FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF RC T BEAMS WITH NEAR SURFACE MOUNTED NSM) FRP REINFORCEMENTS "#$%&')*+,-./0 12$#3'45'-*6"70 89:$%;$<,1,.0 ='>%4?5'&?9@+$A$#"&B$&''4$&BCD&$A'4:$?E9@F4%:G#$%CHF4%:G#$%CF4%I$# Keywords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est Program.':?: R'4' 5%N' 9&?R'#A' [.\ 4'$&@94M'N M9&M4'?' P'%5:C :$5>#E :2>>94?'NC R$?3 ZZ 55 S9A'4%###'&B?3T`Z 55SM#'%4:>%&T`!]_55SR$N?39@?3'R'PT`Z 55S9A'4%##3'$B3?T`]]_55 S@#%&B'R$N?3T%&N! 55S@#%&B'?3$M;&'::T*.3':3'%4:>%&R%:!] 55%&N?3':3'%4:>%&a '@@'M?$A'N'>?3SNTR%:Z*Xb*='?%$#:9@?3'P'%5:%4'B$A'&$&K$B24'!*.3'@#'L24%#4'$&@94M'5'&?@94 %##P'%5:R%:XP%4:9@X_55N$%5'?'4S@Ec]]d6O%`!EcZ*bYeTCR3$#'?3':3'%44'$&@94M'5'&? @94%##P'%5:R%:4'M?%&B2#%4:?$442>:9@d*_55SN$%5'?'4TS@Ec]Y!6O%`!EcZ*ZeT>9:$?$9&'N%? '%M3!b_ 55*,??3' @#%&B':?3' :?$442>: R'4' 9@ b*y 55 SN$%5'?'4T S@E c ]]X 6O%`!E c Z*]deT >9:$?$9&'N%?'%M3! 55* Fig. 1.4%&:A'4:%#:'M?$9&C4'$&@94M'5'&?N'?%$#:%&N#9%N$&B:M3'5'.3' %&M394%B' 9@?3' #9&B$?2N$&%# P%4: R%: %::24'N PE!X*] 55?3$M; R'#N'N :?''# >#%?':C >9:$?$9&'N 92?:$N'?3' P'%5*.3' M9&M4'?' M9A'4 R%: Y_ 55 @94?3' P9??95 P%4: %&N!] 55 '#:'R3'4'*K$A'?E>':9@:?4'&B?3'&$&BR'4'2:'NS.%P#':!CX%&NY%&NK$B24'XTJF'%5:F*!%&N F*XS1492>FTR'4':?4'&B?3'&'NR$?3<-6S&'%4:24@%M'592&?'NTJY+K/OSXL!b55T:?4$>:*.3' P'%5:@4951492>+S+*!%&N+*XTR'4':?4'&B?3'&'NR$?3<-6S&'%4:24@%M'592&?'NTJ!+K/OS!!_55TP%4*F'%5:=*!%&N=*XS1492>=TR'4':?4'&B?3'&'NR$?3<-6S&'%4:24@%M'592&?'NTJX 1K/OS!!XC^55TP%4:*.3'P'%5:@4951492>"S"*!%&N"*XTR'4':?4'&B?3'&'NR$?3'L?'4&%##E P9&N'NX#%E'4:9@S_C!b]L!]_55T+K/O2&$N$4'M?$9&%##%5$&%?'R3$#'P'%5:K*!%&NK*XS1492> KTR'4':?4'&B?3'&'NR$?3<-6S&'%4:24@%M'592&?'NTJ!:?''#S!d55TP%4*.3':#9?:SK$B24'YT@94?3'<-6:?4$>:%&NP%4:R'4']L!d55S1492>FP'%5:TCX_LX_55S1492>+P'%5:TCX]LX] 55S1492>=P'%5:T%&N!bL!b55S1492>KP'%5:T*!
