Please write clearly in block capitals. Centre number Candidate number Surname Forename(s) Candidate signature AS GEOGRAPHY Unit 1 Physical and Human Geography Tuesday 16 May 2017 Afternoon Time allowed: 2 hours Materials For this paper you must have: the insert for use with Question 6 only Examiner s Initials a pencil a rubber a ruler. You may use a calculator. Instructions Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Use pencil only for drawing. Fill in the es at the top of the page. You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. around each page or on blank pages. Answer Question 1 and one other question from Section A and Question 5 and one other question from Section B. Question 1 2 3 4 Mark Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be 5 marked. Information 6 The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 120. Each question is worth 30 marks. You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate. You will be marked on your ability to: 7 8 TOTAL use good English organise information clearly use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. Advice Where appropriate, sketch maps and diagrams should be used to illustrate answers and reference made to examples and case studies. You are advised to spend about 60 minutes on Section A and about 60 minutes on Section B. For Examiner s Use (JUN17GEOG101) PB/Jun17/E3 GEOG1
2 Section A Answer Question 1 and one other question from this section. 1 Rivers, Floods and Management 1 (a) What is meant by the water balance? [3 marks] 1 (b) Figure 1 is a graph showing the Hjulstrom curve. Figure 1 1000 500 Mean or critical Particles eroded River velocity (cm/sec) 100 50 10 5 1 0.5 Particles transported erosion velocity curve Mean fall or settling velocity curve Particles deposited 0.1 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 Clay Silt Sand Gravel Pebbles Cobbles Boulders Size of particles (mm) (02)
3 1 (b) (i) State the process occurring at a velocity of 30 cm/sec for particles of 0.1 mm and a velocity at which boulders of 500 mm are transported. [2 marks] Process occurring at a velocity of 30 cm/sec for particles of 0.1 mm is. A velocity at which boulders of 500 mm are transported is cm/sec. 1 (b) (ii) Describe the relationship between velocity, load size and deposition. [4 marks] Question 1 continues on the next page Turn over U (03)
4 1 (c) Figure 2 is a map showing the Malton and Norton flood defence scheme in North Yorkshire. Figure 2 N A169 Broughton Road Malton Malton Road River Derwent A64 A64 York Road Disused railway embankment River Derwent County Bridge Norton Bridge Norton 0 1 km Key Flood wall Embankment Higher ground to which flood structures link Direction of river flow Bridge Wetland Railway and station Built-up area Explain how hard engineering strategies (embankment and flood wall) shown in Figure 2 should reduce the flood risk in Malton and Norton. [6 marks] (04)
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6 1 (d) Describe how and explain why the channel characteristics of cross profile and hydraulic radius change downstream. [15 marks] (06)
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8 2 Cold Environments 2 (a) Distinguish between polar and alpine cold environments. [3 marks] 2 (b) Outline characteristics of a glacial system. [3 marks] 2 (c) Figure 3 is a table showing the contribution of basal sliding and internal deformation to glacier movement for selected glaciers. Figure 3 Warm based glacier Cold based glacier Location Basal sliding (%) Internal deformation (%) Aletsch Switzerland 50 50 Tuyuk Su Kazakhstan 65 35 Athabasca Canada 75 25 Skautbre Norway 9 91 Meserve Antarctica 0 100 (08)
9 2 (c) (i) Comment on the relative importance of the two types of movement in the glaciers shown in Figure 3. [4 marks] 2 (c) (ii) Explain the differences between basal sliding and internal deformation. [5 marks] Question 2 continues on the next page Turn over U (09)
10 2 (d) To what extent has development of tundra areas been sustainable? [15 marks] (10)
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12 3 Coastal Environments 3 (a) Distinguish between constructive and destructive waves. [3 marks] 3 (b) Outline a process of coastal transportation. [3 marks] (12)
