BROAD-BASED INTERNAL- EMITTER RESEARCH BUILT ON FIRM STANNARD FOUNDATIONS Bruce B. Boecker Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute
OUTLINE Newell Stannard and Rochester New AEC Programs / Laboratories Factors Influencing Radionuclide Disposition Progress Reflected in ICRP Models Continued Stannard Stewardship
NEWELL STANNARD AND ROCHESTER A great combination for graduate studies! Education Research - Directions - Experience - Laboratory - Field
EDUCATION
STANNARD EDUCATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES Associate Director for Education U of R Atomic Energy Project Associate Dean for Graduate Studies U of R School of Medicine and Dentistry
U of R EDUCATION PROGRAM Mixed Backgrounds and Needs: AEC HP Fellowship Program - Physics, Chemistry, Biology, etc. Military Participants - MDs, DVMs, Others Academic and Applied Radiobiology and Health Physics
INHALATION STUDIES
HERITAGE OF RADIONUCLIDE INHALATION STUDIES WW II Manhattan Project U.of Rochester Post-war Studies New AEC Programs and Laboratories
RADIOACTIVE INHALATION SECTION JN Stannard Head, 1952-1959 Design and Use of Alpha Laboratory - Safety using airborne alpha emitters - Replaceable glove boxes - Clean / dirty concept Inhalation studies primarily with: - 210 Po, 238 Pu, 239 Pu, Radon
HALLMARKS OF U of R - AEC INHALATION RESEARCH Use of Lab Animals to Fill Gaps in Human Data Responsive to National Needs Broad Program Applicable to Many Materials, Issues Interdisciplinary Teams Working Safely with Airborne Radionuclides
NEW AEC PROGRAMS AND LABORATORIES
OUR NUCLEAR ENVIRONMENT 1950-1960 Increase in U.S.nuclear power expected Fuel reprocessing a viable option Fallout from atmospheric weapons testing Effects of fallout in nuclear war New technologies under study -Aircraft nuclear propulsion - Space nuclear propulsion
MAJOR AEC PROGRAM EXPANSION 1950-1960 University of Utah University of CA Davis Hanford / PNL Lovelace FPIP / ITRI
AEC/ERDA/DOE LIFE-SPAN STUDIES IN BEAGLES Laboratory Experiment Start Dates Elements Studied Utah 1952-80 Pu, Ra, Th, Am, Cf, Es, Sr Radionuclide Studies Exposure Routes UC Davis 1952-67 Sr, Ra ING, IV IV PNL 1959-77 Pu INH ITRI 1965-82 Sr, Ce, Y, Cs, Pu INH
ROCHESTER PhDs AT PNL, ITRI, AND UCD BEFORE 1968 PNL ITRI UCD Bair 1954 a Thomas 1955 Goldman 1957 Sikov 1955 Mercer 1957 Della Rosa 1959 Stuart 1963 Boecker 1962 Craig 1964 Raabe b 1967 Sanders 1966 Cuddihy 1967 Cross 1967 a Year PhD awarded b Later directed UCD program
INTERNAL DOSIMETRY RESEARCH
PRODUCTS FROM STUDIES IN LABORATORY ANIMALS
PRODUCTS FROM STUDIES IN LABORATORY ANIMALS
DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION OF INHALED RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
INHALED RADIONUCLIDES - ITRI 67 Ga 90 Y 91 Y 90 Sr 99 Mo 99m Tc 95 Zr 95 Nb 106 Ru 124 Sb 131 I 134 Cs 137 Cs 140 Ba 140 La 144 Ce 147 Pm 198 Au Rn & Progeny 224 Ra 238 Pu 239 Pu 241 Am 243,244 Cm 252 Cf
POSSIBLE MODIFYING FACTORS FOR INTERNAL DOSE Element Radionuclide Phys./ Chem. forms Route of exposure Freq. of exposure Dose non-uniformity Dose protraction Species Age Gender Health status Other biol. Factors Personal habit Therapeutic removal
ELEMENT
INHALED 144 CeCl 3 - DOGS Boecker and Cuddihy (1974)
RATIO OF SKELETON / LIVER BURDENS vs. IONIC RADIUS Durbin (1962)
HIGH NASAL CONCETRATIONS OF INHALED BETA EMITTERS After Injection After Inhalation 137 CsCl 90 SrCl 2 144 CeCl 3 91 YCl 3 Whole Body 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Lung 0.41 0.048 8.3 18 Liver 0.95 0.0028 9.6 6.1 Skeleton 0.20 10 3.6 5.0 Turbinates 0.67 12 32 39 Boecker et al. (1986)
