ROOFTOP MAPPING AND INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR RAINWATER HARVESTING SURAYA BINTI SAMSUDIN UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

ROOFTOP MAPPING AND INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR RAINWATER HARVESTING SURAYA BINTI SAMSUDIN UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

ROOFTOP MAPPING AND INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR RAINWATER HARVESTING SURAYA BINTI SAMSUDIN A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Science (Geoinformatics) Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate Universiti Teknologi Malaysia JANUARY 2015

iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to: My late mother, ALLAHYARHAMAH PATMAH @ PATIMAH BINTI ABAS Al-Fatihah My beloved father, SAMSUDIN BIN TIMA My brothers and sisters

iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, Alhamdulillah thanks to Allah S.W.T. for His blessings and guidance that enables me to accomplish this thesis. I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my supervisors, Associate Prof. Dr. Zulkepli Bin Majid, Prof. Dr. Halim Bin Setan and Prof. Dr. Hamid Bin Mar Iman for their guidance, encouragement and criticism. I also want to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Albert Chong for his advice, guidance and motivation. Without their continued support, this thesis would not have been possible. I also would like to thank all my friends, especially PLS members for their help and support in completing this project. Last but not least, thanks to my father, brothers and sisters for their understanding, support and love.

v ABSTRACT Malaysia is a fortunate country as it experiences abundant rainfall throughout the year. Thus, rainwater harvesting is an alternative source of consistent water supply to help maintain a sustainable ecosystem. Researchers have studied the components, factors and advantages of this harvesting system, but have overlooked the importance of rooftop mapping and rainwater harvesting database system. Hence, the objectives of this research were to evaluate the accuracy of photogrammetry method for three-dimensional rooftop mapping and develop rainwater harvesting database using geographic information system approach. The final objective was to analyze the performance of the database for related applications. In this study, rooftop mapping was carried out in Lingkaran Ilmu, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia to collect the data required for the database. Then, a digital photogrammetric workstation and SketchUp software were used to generate three-dimensional rooftop maps. The geometric accuracy obtained was 0.79m which was validated by a terrestrial laser scanner. The rooftop mapping data was used as input for the identification of a catchment area, as well as meteorological data in the development of the database. Then, ArcGIS 9.3 software was used to develop the database which could provide the information on catchment and storage system for rainwater harvesting. The findings of the study showed that the total amount of rainwater harvested was 197498.97m 3 per year and by using the developed database, it was estimated that the tank size would be 541m 3 and tank location would be at 172474.11 Northing, 627057.95 Easting. Thus, the study has illustrated that as a result of the accuracy of the rooftop mapping, a rainwater harvesting database was developed for predicting total rainwater harvested, tank size and location prior to decision making for the future of water supply development.

vi ABSTRAK Malaysia merupakan negara bertuah yang dikurniakan dengan hujan yang banyak sepanjang tahun. Oleh itu, penuaian air hujan merupakan sumber bekalan air alternatif yang konsisten untuk membantu mengekalkan ekosistem yang mampan. Para penyelidik telah mengkaji tentang komponen, faktor dan kelebihan sistem penuaian ini, tetapi terlepas pandang kepentingan pemetaan bumbung dan sistem pangkalan data penuaian air hujan. Lantaran itu, objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menilai ketepatan teknik fotogrametri bagi pemetaan bumbung tiga dimensi dan membangunkan pangkalan data penuaian air hujan menggunakan pendekatan sistem maklumat geografi. Objektif terakhir adalah untuk menganalisa keupayaan pangkalan data bagi aplikasi yang berkaitan. Dalam kajian ini, pemetaan bumbung telah dijalankan di Lingkaran Ilmu, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia untuk mengumpul data yang diperlukan oleh pangkalan data. Seterusnya, stesen kerja fotogrametri digital dan perisian SketchUp digunakan untuk menghasilkan peta bumbung tiga dimensi. Ketepatan geometri yang diperolehi ialah 0.79m yang telah disahkan menggunakan Pengimbas Laser Mukabumi. Data pemetaan bumbung digunakan sebagai input bagi mengenalpasti kawasan tadahan, dan juga data meteorologi dalam pembangunan pangkalan data. Kemudian, perisian ArcGIS 9.3 digunakan untuk membangunkan pangkalan data yang dapat memberikan maklumat berkaitan sistem tadahan dan simpanan bagi penuaian air hujan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan jumlah air hujan yang dituai ialah 197.498,97m 3 setahun dan dengan menggunakan pangkalan data yang dibangunkan, dianggarkan bahawa saiz tangki adalah 541m 3 dan lokasi tangki berada di 172474.11 Utara, 627057.95 Timur. Oleh itu, kajian ini telah membuktikan hasil daripada ketepatan pemetaan bumbung, pangkalan data penuaian air hujan telah dibangunkan untuk menganggar jumlah hujan yang dituai, saiz dan lokasi tangki sekaligus mempengaruhi keputusan untuk pembangunan bekalan air pada masa hadapan.