Generalized Foulkes Conjecture and Tableaux Construction Thesis by Rebecca Vessenes In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the egree of octor of Philosophy California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 2004 (Submitted May 27, 2004)
194 Appendix A Association between Tableaux Spaces and Irreducibles Let n = ab and H = S b S a. Recall that W λ,a = {T T a λ-tableau filled with 1 to a, each b times}. We will explicitly show why the multiplicity of χ λ in 1 Sn H dimension of C{q T T W λ,a }. View H as a subgroup of S n, where H acts on equals the 1, 2,... b b + 1,..., 2b... (a 1)b + 1,..., ab by S b on each block and by S a permuting the blocks. The elements of H are the form (π 1,... π a, σ) with π i S b, σ S a. Now S a S n acts on W λ,a with S a acting on the numbers 1 to a and S n acting on the positions (corresponding to labelling across the rows). Let = {(σ 1, (π 1,... π a, σ)) π i S b, σ S a }. So S a H S a S n. Let T be the λ-tableau filled across the rows with b 1 s, then b 2 s, etc. Then S a S n acting on T gives W λ,a and fixes T. Specifically, Stab Sa S n (T ) =. Hence as S a S n modules, W λ,a 1 S a S n Stab(T ) = 1S a S n. Proposition A.0.2. W λ,a µ a ϕ S a (µ) (ϕ H (µ)) S n where ϕ Sa (µ) is the irreducible of S a indexed by µ and ϕ H (µ) is the irreducible of H/(S b... S b ) S a indexed by µ. Proof. Since 1 (S b... S b ), it is in the kernel of 1. As S b... S b H, it
195 is in the kernel of 1 S a H. So we can view 1 S a H as an S a H/(S b... S b ) S a S a module. Let = {(σ 1, σ) σ S a } be the image of in S a H/(S b... S b ). Hence 1 Sa H 1 Sa Sa as S a H/(S b... S b ) modules. Thus we can write 1 Sa Sa = aµ,ν φ µ φ ν for µ, ν a and some a µ,ν, where φ is the corresponding irreducible of S a. By Frobenius reciprocity a µ,ν = (φ µ φ ν, 1 Sa Sa ) = (φ µ φ ν, 1 ). Now φ µ φ ν = φ µ φ ν. So (φ µ φ ν, 1 ) = 1 σ S a φ µ (σ)φ ν (σ) = Sa (φ µ, φ ν ) Sa. Using 1 if µ = ν row orthogonality and S a =, we have a µ,ν =. 0 otherwise So 1 S a S a = µ a φ µ φ µ. If we lift back to the original module 1 S a H have 1 Sa H = µ φ S a (µ) φ H (µ) where φ Sa (µ) is the irreducible of S a indexed by µ and φ H (µ) is the irreducible of H/(S b S b ) S a indexed by µ. Since 1 S a S n = (1 S a H ) Sa Sn we get we 1 S a S n = ( µ φ Sa (µ) φ H (µ)) S a S n = µ φ Sa (µ) (φ H (µ)) S n. By this proposition we have W λ,a µ a ϕ S a (µ) (ϕ H (µ)) Sn as S a S n modules. Consider the submodule on which S a is trivial, that is, µ = (a). This corresponds to 1 Sa (1 H ) S n. If 1 Sn H = ν n m νχ ν, this module corresponds to ν n 1 S a m ν χ ν. Now e λ = σ R T τ C T ɛ(τ)στ is an idempotent of S n on λ-tableau T. So the action of e λ on 1 m ν χ ν is the same as the action of q λ = π S a πe λ on W λ,a. Then q λ W λ,a m λ (e λ S λ ) as S n modules, as e λ S ν = 0 for λ ν. Now S λ is is a cyclic S n -module generated by e λ (T ). (Correspondingly, the semi-standard tableaux which span S λ are equivalent under the action of S n.) Therefore dim(e λ S λ ) = 1 and dim(q λ W λ ) = m λ. Hence {q T T W λ,a }, spans a module of dimension m λ, the multiplicity of χ λ in 1 Sn S b S a. This proof is due to Wales, [22].
196 Bibliography [1] George E. Andrews, The theory of partitions, Cambridge Mathematical Library, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998, Reprint of the 1976 original. MR 99c:11126 [2] S. C. Black and R. J. List, A note on plethysm, European J. Combin. 10 (1989), no. 1, 111 112. MR 89m:20011 [3] Emmanuel Briand, Polynômes multisymétriques, Ph.. dissertation, University Rennes I, Rennes, France, October 2002. [4] Michel Brion, Stable properties of plethysm: on two conjectures of Foulkes, Manuscripta Math. 80 (1993), no. 4, 347 371. MR 95c:20056 [5] C. Coker, A problem related to Foulkes s conjecture, Graphs Combin. 9 (1993), no. 2, 117 134. MR 94g:20019 [6] Suzie C. ent and Johannes Siemons, On a conjecture of Foulkes, J. Algebra 226 (2000), no. 1, 236 249. MR 2001f:20026 [7] William F. oran, IV, On Foulkes conjecture, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 130 (1998), no. 1, 85 98. MR 99h:20014 [8] H. O. Foulkes, Concomitants of the quintic and sextic up to degree four in the coefficients of the ground form, J. London Math. Soc. 25 (1950), 205 209. MR 12,236e [9] The GAP Group, GAP Groups, Algorithms, and Programming, Version 4.3, 2002, (http://www.gap-system.org).
197 [10] avid A. Gay, Characters of the Weyl group of SU(n) on zero weight spaces and centralizers of permutation representations, Rocky Mountain J. Math. 6 (1976), no. 3, 449 455. MR 54 #2886 [11] Larry C. Grove, Groups and characters, Pure and Applied Mathematics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1997, A Wiley-Interscience Publication. MR 98e:20012 [12] Roger Howe, (GL n, GL m )-duality and symmetric plethysm, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Math. Sci. 97 (1987), no. 1-3, 85 109 (1988). MR 90b:22020 [13] N. F. J. Inglis, R. W. Richardson, and J. Saxl, An explicit model for the complex representations of S n, Arch. Math. (Basel) 54 (1990), no. 3, 258 259. MR 91d:20017 [14] G. James and A. erber, Representation theory of the symmetric group, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 16, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1981. [15] G.. James, The representation theory of the symmetric group, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 682, Springer, Berlin, 1978. [16] Serge Lang, Algebra, 3 ed., Addison Wesley, Reading Massachusetts, 1999. [17] I. G. Macdonald, Symmetric functions and Hall polynomials, second ed., Oxford Mathematical Monographs, The Clarendon Press Oxford University Press, New York, 1995, With contributions by A. Zelevinsky, Oxford Science Publications. MR 96h:05207 [18] Bruce E. Sagan, The symmetric group, The Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole Mathematics Series, Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole Advanced Books & Software, Pacific Grove, CA, 1991, Representations, combinatorial algorithms, and symmetric functions. MR 93f:05102
198 [19] Richard P. Stanley, Positivity problems and conjectures in algebraic combinatorics, Mathematics: Frontiers and Perspectives (V. Arnold, M. Atiyah, P. Lax, and B. Mazur, eds.), American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2000, pp. 295 319. [20] R. M. Thrall, On symmetrized ronecker powers and the structure of the free Lie ring, Amer. J. Math. 64 (1942), 371 388. MR 3,262d [21] Rebecca Vessenes, Foulkes conjecture and tableaux construction, J. Albegra (2004), forthcoming. [22] avid Wales, personal communication. [23] Jie Wu, Foulkes conjecture in representation theory and its relations in rational homotopy theory, http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~matwujie/foulkes.pdf.