Table 1K#'L24%#:?4'&B?3'&$&B?E>'2?$#$I'N 1492> F'%5 K#'L24%#-?4'&B?3'&$&B.E>'D?$#$I'N, F + = " K,*!,*X F*! F*X +*! +*X =*! =*X "*! "*X K*! F.2 /'@'4'&M' <-6S&'%4:24@%M'592&?'NTJY+K/OSXL!b55T:?4$>: <-6S&'%4:24@%M'592&?'NTJ!+K/OS!!_55TP%4 <-6S&'%4:24@%M'592&?'NTJX1K/OS!!XC^55TP%4: "L?'4&%##EP9&N'NJX#%E'4:9@S_C!b]L!]_55T+K/O 2&$N$4'M?$9&%##%5$&%?' <-6S&'%4:24@%M'592&?'NTJ!:?''#S!d55TP%4 Table 2-?4'&B?3'&$&BN'?%$#: 1492> -?4'&B?3'&$&B 6'%:24':94 ",4'% f2%&?$?e 5%?'4$%# N$%5'?'4S55T S1O%T S55 X T,L" F +K/O:?4$>: XL!b Y:?4$>:!Y! gb!x*]^b + +K/OP%4:!!_!P%4!Z^ ^d*]z!!*]z] = 1K/OP%4:!!X*^ XP%4: Z_*d Xdg*^!!*dX_ " +K/O2&$N$4'M?$9&%# #%5$&%?': _*!b]l!]_ X#%E'4: XXd Zg*]!!*Xdb K -?''#P%4!d!P%4 XX! ]_*Xb!!*!_^ Table 3-?4'&B?3'&$&B5%?'4$%#M3%4%M?'4$:?$M:SPE5%;'4:T -?4'&B?3'&$&B5%?'4$%# O49N2M'4 "h @2 @h @2 " SeT S6O%T S1O%T +K/O:?4$>:,:#%&]!^ X_bd!Y! +K/OP%4: 7'%N#$&'!Y*Z!g^_!Z^ 1K/OP%4:,:#%&!!^ bg_ Z_Cd +K/O2&$N$4'M?$9&%##%5$&%?': 6F.+K!Y_!b*b Y^g_ XXd -?''#P%4 +,]_ i!_ ] X!_ 79%N$&BR%:%>>#$'N$&:?'>:9@!_;<2>?9M4%M;$&B%&N?3'&$&:?'>:9@X_;<C%&N%??3''&N9@ R3$M34'%N$&B:R'4'?%;'&*.3'P'3%A$9249@?3'P'%5:?':?'NR%:%&%#EI'N?3492B3?3':?4%$&:9@?3'@#'L24%#%&N:3'%44'$&@94M'5'&?%&N9@?3'M9&M4'?'C?3':?4%$&:9@?3'M95>9:$?'::?4'&B?3'&$&B 5%?'4$%#C?3'A'4?$M%#%&N394$I9&?%#N'@#'M?$9&:C?3'N'A'#9>$&B%&NR$N?3:9@?3'M4%M;:C%&NPE?3' 2#?$5%?' #9%N %&N 5'M3%&$:5 9@ 42>?24'* K$B24' Z :39R:?3' :?4'&B?3'&'N P'%5 =*X P'@94' P'$&B?':?'N* X
5 x 18 20 x 20 38 37 3 38 7 75 75 VA Reference Beam VB 3 CFRP strips 2 x 16 mm VC 1 CFRP bar! 10 mm 25 x 25 16 x 16 47,5 5 47,5 5 75 75 VD - 2 GFRP bars! 12,7 mm VE - 2 layers CFRP sheet 0,0165 x mm) VF - 1 steel bar! 8 mm Fig. 2 ='?%$#:9@?3':?4'&B?3'&'NP'%5: Fig. 3 ='?%$#:9@?3':#9?:5%N'%??3'P'%5: Y