RADIONUCLIDE
238 Pu0 2 INHALED BY DOGS Muggenburg et al. (1996)
PHYSICAL FORM
LYMPH NODE / LUNG RATIOS THOMAS (1968)
DISTRIBUTION OF DOSE FROM EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL SOURCES
SPECIES
SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN LUNG RETENTION INSOLUBLE 144Ce
COMPARATIVE METABOLISM OF RADIONUCLIDES IN MAMMALS 11 Articles in Health Physics by Furchner and Richmond Used Mice, Rats, Monkeys and Dogs Routes: Oral, IV, IP I. 65 Zn VII. 106 Ru II. 131 I III. 54 Mn IV. 110m Ag VIII. 7 Be IX. 75 Se X. 60 Co V. 192 Ir XI. 113 Sn VI. 95 Nb
COMPARATIVE METABOLISM OF 65 Zn Richmond et al. (1962)
EXPOSURE PATTERN
LUNG CANCER IN RATS - Pu vs. Ce
ICRP USE OF INTERNAL EMITTER DATA
DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION OF INHALED RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
ICRP 2 URANIUM MODEL (1960) Plasma 0.11 0.11 Bone Kidneys 300 d 15 d Excretion
ICRP 30 URANIUM MODEL (1979)
RECENT ICRP MODELING TRENDS (1 OF 2) Greater biological realism - Physiologically motivated framework - Feedback treated explicitly - Age-related parameter values incorporated - Short- and long-term behavior analyzed - Excretion pathways specified Both occupational and environmental exposures considered
RECENT MODELING TRENDS (2 of 2) Use of broad range of pertinent material Human tissue and excretion data Laboratory animal studies Elemental analogies Physiological data Framework accommodates more detailed analyses when needed data are available Missing data highlight potential research needs
ICRP 69 URANIUM MODEL (1995)
INCREASED DETAIL OF ICRP MODELS FOR URANIUM Number of Parameters ICRP 2 1960 5 ICRP 30 1979 14 ICRP 69 1995 26
ICRP LUNG MODELS ICRP 2 (1960) ICRP 30 (1977) - Used TGLM Model (1966) ICRP 66 (1994)
ICRP LUNG MODEL REPORTS
ANATOMICAL COMPARTMENTS ICRP 66 LUNG MODEL
FUTURE ICRP EFFORTS Lung Model O.K. GI Tract Model (HAT) 2005 Re-Do ICRP 30 Models 2005+ Re-Do Bioassay Models 2005+
GOOD INFORMATION SOURCES FOR STUDIES ON INTERNAL EMITTERS Hodge, Stannard and Hursh (eds.) (1973). Uranium, Plutonium, Transplutonic Elements. Stannard (1988). Radioactivity and Health A History Thompson and Mahaffey (eds.) (1986). Life-span Radiation Effects Studies in Animals: What Can They Tell Us? Thompson (1989). Life-Span Effects of Ionizing Radiation in the Beagle Dog. National Radiobiology Archives, Richland, WA A New Book? Or Books?
OTHER USEFUL ICRP REFERENCES Stather, John W. The Development of Protection Standards for Intakes of Radionuclides (1955-2005) Radiat. Prot. Dosim.109: 383-397 (2004) ICRP C2 Draft Foundation Document: Basis for Dosimetric Quantities Used in Radiological Protection www.icrp.org
CONTINUED STANNARD STEWARDSHIP Inhalation Toxicology Working Group Various review/advisory activities Chairman, NCRP-57, Internal Emitters Author Radioactivity and Health, A History HPS Leadership Roles HPS History Committee
SUMMARY (1 of 2) Newell Stannard and colleagues at the Rochester AEC Project played key roles in internal emitter research, especially by the inhalation route. Direct conduct of studies Educating and training others in internal emitter research. Providing oversight, follow-up and encouragement in subsequent decades.
SUMMARY (2 OF 2) Facilitating the incorporation of these research results into radiation protection guides and standards. For Newell, it has been a life-long commitment to excellence, support and friendship. Thanks for it all, Newell!