Centre Number Surname Other Names Candidate Signature Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Examiner s Initials Geography (Specification B) Unit 1 General Certificate of Education Secondary Education Advanced Foundation Subsidiary Tier Examination January June 2010 2010 Physical and Human Geography Thursday Paper 2: Hostile X January World 2011 9.00 am to 10.30 am Thursday 17 June 2010 1.30 pm to 2.30 pm For this paper you must have: an Ordnance Survey Map Extract (enclosed). For this paper you must have: Time the allowed insert (enclosed). You 1 hour may use 30 minutes a calculator. GEOG1 40352F F Instructions Time allowed 1 Use hour black ink or black ball-point pen. Fill in the es at the top of this page. Instructions Answer all questions. Use You must black answer ink or black the questions ball-point in pen. the You spaces may provided. use pencil Do for not maps, write outside diagrams the and graphs. around each page or on blank pages. Fill Do in all the rough es work at in the this top book. of this Cross page. through any work you do not want to Answer be marked. either Section A or Section B. You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Information around each page or on blank pages. Do The all marks rough for work questions in this book. are shown Cross in through brackets. any work you do not want to The be maximum marked. mark for this paper is XX. Three Use your of these case studies marks are to support for the Quality your answers of Written where Communication. appropriate. You will be marked on your ability to: Information use good English The organise marks information questions clearly are shown in brackets. The use maximum specialist mark vocabulary for this where paper appropriate. is 50. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in Advice your answers. Where applicable, questions should be answered in continuous You are advised prose. to Quality spend about of Written 30 minutes Communication answering will Section be assessed 1. in all answers. Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL Mark (JaN11GEOG101) (JUN1040352F01) M/J12345 6/6/6/ GEOG1 40352F
2 Section A Living with Natural Hazards Answer either Section A or Section B. Use your case studies to support your answers where appropriate. Total for this question: 19 marks 1 (a) Study Figure 1. Figure 1 shows the percentage of earthquakes that occurred in states of the USA (1974 2008). 60 50 40 Figure 1 Percentage 30 20 10 0 Alaska California Hawaii Nevada Washington Idaho Wyoming State Montana Utah Oregon Others 1 (a) (i) Complete Figure 1. Use the information below. California = 24% (1 mark) 1 (a) (ii) What percentage of the earthquakes occurred in Hawaii? Circle the correct answer. 5% 7% 15% (1 mark) (2) (02)
3 1 (b) Study Figure 2, on the insert. Figure 2 shows information about earthquakes and volcanic eruptions in Alaska, USA. 1 (b) (i) Using Figure 2, complete the paragraph below which describes the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes in Alaska. Choose the three correct words from the list below. wide northwest islands narrow southwest lakes Many of the earthquakes and volcanoes are found on and around the... in the... of Alaska. Most earthquakes and volcanoes lie in a long... belt, running from Anchorage out into the Bering Sea. (3 marks) 1 (b) (ii) Using Figure 2, give two effects of the Alaskan volcanic eruptions. 1... 2... (2 marks) Question 1 continues on the next page Turn over s (3) (03)
4 1 (b) (iii) Explain why either earthquakes or volcanic eruptions occur in Alaska. Use Figure 2 and your own knowledge. (5 marks) Extra space... 1 (c) Describe ways in which the damaging effects of either earthquakes or volcanic eruptions may be reduced. (4) (04)
5 (5 marks) Extra space... 1 (d) People continue to live in areas at risk from earthquakes. Which two of the following statements help to explain this? Tick the two correct es. People cannot afford to move away. People will have plenty of time to evacuate if an earthquake strikes. Many buildings are designed to absorb shockwaves. People believe that their lives are in danger. (2 marks) Turn over for the next question 19 Turn over s (5) (05)
6 Total for this question: 19 marks 2 (a) Study Figure 3. Figure 3 Tropic of Cancer Equator A C D Tropic of Capricorn B E In which two areas (A, B, C, D and E) are tropical storms common? Tick the two correct es. A B C D E (2 marks) (6) (06)