Fig. 4 -?4'&B?3'&'NP'%5=*XP'@94'P'$&B?':?'N 2.2 Discussion of test results.%p#'z>4':'&?:c@94'%m3p'%5c?3':?4'&b?39@?3'm9&m4'?'c?3'':?$5%?'n@#'l24%#2#?$5%?'#9%n SO@#'LTC?3' 'L>'4$5'&?%# 2#?$5%?' #9%N SO2TC %&N?3' 42>?24'?E>' 9P?%$&'N* F'%5:,*! %&N,*X S4'@'4'&M'P'%5:R$?392?:?4'&B?3'&$&BT@%$#'N$&@#'L24'C>4':'&?$&B%?'&:$9&@%$#24'JF'%5:,*!%&N,*X N'@#'M?'N 'L?'&:$A'#E %&N N'A'#9>'N R$N' M4%M;:C %&N P'%5,*X >49N2M'N M42:3$&B 9@?3' M9&M4'?'52M3N'@#'M?$9&*.':?9@P'%5,*!R%::?9>>'N%:?3'N'@945%?$9&:R'4'$&M4'%:$&B%&N?3' #9%NM92#N&9?B92>*,:$:B9$&B?9P':''&#%?'4?3'N'@#'M?$9&:9@P'%5,*XS5%L$525!^!*]55T R'4' 52M3 P$BB'4?3%& P'%5,*! SY^*b 55T %&N?3$: R%: %??4$P2?'N?9?3' M9&M4'?' SM9&M4'?' 4':$:?%&M'jZ_6O%T* Table 4"L>'4$5'&?%#4':2#?: F'%5 -?4'&B?3* f.e>' c S6O% O 2C'L> S;<T O 2C?'94 S;<T O 2C'L> a O 2C?'94 /2>?24'?E>',*! Zb*Y!bX*b!b_!*_! /'$&@94M'5'&?E$'#N$&B /'@'4*,*X Yb*]!d]*!!]b!*!g /'$&@94M'5'&?E$'#N$&B@9##9R'NPEM9&M4'?'M42:3$&B F*! +K/O Zg*] XZ]*b XYX!*_b F*X :?4$>: ]X*d X]_*_ XZ_!*_] +*! +K/O ]X*^ X]Y*Z XX]!*!X +*X P%4: ]_*! XZg*b XY^!*_] O''#$&B9@@9@?3'+K/O:?4'&B?3'&$&B?9B'?3'4R$?3?3' M9&M4'?'M9A'4 -#$>>$&B9@?3'+K/O@9##9R'NPE?3'42>?24'9@?3' +K/OP%4 =*! 1K/O ]_*! X]_*_ XYZ!*_^ O''#$&B9@@9@?3'1K/O:?4'&B?3'&$&B?9B'?3'4R$?3?3' =*X P%4: Y]*X XXb*^ X!g!*_Z M9&M4'?'M9A'4 "*! +K/O Z_*_ X_]*^!gb!*_] ='P9&N$&B9@?3'+K/O:?4'&B?3'&$&B&'%4?3':2>>94? 7%5$&%Q %@?'4'L?'&:$A'M4%M;$&B9@?3'M9&M4'?'M9A'4P'#9R "*X?' Z^*^ X!]*_ X_Y!*_b?3'#9%N>9$&?: K*! Y]*X!gd*]!bg!*!d -?''#P%4 /'$&@94M'5'&?E$'#N$&B@9##9R'NPEM9&M4'?'M42:3$&B K*X Yb*Z!g]*Z!bd!*!b F'%5:@4951492>FSF*!%&NF*XT%&N1492>=S=*!%&N=*XTC:?4'&B?3'&'N4':>'M?$A'#ER$?3 +K/O:?4$>:%&NR$?31K/OP%4:C@%$#'NPE>''#$&B9@@9@?3'M95>9:$?':?4'&B?3'&$&BS+K/O:?4$>:94 1K/O P%4:T?9B'?3'4 R$?3?3' M9&M4'?' M9A'4* k9r'a'4c $? M92#N P' :''&?3%??3' @%$#24' 3%>>'&'N %M?2%##E%??3'$&?'4@%M'P'?R''&?3''>9LE594?%4%&N?3'M9&M4'?'C%:M%&P':''&$&K$B24':]%&N b* Z
