LABORATORY REPORT 1 Fundamental Physiological Principles Name Date Score/Grade Section Units of Measurement 1. Provide the correct conversion units for the following measurements: 10-km run 6.2 mi 55 mph 88.5 km/hr 100-Å-thick cell membrane 10 nm 5-L cardiac output 5.25 qt 600-ml urinary bladder volume 20.3 oz 8-Å membrane pore diameter 800 pm 2000-lb Honda car 909 kg 15 g hemoglobin per 100 ml blood 150 mg/ml 120 mm Hg blood pressure 2.32 lb/in. 2 100-yd dash 917 m 7-ft athlete 2.13 m 7-micron RBC diameter 7 m 1 ml urine per minute 0.38 gal/day 100 ml plasma 0.1 L 70-kg man 154 lb 25 C room temperature 77 F 98.6 F body temperature 37 C 2. A power lifter lifts 500 lb 6 ft off the ground. How much work has he performed? 3000 ft-lb work 414.9 kg-m work. How many calories of energy did he use to produce this work? 973 If he performs this feat 11 times in 1 min, what is his power output? 1 HP 746 W. cal. Concentration of Solutions Atomic weights: Na 23 K 39 Ca 40 Cl 35.5 Molecular weights: Glucose 180 NaCl 58.5 KCl 74 CaCl 2 110 1. How many grams of glucose would you need to make 500 ml of an 8% solution? 40 g 2. What is the percent concentration of 6 g of NaCl dissolved in 1 L of solution? 0.6 % 3. How many grams of KCl would you need to make 250 ml of a 0.5 M solution? 9.25 g 1
2 Laboratory Report 4. What is the molar concentration of a 9% solution of glucose? 0.5 M 5. What is the percent concentration of a 300 mm solution of CaCl 2? 3.3 % 6. Sodium ions are found in the extracellular fluid (ECF) in a concentration of 150 mm. How many grams per liter is this? 3.45 g/l. How many milligrams per milliliter is this? 3.45 mg/ml 7. What is the osmolar concentration of an 11.7% solution of NaCl? 4 Osm 8. A 0.9% solution of NaCl is considered isotonic to mammalian cells. What molar concentration is this? 0.15 M 9. What percent concentration of KCl would be isotonic to body cells? 1.11 % 10. What is the osmolar concentration of a 33% solution of CaCl 2? 9 Osm 11. How many grams of glucose would you need to make 500 ml of an isotonic glucose solution to infuse into a patient? You need 27 g. Acid Base Balance 1. Record the ph obtained for each experimental situation: Drops of Concentrated HCl Drops of Concentrated NaOH Distilled H 2 O 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Drops of Concentrated HCl Drops of Concentrated NaOH Phosphate Buffer 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 2. Write the chemical reactions occurring as the HCl and NaOH are buffered by these phosphates: Na HCl 2 NaH 2 NaCl NaH NaOH 2 Na 2 H 2 O 3. Explain the differences you observed when you added drops of acid or base to the water versus when the drops were added to the phosphate buffer. ph changed when acid or base were added to water but did not when added to the phosphate buffer since buffers replace a strong acid or base with a weak acid or base.
LABORATORY REPORT 2 Movement through Membranes Name Date Score/Grade Section Diffusion 1. Time in minutes for methylene blue to become evenly dispersed throughout the beakers. Water Temperature Time (min) 5 C 60 25 C 15 50 C 2 2. What causes the more rapid dispersion? Molecules move faster at higher temperatures. 3. What is the principal driving force for net diffusion? The diffusion gradient. 4. Solution concentration using conductivity probe Solution Air 0 0.1% NaCl 0.5% NaCl 1% NaCl 3% NaCl 5. Concentration gradients and rate of diffusion Time 1 min 2 min 3 min 4 min 5 min 1% NaCl 5% NaCl 10% NaCl 6. For which NaCl concentration do you observe the greatest changeover time? Why do you think this is the case? The 10% NaCl solution because the concentration gradient between the dialysis bag and the water in the beaker is the greatest. 3
4 Laboratory Report 7. Between which time intervals did the greatest change occur? Between 0 and 1 minute. 8. Using Fick s law of diffusion as a reference, identify the specific part of the equation that brings about the change in the rate of diffusion over time. As NaCl diffuses into the beaker, the concentration gradient is reduced, therefore reducing the rate of diffusion. Osmosis 1. Osmotic pressure Fluid Movement (mm) Solution Movement Increment 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 30% sucrose 60% sucrose Total movement 10 18 24 29 32 33 10-min movement 10 8 6 5 3 1 Total movement 22 42 56 67 73 75 10-min movement 22 20 14 11 6 2 2. Plot osmotic pressure
Chapter 2 Movement through Membranes 5 3. Osmotic pressure developed initially by each solution 30% sucrose = 21.25 atm = (0.082) (298) (0.87 m) 50% sucrose = 42.75 atm = (0.082) (298) (1.75) 4. How is diffusion related to osmosis? Osmosis is net diffusion of water. 5. Where in the body do we find osmosis operating? Across capillaries and other membranes. 6. What causes the fluid movement to decrease with time? A decrease in the concentration gradient. 7. Osmosis in plant cells Solution Initial Volume (ml) Final Volume (ml) Percent Change in Volume Distilled water 1.80 2.26 +25 0.4% NaCl 1.48 1.64 +11 0.9% NaCl 1.50 1.50 0 5% NaCl 1.52 1.33 12.5 10% NaCl 1.45 1.16 20 8. If the final cell size were examined, how would it compare for the potato cells in each solution? Explain. Distilled water greatly enlarged, 0.4% NaCl enlarged, 0.9% NaCl no change (isoosmotic), 5% NaCl smaller, 10% NaCl quite shrunken in size. Tonicity 1. Record the lysis time. Solution Lysis Time Soap solution 6 Distilled water 30 0.2% NaCl 45 0.4% NaCl 75 0.6% NaCl Seldom lyses 0.9% NaCl No lysis 2% NaCl No lysis 5% NaCl No lysis 2. Explain the differences in cell size you observed under the microscope between cells in the 5% NaCl solution and cells in the distilled water. 5% NaCl cells are crenated since water moves out of cell. Distilled water cell fragments due to lysis.