7 2 (b) Study Figure 4, on the insert. Figure 4 shows the path of a tropical storm. The statements below show the life cycle of a tropical storm. The letters A, B, C and D on Figure 4 show four stages in that life cycle. Write the correct letter next to each statement. Statement Letter with sea surface temperatures over 27 C, warm air rises and starts to spin thunderstorms begin to form when the tropical storm moves over land, it loses its source of energy and weakens when the tropical storm moves over the ocean, it picks up more warm moist air and it grows in size (3 marks) Question 2 continues on the next page Turn over s (7) (07)
8 2 (c) Study Figure 5, a map to show the predicted path of a tropical storm (Hurricane Katrina) in 2005. Figure 5 NE 40 N KS OK 35 N TX 30 N 25 N Mexico 100 W IA MO AR LA WI IL MS TN KY IN AL MI GA OH FL WV Cuba 95 W 90 W 85 W 80 W 75 W NC SC PA VA NY NJ NE KS OK TX IA MO AR LA WI IL TN MS MI Nebraska Kansas Oklahoma Texas Iowa Missouri Arkansas Louisiana Wisconsin Illinois Tennessee Mississippi Michigan State names IN KY AL OH WV VA NC SC GA FL NY PA NJ Indiana Kentucky Alabama Ohio West Virginia Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida New York Pennsylvania New Jersey Key Position of the hurricane on 26 August 2005 Predicted positions and wind speeds Wind speed more than 117 kph Wind speed 63 117 kph Wind speed less than 63 kph 3 day predicted path 5 day predicted path New Orleans N 0 400 km 2 (c) (i) Complete the sentences below. Circle the correct answer in each set of brackets. At 11 pm on 26 August 2005, the centre of Hurricane Katrina was to the [ north / south / east ] of Cuba, at latitude [ 14 / 24 / 34 ] degrees north. The longitude was 83 degrees west. In the three days after 26 August, the centre of Hurricane Katrina could pass over [ Mississippi (MS) / Tennessee (TN) / Kansas (KS) ]. (3 marks) (8) (08)
9 2 (c) (ii) What is expected to happen to the wind strength when the tropical storm reaches Ohio (OH)? (1 mark) 2 (c) (iii) Do you think that the people living in Texas (TX) should evacuate their homes? Give a reason(s) for your answer. Yes No (2 marks) 2 (d) Study Figure 6, some methods of preparing for a tropical storm. Figure 6 Listen to the radio Protect your home Have a family action plan Get an emergency kit Suggest how two of these methods help people prepare for a tropical storm. Chosen method...... Chosen method...... (2 marks) Question 2 continues on the next page Turn over s (9) (09)
10 2 (e) Study Figure 7. Figure 7 shows information about changes to the number of tropical storms. Figure 7 Changes to the number of tropical storms Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Key Above average number of tropical storms Below average number of tropical storms 1900 1915 1935 1955 Year 1975 1995 The views of two scientists Computer models predict that in 70 years time, there will be fewer tropical storms. Records of tropical storms before 1900 are unreliable. Changes in the percentages of severe tropical storms, 1975 1989 and 1990 2004 South Indian Ocean North Indian Ocean Southwestern Pacific Ocean North Atlantic Ocean West Pacific Ocean East Pacific Ocean 0 Key 1990 2004 1975 1989 10 20 30 40 50 Percentage (10)
11 The number of tropical storms will increase in the future. This is because of climate change. Do you agree with these views? Tick the of your choice. Yes No Give reasons for your decision. Use Figure 7 and your own knowledge. (6 marks) Extra space... 19 Turn over for the next question Turn over s (11)
12 Total for this question: 12 marks 3 (a) Study Figure 8, information about wildfires, vegetation and climate in Australia. Figure 8 N N 2 3 Tropic of Capricorn X 1 4 5 6 0 300 600 km 7 0 300 600 km Key Areas of wildfires, 1997 2007 State boundary States: 1 Western Australia 5 New South Wales 2 Northern Territory 6 Victoria 3 Queensland 7 Tasmania 4 South Australia Prevailing wind direction during the wildfire season Desert Grassland Key Dry grassland Other vegetation Graph A Precipitation Temperature (mm) ( C) 450 45 400 40 350 35 300 30 250 25 200 20 150 15 100 10 50 5 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 Graph B Precipitation Temperature (mm) ( C) 450 45 400 40 350 35 300 30 250 25 200 20 150 15 100 10 50 5 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 (12)