Fig. 5 ='?%$#9@?3'+K/O:?4$>::?4'&B?3'&$&B>''#$&B9@@QF'%5F*X Fig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d:39R:N'?%$#:9@?3'N'P9&N$&B9@P'%5 "*X* F'%5:K*!%&NK*XS1492>KTC:?4'&B?3'&'NR$?3!!d55:?''#P%4@%$#'N$&@#'L24'C>4':'&?$&B%?'&:$9& @%$#24'C N'@#'M?$&B 'L?'&:$A'#E %&N N'A'#9>$&B R$N' M4%M;:C %&N 'A'&?2%##E M42:3$&B?3' M9&M4'?'R%:9P?%$&'N*.3'2#?$5%?'?':?#9%NR%:%P9A'S9A'4%##%A'4%B'9@!*_gT?3'':?$5%?'N@#'L24%#@%$#24'#9%N@94%## P'%5:CN':>$?'?3'>4'5%?24'@%$#24':3%>>'&'N@94?3'P'%5:9@1492>:F?9"*l?M%&P':%$N?3'&?3%?%##?3'2:'N:?4'&B?3'&$&B>49M'N24':R94;'NR'##$&?'45:9@2#?$5%?'#9%N* ]
Fig. 7 ='?%$#9@?3'42>?24'9@?3'+K/OP%4$&F'%5+*X Fig. 8 ='?%$#9@?3'N'P9&N$&B9@?3'+K/O#%5$&%?'QF'%5"*X K94?3'4'@'4'&M'P'%5:S,*!%&N,*XT?3'2#?$5%?'?':?#9%NR%:!_m$&%A'4%B'%P9A'?3' ':?$5%?'N@#'L24%#@%$#24'#9%NC%&NP'%5,*XCR3$M33%NM42:3$&B9@?3'M9&M4'?'4'%M3'N%&2#?$5%?'?':?#9%N!gm%P9A'?3'':?$5%?'N@#'L24%#@%$#24'#9%N*,59&B?3' :?4'&B?3'&'N P'%5:C?3' 3$B3':? 4%?$9 S$& %A'4%B'!*!^T 2#?$5%?'?':? #9%N 9A'4 ':?$5%?'N @#'L24%# @%$#24' #9%N R%: 4'%M3'N PE?3' P'%5: @495 1492> K S:?4'&B?3'&'N R$?3 % :?''# P%4TCR3$M33%NM42:3$&B9@M9&M4'?'*,:?3''>9LE594?%4R%:?3':%5'@94%##?3'<-6:?4'&B?3'&'N P'%5:?3$: M92#N P' %??4$P2?'N?9?3' M%>%P$#$?E 9@?3' :?''#?9 >49N2M' P$B :?4%$&: %@?'4 E$'#N$&B* l? :392#N&9?P'@94B9??'&?3%??3'M9&M4'?'9@?3':'P'%5:3%N%#9R'4:?4'&B?3SY]*X%&NYb*Z6O%T %&N R%: 594' N'@945%P#' %: R$## P' :''&* 0@ M924:'?3' ':?$5%?'N @#'L24%# @%$#24' #9%N: @94?3':' P'%5:SK*!%&NK*XTC$&%A'4%B'!bd;<R'4'&9?:93$B3%:?3'':?$5%?'N@#'L24%#@%$#24'#9%N@94?3' b
K/O:?4'&B?3'&'NP'%5:Q1492>:F?9"C$&%A'4%B'XXZ;<*799;$&B@495?3'9?3'4:$N'C2#?$5%?' #9%N:YXm3$B3'4R'4'9P?%$&'NR$?3%#59:??3':%5',4'%L"S59N2#2:T@94?3'K/O:?4'&B?3'&'N P'%5:S1492>:F?9"TC$&M95>%4$:9&R$?3:?''#:?4'&B?3'&'NP'%5:S1492>KT%:M%&P':''&%#:9 $&K$B24'gC?3%??3'$&M4'%:'9@?3'2#?$5%?'?':?