions. ك ف مكننا أن نصنع كبر تات النحاس الجزء األول من االسم هو 'النحاس' لذلك نحن بحاجة إلى قاعدة تحتوي على النحاس. ويمكننا استخدام أكس د النحاس أو كربونات النحاس على سب ل المثال. الجزء الثان من االسم هوكبر تات لذلك نحن بحاجة إلى استخدام حامض الكبر ت ك. المعادلة الكالم ة التال ة توضح التفاعل : copper oxide + sulphuric acid copper sulphate + water copper carbonate + sulphuric acid copper sulphate + water + carbon dioxide امغ ذ اى حاط+ح ط اىنثش ت ل مثش تاخ اى حاط+ اى اء مشت اخ اى حاط+ ح ط اىنثش ت ل مثش تاخ اى حاط+ اى اء+ ثا امغ ذ اىنشت Example: sodium chloride يح اىطؼا مي س ذ اىص د How can we make sodium chloride? The first part of the name is 'sodium', so we need a base containing sodium. We could use sodium hydroxide or sodium hydrogen carbonate, for example. The second part of the name is 'chloride', so we need to use hydrochloric acid. ك ف مكننا أن نصنع كلور د الصود وم الجزء األول من االسم هو 'الصود وم لذلك نحن بحاجة إلى قاعدة تحتوي على الصود وم. و مكننا استخدام ه دروكس د الصود وم أو كربونات الصود وم واله دروج ن على سب ل المثال. الجزء الثان من االسم هو 'كلور د' لذلك نحن بحاجة إلى استخدام حمض اله دروكلور ك 3

Here are word equations for those reactions. Grade 8 Unit M.4 - Salts metals sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid sodium chloride + water sodium hydrogen carbonate + hydrochloric acid sodium chloride + water + carbon dioxide المعادلة اللفظ ة التال ة توضح التفاعل : ذس مغ ذ اىص د + ح ط اى ذس مي س ل مي س ذ اىص د + اى اء It would be very difficult to neutralise the acid in these reactions exactly. Some acid or base would be left over. So it would not be safe to taste the sodium chloride solution produced. ع ن اىصؼة جذا ؼادىح اىحا ط ف زا اىتفاػو. ع تثقى م ح اىح ط اىقاػذج ى تفاػو. ىزا فإ ى ن آ ا ىتز ق حي ه مي س ذ اىص د اى تن. Acids react with most metals and a salt is produced. But unlike the reaction between acids and bases we don't get any water. Instead we get hydrogen gas. تتفاػو األح اض غ ؼظ اى ؼاد ت إ تاج اى يح. ىن ػيى ػنظ حصو ػيى أي اء. تذال رىل حصو ػيى غاص اى ذس ج ز اى ؼادىح اىؼا ح ىيتفاػو:اى ؼذ +اىح ط اى يح + اى ذس ج اىتفاػو ب األح اض اىق اػذ ال This is the general word equation for the reaction: metal + acid salt + hydrogen Salts اال الح The salt produced depends upon the metal and the acid. Here are two examples: zinc + sulphuric acid zinc sulphate + hydrogen magnesium + hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen تتكىى االهالح هي تفاعل الوعادى هع االدواض. ال يهن ها هى الفلس او الذوط الوستخذم ففي جويع الذاالث يتكىى الولخ و غاز الهيذروجيي. 4

It doesn't matter which metal or acid is used, if there is a reaction we always get hydrogen gas as well as the salt. The test for hydrogen There is a simple laboratory test to see if a gas is hydrogen. A lighted wooden splint goes pop if it is put into a test tube of hydrogen. This is because the flame ignites the hydrogen, which burns explosively to make a loud sound. اك اختثاس ؼ ي تغ ط ى ؼشفح ا إرا ما اهغاصاى تن غاص اى ذس ج. شتؼو غاص اى ذس ج تفشقؼح. If the gas is hydrogen - Then there should be a distinctive 'squeaky pop' sound 5

Lab report 1 Grade 8 Unit M.4 - Salts Reaction of acid and alkali تفاعالت االحماض مع القواعد Research question: How can we use indicator paper to show a reaction between an acid and an alkali? ك ف مكنك استخدام ورقة الكواشف للكشف عن االحماض والقواعد Procedures: 1. Put 10 ml dilute sodium hydroxide solution in a beaker. 2. Measure the PH using universal indicator paper. 3. Put one drop of phenol pheythaline. 4. Take 25 ml of dilute hydrogen chloride solution and put it in burette. 5. Measure the ph, using universal indicator paper. 6. Add hydrogen chloride to the sodium hydroxide solution, ONE Milliliter at the time until the colour turns faint pink. 7. Use the indicator paper to measure the ph when it turns into faint pink colour. السحاحة. قطرة واحدة ف كل مرة لونه الى وردي حتى تحول اللون الى باهت. الطر قة : 1. ضع 10 مل محلول ه دروكس د الصود وم المخفف ف كأس مدرج. 2.قم بق اس درجة الحموضة باستخدام ورقة الكاشف. 3. ضع قطرة واحدة من الف نونفثال ن. 4.قم بأخذ 25 مل من محلول كلور د اله دروج ن المخفف ووضعه ف 5.قم بق اس درجة الحموضة وذلك باستخدام ورقة الكاشف. 6.قم بإضافة كلور د اله دروج ن إلى محلول ه دروكس د الصود وم الوردي خافت. 7. استخدام ورقة الكاشف لق اس درجة الحموضة عندما تحول Results: The ph of hydrogen chloride is. The ph of sodium hydroxide is The ph for faint pink solution is 6