13 3 (a) (i) Study Figure 8. Which of the graphs (A or B) shows the climate at the place marked X on the map? Tick the correct. Graph A Graph B (1 mark) 3 (a) (ii) Which of the following is a state in Australia where wildfires are common? Tick the correct. South Australia Northern Territory Tasmania (1 mark) 3 (a) (iii) Use Figure 8 to decide which two of the following statements are correct. Tick the two correct es. All areas of wildfires are above the Tropic of Capricorn. Most wildfires occur in northern Australia. Most wildfires occur in southern Australia. Tasmania has few wildfires. (2 marks) Question 3 continues on the next page Turn over s (13)
14 3 (a) (iv) With the help of Figure 8, suggest why place X is at risk from wildfires. (4 marks) 3 (b) Study Figure 9, information about wildfires in western USA. Figure 9 Length of wildfire season (number of days) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year 2005 150 16 Number of wildfires 100 50 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year 15 14 2005 Spring summer temperatures ( C) Key: Temperature Wildfires (14)
15 3 (b) (i) What was the length of the wildfire season in 2005? Circle the correct answer. 150 days 200 days 250 days (1 mark) 3 (b) (ii) Suggest the connection between spring summer temperatures and the number of wildfires. (1 mark) 3 (c) The cost of damage from wildfires is increasing. Give two reasons why. 1... 2... (2 marks) 12 End of Section A Turn over s (15)
16 Section B The Challenge of Extreme Environments Answer either Section A or Section B. Use your case studies to support your answers where appropriate. 4 (a) Study Figure 10, a climate graph for Prudhoe Bay in Alaska. Figure 10 Total for this question: 19 marks Precipitation (mm) 30 Temperature ( C) 25 20 25 15 10 20 5 0 15 5 10 10 15 20 5 25 30 0 J F M A M J J A S O N Month D 35 (16)
17 4 (a) (i) Complete Figure 10. Use the information below. April precipitation = 2.5 mm (1 mark) 4 (a) (ii) What was the average temperature in March? Circle the correct answer. 26 C 0 C 6 C (1 mark) Question 4 continues on the next page Turn over s (17)
18 4 (b) Study Figure 11, on the insert, which shows information about Alaska. 4 (b) (i) The paragraph below gives information about the oil industry in Alaska. Complete the paragraph by choosing the three correct words from the list. tanker Anchorage south pipeline Prudhoe Bay north The main oil fields are in the area close to.... The oil is transported by... to Valdez, which lies 1242 kilometres to the.... (3 marks) 4 (b) (ii) Describe the effects of the oil industry on the people and the environment of Alaska. Use Figure 11 and your own knowledge. (5 marks) Extra space... (18)
19 4 (c) Study Figure 12 on the insert. Give two threats to the environment of Antarctica. 1... 2... (2 marks) 4 (d) Which two of the following statements are reasons why people should protect a cold environment such as Antarctica? Tick the two correct es. Very few people live in Antarctica. Antarctica is valuable for scientific research. Antarctica contains few species of land animals. Antarctica is the last great wilderness left on earth. (2 marks) Question 4 continues on the next page Turn over s (19)
20 4 (e) People can have damaging effects on cold environments. Describe ways in which the damaging effects may be reduced. (5 marks) Extra space... 19 (20)
21 Total for this question: 19 marks 5 (a) Study Figure 13. Figure 13 Tropic of Cancer A D Equator C Tropic of Capricorn B E In which two areas (A, B, C, D and E) are tropical rainforests found? Tick the two correct es. A B C D E (2 marks) Question 5 continues on the next page Turn over s (21)
22 5 (b) Study Figure 14 which shows the daily pattern of weather in an area of tropical rainforest. Figure 14 A B D C The statements below show the daily pattern of weather in an area of tropical rainforest. Write the correct letter (A, B, C or D) next to each statement. Statement Letter Towering black clouds form. Thunderstorms bring heavy rainfall. At 9 am, temperatures are as high as 25 C. The air near the ground heats up. More and more hot air rises and cools. It condenses and forms thick cloud. The sun is directly overhead and temperatures are over 30 C. The hot air rises in convection currents. (3 marks) (22)
23 5 (c) Study Figure 15, on the insert, information about deforestation in Borneo, an island in south east Asia. 5 (c) (i) Complete the sentences below. Circle the correct answer in each set of brackets. In 1950 [ all / none / most ] of Borneo was covered with tropical rainforest. By 1985 most of the [ north coast / east coast / central region ] had been deforested. (2 marks) 5 (c) (ii) What percentage of Borneo had been deforested by 2005?... % (1 mark) 5 (c) (iii) What is expected to happen to the amount of tropical rainforest in Borneo by 2020? (1 mark) 5 (c) (iv) Deforestation has taken place on the steep slopes to the north of the area shown as X on Figure 15. Suggest how this deforestation might affect area X. (2 marks) Question 5 continues on the next page Turn over s (23)