#9%N:@94?3'P'%5:%4'M95>%4'N* 60 50 40 Inc. ref. %) 20 10 0 B 1 B 2 C 1 C 2 D 1 D 2 E 1 E 2 F 1 F 2 Fig. 9 79%N$&M4'%:'$&>'4M'&?%B'$&4'#%?$9&?9?3'4'@'4'&M'P'%5.3'P':?:$&B#'4':2#?%59&B?3'K/O:?4'&B?3'&'NP'%5:S1492>:F?9"TR%:4'%M3'NPEP'%5 +*!C:?4'&B?3'&'NR$?3?3'+K/OP%4CR3$M34'%M3'N%&2#?$5%?'?':?#9%N!Xm3$B3'4?3%&?3' ':?$5%?'N@#'L24%#@%$#24'#9%NC%&N?3':?4%$&:9P?%$&'N@94?3'M9&M4'?':2BB':??3%?M42:3$&B9@?3' M9&M4'?'R%:&9?:9M#9:'C%:R$##P':''&*0@M924:'?3'4'%4'9&#E%@'R4':2#?:%&N?3'N$@@'4'&M'$: :5%##P2??3'4':2#?::2BB':??3%??3'+K/OP%4:?4'&B?3'&$&B$:?3'9&'R$?3P':?>'4@945%&M' %59&B?3'K/O:?4'&B?3'&$&B>49M'N24':?':?'N* Table 5"L>'4$5'&?%#4':2#?: +9&M4'?'%&N5%$&4'$&@94M'5'&?:?4%$&: F'%5 -?4''& 79%N S;<T! M SeT 79%N S;<T! : SeT,*!!bX*b!*b_!b_*_!Z*b_ /'@'4*,*X!d]*! Y*_Z QQ h F*! +K/O XZ_*_!*bX XZ_*_!]*^^ F*X :?4$>: X]_*_!*^b X]_*_!Z*g_ +*! +K/O X]_*_!*d] X]_*_!]*Yg +*X P%4 XZ]*_!*db XZ]*_ ]*gg =*! 1K/O X]_*_!*d_ X]_*_!!*YX =*X P%4 XX_*_!*dg!^_*_ Y*]_ "*! +K/O X_]*_!*!X X_]*_!_*ZY "*X #%5$&%?' X!]*_!*XX X!]*_!!*]_ K*! -?''#!gd*] X*^^ QQ h K*X F%4!g_*_ Y*gd QQ h h:?4%$&b%2b'3%n&9?r94;'n>49>'4#e%@?'4e$'#n$&b.%p#']>4':'&?:?3'5%l$525m9&m4'?'%&n5%$&4'$&@94m'5'&?:?4%$&:4'b$:?'4'n%??3'?':?:c?9b'?3'4r$?3?3'm944':>9&n$&b#9%n:?'>*k94?3'm9&m4'?'$?m%&p':''&?3%?9&#ep'%5:,*xck*! %&NK*XC$&R3$M3?3'M9&M4'?'M42:3'N4'%M3'NP$B:?4%$&:S4':>'M?$A'#EY*_ZCX*^^%&NY*gdeT*l?M%& ^
P':%$N?3%??3'4'5%$&$&BP'%5:R'4'U2$?'@%4%>%4?@4953%A$&BM42:3$&B%??3'M9&M4'?'*K94?3' 5%$&4'$&@94M'5'&?SK$B24'!_#'@?TM%&P':''&?3%??3'4'$&@94M'5'&?E$'#N'NS!EiZ*bYeT$&%#59:? %##P'%5:?3%??3':?4%$&R'4'4'B$:?'4'NS1492>,?9"T*l&P'%5:,*XCK*!%&NK*X?3':?4%$&B%2B': 3%N&9?R94;'N>49>'4#E%@?'452M3E$'#N$&B*.3' :?4%$&: 4'B$:?'4'N @94?3' M95>9:$?' S1492>: F?9 "T %&N :?''# S1492> KT :?4'&B?3'&$&B $: :39R&$&.%P#'b%&N$&K$B24'!_4$B3?C?9B'?3'4R$?3?3'M944':>9&N$&B#9%N:?'>%&N?3'2#?$5%?' :?4%$&:B$A'&PE?3'>49N2M'4:*K94?3'P'%5:9@1492>F?3'+K/O:?4$>:4'%M3'N$&%A'4%B'^!