مق اس الحموضة لكلور د اله دروج ن... مق اس الحموضة له دروكس د الصود وم... مق اس الحموضة للمحلول الوردي هو... Conclusion: 1. What is the chemical formula of hydrogen chloride? 2. What is the chemical formula of sodium hydroxide? االستنتاج : 1. أكتب الص غة الك م ائ ة لكلور د اله دروج ن 2. أكتب الص غة الك م ائ ة له دروكس د الصود وم 3. Complete the following equation: Hydrogen chloride + sodium hydroxide.+ 4. Write the chemical equation using chemical formulae: +. +.. 5. Why does the ph change when this reaction takes place? لماذا تتغير درجة الحموضة بعد حدوث التفاعل 7

Lab report 2 Reaction of acid and metal تفاعل االحماض مع الفلز Grade 8 Unit M.4 - Salts Research question: Procedure: How do metals react with acid? 1. Put 5 ml dilute hydrogen chloride solution in a test tube. 2. Add (Mg) ribbon to dilute hydrogen chloride. ك ف تتفاعل االحماض مع الفلزات مل من محلول كلور د اله دروج ن المخفف ف أنبوب اختبار. شر ط من المغن س وم الى كلور د اله دروج ن المخفف. الطر قة :.1 ضع 5 2. إضف Analysis: What do you observe? Conclusion: Metal + dilute acid + Complete the following equation: Mg + HCl +. How can we test which gas is given off? ك ف مكن ان نكشف اي غاز نتج من التفاعل 8

Lab report 3 Reaction of carbonate with acid تف اػو اىنشت اخ غ االح اض Research question: Procedures: How does carbonate react with acid? 1. Put 5 ml dilute hydrogen chloride solution in a test tube. 2. Add 0.5 g sodium carbonate. اختبار. كيف تتفاعل الكربونات مع االحماض مل من محلول كلور د اله دروج ن المخفف ف أنبوب كربونات الصود وم. الطر قة :.1 ضع 5 2. أضف Analysis: What do you observe?.. Conclusion: Sodium carbonate + dilute acid +. + Complete the following equation:. +.... + + How can we test which gas is given off? ك ف مكن ان نكشف اي غاز نتج من التفاعل 9

Uses of Salts: Name of salt Formula Uses ammonium chloride NH 4 Cl sodium bicarbonate NaHCO 3 sodium chloride calcium chloride silver bromide potassium nitrate sodium nitrate NaCl CaCl 2 AgBr KNO 3 NaNO 3 in soldering, as electrolyte in dry cells في لذام الذذيذ و تصنيع الخليت الجافت in baking powder, in manufacture of glass في تصنيع السجاج و البيكنج بىدر for seasoning and preserving food, essential in life processes لتتبيل و دفع الطعام وهى ههن لىظائف الذياة الوختلفت as a drying agent to absorb moisture, in freezing mixtures كوادة توتص الرطىيت في الفريسراث in making photographic film في تصنيع افالم التصىير in manufacture of explosives; fertilizer في تصنيع الوتفجراث و االسوذة fertilizer; source of nitric acid كوصذر لذوط النيتريك في االسوذة 10

Key Questions: 1. Name a number of common salts and their uses. اذكر بعض األمثلة لألمالح واستخداماتها. 1. 1. Salts can be made in different ways. Complete the word reactions and give an example of each. a. Acid + alkali salt + مكن تصن ع األمالح بأكثر من طر قة.أكمل المعادالت التال ة مع ذكر مثال. b. Metal + dilute acid salt + c. Dilute acid + carbonate salt +. 2.What products are formed when a metal oxide reacts with an acid? a salt only a salt and water a salt, water and carbon dioxide ا اى اتج تفاػو امغ ذ اهفيض غ االح اض 3. What products are formed when a metal carbonate reacts with an acid? ا اى اتج اى تن تفاػو مشت اخ اىفيض غ االح اض 11

a salt only a salt and water a salt, water and carbon dioxide Grade 8 Unit M.4 - Salts 4. Which acid could be used to make ammonium nitrate (a type of fertiliser)? hydrochloric acid sulfuric acid nitric acid ا اىح ط اى ن اعتخذا ىتص غ اع ذج تشاخ اال 5. Which salt is made when copper oxide and sulfuric acid react together? copper sulfate copper sulfuroxide copper sulfide ا اى يح اى تن تفاػو امغ ذ اه حاط اىى االح اض اى ختيفح 6. Which gas is produced when magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid? carbon dioxide oxygen hydrogen ا اىغاص اى تن تفاػو اى غ غ غ ح ط اى ذس مي س ل 12