24 5 (d) Study Figure 16, some methods of reducing problems in the tropical rainforest environment. Figure 16 Reforestation Conservation schemes Ecotourism Ethical shopping Choose two of the methods shown in Figure 16. For each method, suggest one way it might help to reduce problems in the tropical rainforest environment. Chosen method... Chosen method... (2 marks) (24)
25 Question 5 continues on the next page do not write on this page answer in the spaces provided Turn over s (25)
26 5 (e) Study Figure 17 which shows information about deforestation and development in a region of Borneo. Figure 17 The habitat of many rare species, including orang-utan, is being destroyed. We are the Penan people. We are being driven from our homes in the rainforest. We have no choice. We need land to grow food for our families. 86% of the cleared land is used to grow a single crop oil palm. This is grown on government run farms. We have made money by selling timber abroad. In 1990, 21% of households lived in poverty, by 2002 it was 7%. In 1990 the GNI was $1900 per person, by 2002 it was $7500. (26)
27 Tropical rainforest environments should be protected at any cost. Do you agree with this view? Tick the of your choice. Yes No Give reasons for your decision. Use Figure 17 and your own knowledge. (6 marks) Extra space... 19 Turn over for the next question Turn over s (27)
28 Total for this question: 12 marks 6 (a) Study Figure 18 which shows some areas of the world at risk from desertification. Figure 18 North America Europe Asia Tropic of Cancer Sahara Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Equator Tropic of Capricorn South America Africa Indian Ocean Australasia Key Very high risk High risk Hot desert Graph A Precipitation Temperature (mm) ( C) 350 35 300 30 250 25 200 20 150 15 100 10 50 5 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 Antarctica Graph B Precipitation Temperature (mm) ( C) 350 35 300 30 250 25 200 20 150 15 100 10 50 5 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 (28)
29 6 (a) (i) Which of the graphs in Figure 18 (A or B) shows the climate at the place shown as X? Tick the correct. Graph A Graph B 6 (a) (ii) Which continent has the greatest area with a very high risk of desertification? (1 mark) (1 mark) 6 (a) (iii) Use Figure 18 to decide which two of the following statements are correct. Tick the two correct es. There are no areas in Europe with a very high risk of desertification. Many areas with a very high risk of desertification are between the Tropics. There are no areas in South America with a high risk of desertification. Many areas on the fringe of the Sahara desert have a very high risk of desertification. (2 marks) Question 6 continues on the next page Turn over s (29)
30 6 (b) Study Figure 19, on the insert, which shows information about desertification in Africa. 6 (b) (i) What percentage of dryland used for agriculture has been affected by desertification? Circle the correct answer. 73% 75% 80% (1 mark) 6 (b) (ii) Suggest the connection between population density and desertification. (1 mark) 6 (b) (iii) Many places in Africa have a very high risk of desertification. Suggest two reasons why. Use Figure 19 to help you. 1... 2... (4 marks) 6 (c) Suggest two changes in climate that may increase the risk of desertification. 1... 2... (2 marks) END OF QUESTIONS 12 (30)
31 There are no questions printed on this page do not write on this page answer in the spaces provided (31)
32 There are no questions printed on this page do not write on this page answer in the spaces provided acknowledgement of copyright-holders and publishers Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements in future papers if notified. Figure 1: Figure 5: Figure 7: Figure 8: Figure 9: Figure 18: US Geological Survey, Earthquake Hazards Program. NOAA, National Weather Service, National Hurricane Centre, Katrina Graphics Archive. US Geological Survey. Department of the Interior/USGS. Science 2005, Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration and Intensity in a Warming Environment. Reprinted with permission from Encyclopaedia Brittanica, copyright 2009 by Encyclopaedia Brittanica Inc. From SCIENCE 313:940 (2006). Reprinted with permission from AAAS. www.countrywatch.com Copyright 2010 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. (32)