*Ym 9@?3'2#?$5%?':?4%$&B$A'&PE?3'>49N2M'4R3$#'@94?3'P'%5:9@1492>=?3'1K/OP%4:4'%M3'N$& %A'4%B'^_m9@?3'2#?$5%?':?4%$&B$A'&PE?3'>49N2M'4*K94?3'P'%5:9@1492>+C$&R3$M3?3' +K/OP%4:R'4'P49;'&%??3''&N9@?3'?':?:C?3'4'B$:?'4'N:?4%$&:4'%M3'NP'@94'2#?$5%?'#9%N R%:dZ*dm9@?3'2#?$5%?':?4%$&B$A'&PE?3'>49N2M'4@94P'%5+*!%&N^m3$B3'4?3%&?3'2#?$5%?' :?4%$&B$A'&PE?3'>49N2M'4@94P'%5+*X*F'%5:@4951492>"S'L?'4&%##EP9&N'N+K/O#%5$&%?'T 4'%M3'N$&%A'4%B'9&#EZY*Xm9@?3'2#?$5%?':?4%$&B$A'&PE?3'>49N2M'4* K94?3'P'%5:9@1492>KS:?''#P%4:T$&R3$M3?3'4'R%:M42:3$&B9@?3'M9&M4'?'?3'4'M94N'N :?4%$&:$&N$M%?$&B?3%??3'4'$&@94M'5'&?R%:U2$?'@%4@495@4%M?24$&B* 0 Reinforcement strain 0 Composite strain 250 250 Load kn) 200 Load kn) 200 100 100 50 50 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Strain ) n,x*! n,x*x nfx*! nfx*x n+x*! n+x*x n=x*! n=x*x n"x*! n"x*x nkx*! nkx*x 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Strain ) nfx*! nfx*x n+x*! n+x*x n=x*! n=x*x n"x*! n"x*x nkx*! nkx*x Fig. 10 -?''#4'$&@94M'5'&?#9%NL:?4%$&S#'@?T%&NM95>9:$?':?4'&B?3'&$&B#9%NL:?4%$&S4$B3?T F'%5 -?4'&B*.E>' Table 6-?4'&B?3'&$&B:?4%$&: 79%N S;<T d! @ SeT! @2 SeT 6%;'4! @2 a! @2 F*! +K/O XZ_*_!!*]X!^* *bd F*X :?4$>: X]_*_!X*^Y!^* *^] +*! +K/O X]_*_!!*Y^!Y*Z _*d] +*X P%4 XZ_*_!Z*Yb!Y*Z!*_^ =*! 1K/O X]_*_!X*bZ!^* *^Z =*X P%4 XX_*_!!*_d!^* *b] "*! +K/O X_]*_ b*bd!b*b _*Z_ "*X #%5$&%?' X!]*_ ^*bb!b*b _*Zb K*! -?''#!g_*_!!*y_ i!_*_!*!y K*X F%4!b_*_ ^*^X i!_* *^^.%P#' ^ :39R:?3' 5%L$525 A'4?$M%# N$:>#%M'5'&?: 4'B$:?'4'N @94?3' P'%5: R$?3 M9&M4'?' :?4'&B?3"Z_6O%R3$#'.%P#'d:39R:?3'5%L$525A'4?$M%#N$:>#%M'5'&?:@94?3'R$?3M9&M4'?' :?4'&B?3jZ_6O%*
Table 76%L$525A'4?$M%#N$:>#%M'5'&?:HF'%5:R$?3M9&M4'?':?4'&B?3"Z_6O% F'%5 -?4'&B?3*.E>' @ M 6O% 79%N S;<T # 2 S55T # 2 a# 24'@,*! /'@'4* Zb*Y!bX*Z Y^*b_ Q F*! +K/O Zg*] XZ_*_ ]b*yg!*]_ F*X :?4$>: ]X*d X]_*_ b^*y_!*^g +*! ]X*^ X]_*_ ^_*Xb!*d^ +K/OP%4 +*X ]_*! XZ]*_ ^^*dy X*_^ =*! 1K/OP%4 ]_*! X!_*_ Z_*]b!*_d "*! +K/O Z_*_ X_]*_ Yb* *gb "*X #%5$&%?' Z^*^ X!]*_ Yd*^^!*_Y Table 86%L$525A'4?$M%#N$:>#%M'5'&?:HF'%5:R$?3M9&M4'?':?4'&B?3jZ_6O% -?4'&B*.E>' 79%N S;<T # 2 S55T # 2 a# 24'@ F'%5,*X /'@'4*!d]*_!^!*]_ Q =*X 1K/OP%4 XX_*_ b]*]^ _*Yd K*! -?''#!g]*_!]]*xd _*g! K*X F%4!g_*_!]d*^b _*gy F'%5:R$?3M9&M4'?':?4'&B?3"Z_6O%S.%P#'^%&NK$B24'!!#'@?T@4951492>:FSF*!%&NF*XT %&N+S+*!%&N+*XT4'%M3'N2#?$5%?'A'4?$M%#N$:>#%M'5'&?:%?#'%:?]_m3$B3'4?3%&?3'4'@'4'&M' P'%5,*!C R3$#' P'%5: @495 1492>: = S=*!T %&N " S"*! %&N "*XT 4'%M3'N 2#?$5%?' N$:>#%M'5'&?: %P92??3':%5'9@?3'4'@'4'&M'P'%5,*!C'A'&@9452M33$B3'42#?$5%?'#9%N:* a) b) 0 0 250 250 200 200 Load kn) 100 Load kn) 100 50 50 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Vertical displacement mm) 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Vertical displacement mm) n, X*! nf X*! nf X*X n+x*! n+x*x n=x*! n"x*! n"x*x n, X*X n=x*x nkx*! nkx*x Fig. 11 79%NLA'4?$M%#N$:>#%M'5'&?H+9&M4'?':?4'&B?3"Z_6O%S#'@?T%&NM9&M4'?':?4'&B?3jZ_ 6O%S4$B3?T K94?3' M9&M4'?' :?4'&B?3 j Z_ 6O% S.%P#' d %&N K$B24'!! 4$B3?T %## P'%5: 4'%M3'N 2#?$5%?' A'4?$M%#N$:>#%M'5'&?:#9R'4?3%&?3'4'@'4'&M'P'%5,*X*F'%5=*X4'%M3'N9&#EYdm9@?3'2#?$5%?' #9%N R3$#' P'%5: @495 1492> K SK*! %&N K*XT 4'%M3'N $& %A'4%B' gxm 9@?3' 2#?$5%?' #9%N 9@?3' 4'@'4'&M'P'%5,*X* g
3 CONCLUSIONS,##?3' :?4'&B?3'&$&B >49M'N24': :?2N$'N %??3$: 4':'%4M3 R94;'N $&?'45: 9@ 2#?$5%?' #9%N*.3' 2#?$5%?'?':?#9%NR%:%P9A'?3'':?$5%?'N@#'L24%#@%$#24'#9%N@94%##P'%5:CN':>$?'?3'>4'5%?24' @%$#24': 3%>>'&'N @94?3' P'%5: 9@ 1492>: F S:?4'&B?3'&'N 4':>'M?$A'#E R$?3 +K/O :?4$>:T?9 " :?4'&B?3'&'NR$?3'L?'4&%##EP9&N'N#%E'4:9@+K/O2&$N$4'M?$9&%##%5$&%?'* D#?$5%?'#9%N:YXm3$B3'4R'4'9P?%$&'NR$?3%#59:??3':%5',4'%L"S59N2#2:T@94?3'K/O :?4'&B?3'&'NP'%5:S1492>:F?9"TC$&M95>%4$:9&R$?3:?''#:?4'&B?3'&'NP'%5:S1492>KT*.3'P':?:$&B#'4':2#?%59&B?3'K/O:?4'&B?3'&'NP'%5:S1492>:F?9"TR%:4'%M3'NPEP'%5 +*!C :?4'&B?3'&'N R$?3?3' +K/O P%4C R3$M3 4'%M3'N %& 2#?$5%?'?':? #9%N!Xm 3$B3'4?3%&?3' ':?$5%?'N@#'L24%#@%$#24'#9%NC%&N?3':?4%$&:9P?%$&'N@94?3'M9&M4'?':2BB':?'N?3%?M42:3$&B9@?3' M9&M4'?'R%:&9?:9M#9:'* ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS,2?394: %4' B4%?'@2#?9 O49@'::94 -%5$ /$I;%##% S<+-DTC +,O"-C +<OUC Kl<,."+C k2b3': F49?3'4:SD-,TCl5>'4M$%"&B$&''4$&BC6%:?'4:F2$#N'4:.'M3&9#9BESD-,%&NF4%I$#TCD&$A'4:$?E9@ F4%:G#$%C%&N?9o/p"&B$&''4$&B@94?3':2>>94?* REFERENCES V!W VXW VYW VZW V]W VbW V^W /$I;%##%C -* %&N k%::%&c.* )*C ["@@'M?$A'&':: 9@ K/O @94 -?4'&B?3'&$&B +9&M4'?' F4$NB':\C Journal of the IABSEC-"lCn*!XC<9*XC6%ECX X* ='794'&I$:C7*%&N<%&&$C,*C[-3'%4-?4'&B?3'&$&B9@/'$&@94M'N+9&M4'?'F'%5:R$?3<'%4Q -24@%M' 692&?'N K$P'4Q/'$&@94M'N O9#E5'4 /9N:\C ACI Structural Journal, n* gdc <9*! p%&2%4eqk'p42%4ecx! =' 794'&I$:C 7* %&N <%&&$C,*C [F9&N F'?R''& <'%4Q-24@%M' 692&?'N K$P'4Q/'$&@94M'N O9#E5'4/9N:%&N+9&M4'?'$&-?42M?24%#-?4'&B?3'&$&B\CACI Structural JournalCn*ggC<9*XH 6%4M3H,>4$#CX X* +%:?49C"*)*C[<'%4:24@%M'592&?'N@#'L24%#:?4'&B?3'&$&B9@/+P'%5:R$?3A%4$92:?E>':9@ K/O\CO3*=*.3':$:CD&$A'4:$?E9@F4%:G#$%CF4%I$#CX ]*S$&O94?2B2':'T* -%##': <'?9C 6*C [F'3%A$924 9@. P'%5: :?4'&B?3'&'N $& :3'%4 R$?3 M%4P9& :3''? #%5$&%?': S+K/OT\C6*-M*.3':$:C='>%4?5'&?9@+$A$#"&A$49&5'&?%#"&B$&''4$&BCD&$A'4:$?E9@F4%:G#$%C X *S$&O94?2B2':'T* -$#A% K$#39 p* <*C [,NN$?$9&%#?':?: $&. P'%5: :?4'&B?3'&'N $& :3'%4 R$?3 +K/O #%5$&%?':\C 6*-M*.3':$:C='>%4?5'&?9@+$A$#%&N"&A$49&5'&?%#"&B$&''4$&BCD&$A'4:$?E9@F4%:G#$%CX!* S$&O94?2B2':'T*,4%qr9C,*-*Cs.P'%5::?4'&B?3'&'N$&:3'%4R$?3+K/O#%5$&%?':\C6*-M*.3':$:C='>?+$A$# t"&a$49&*"&b*cd&$a'4:$?e9@f4%:g#$%cf4%i$#cx X*S$&O94?2B2':'T*!_