13 3 (c) Figure 4 is a diagram showing sources and losses of sediment on a beach. Figure 4 Dredging and sand mining Wind and storm overwash Beach nourishment Cliff and dune erosion River sediment Beach store Longshore transport Longshore transport Key Input/source Output/loss Offshore/onshore sediment transport Comment on different sources of sediment shown in Figure 4. [4 marks] Question 3 continues on the next page Turn over U (13)
14 3 (d) Explain the formation of headlands and bays. [5 marks] 3 (e) Describe characteristics of two types of soft engineering (such as beach nourishment, dune regeneration, marsh creation and land use/activity management) and explain how each of your chosen strategies protects the coast. [15 marks] (14)
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17 4 Hot Desert Environments and their Margins 4 (a) Distinguish between arid and semi arid areas. [3 marks] Question 4 continues on the next page Turn over U (17)
18 4 (b) Figure 5 is a diagram showing atmospheric circulation in part of the northern hemisphere. Figure 5 Altitude (km) 15 10 5 Mid-latitude tropopause Ferrel cell Tropical tropopause Hadley cell Key Atmospheric circulation Latitude Pressure Surface winds Arid areas 0 60 N Low 30 N High Equator Low South-westerlies North-east trades With the help of Figure 5, explain how the pressure and winds lead to arid areas between 20 N and 35 N. [4 marks] (18)
19 4 (c) Outline one process of mechanical weathering that occurs in hot deserts. [3 marks] 4 (d) Explain the formation of wadis. [5 marks] Question 4 continues on the next page Turn over U (19)
20 4 (e) Contrast strategies used to manage hot desert environments and their margins in a poorer area with those used in a richer area. [15 marks] (20)
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22 Section B Answer Question 5 and one other question from this section. 5 Population Change 5 (a) Figure 6 is a comparative line graph showing the number of workers in the UK from A8 countries joining the EU in 2004 and A2 countries joining in 2007. Number of workers (thousands) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Figure 6 Key 0 1997 1999 A2 countries: Romania and Bulgaria 2001 2003 2005 Year 2007 2009 2011 2013 A8 countries: Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Slovenia Summarise contrasts shown in Figure 6. [4 marks] (22)
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24 5 (b) Figure 7 is a newspaper extract about the ageing population in the UK. Figure 7 People of pensionable age 2014 12.4 m 2039 Those aged 75+ 2014 5.2 m 2039 The number of people aged 100 or more is projected to increase from 14 000 in 2014 to 83 000 in 2039. Number of pensioners for every 100 people of working age 2014 2039 31 16.5 m 9.9 m 37 Alongside the basic increase in the cost of providing state pensions are the hard-to-quantify costs of public sector pension schemes as well as increased pressure on healthcare services. NHS England has already projected a 30 billion funding gap by 2020. 96 bn (2016) 128 bn (2039) Government spend on state pension 5 (b) (i) Comment on the predicted changes in age structure given in Figure 7. [4 marks] (24)
25 5 (b) (ii) With the help of Figure 7, discuss possible economic implications of an ageing population. [7 marks] Question 5 continues on the next page Turn over U (25)
26 5 (c) Use a case study to assess the extent to which population change in a country has been managed sustainably. [15 marks] (26)
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28 6 Food Supply Issues 6 (a) Figure 8 on the insert is a map showing the extent to which the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 1C has been achieved. MDG 1C aimed to halve the proportion of people suffering from undernourishment or reduce this proportion by 5 per cent. 6 (a) (i) Describe the pattern shown in Figure 8. [4 marks] 6 (a) (ii) Comment on the information shown in Figure 8 with reference to the geopolitics of food. [5 marks] (28)
29 6 (b) Explain how the Green Revolution led to an increase in food production. [6 marks] Question 6 continues on the next page Turn over U (29)
30 6 (c) Discuss positive and negative impacts of changes in demand for foodstuffs. [15 marks] (30)
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32 7 Energy Issues 7 (a) Figures 9a and 9b are graphs showing total proven oil reserves and their location in 1992 and 2012. Figure 9a Figure 9b 1992 2012 Total: 1039.3 billion barrels Total: 1668.9 billion barrels 7.8 2.5 7.5 5.9 3.6 8.4 11.7 63.7 13.2 48.4 7.6 19.7 Key Figures show percentages for each region Middle East South and Central America North America Europe and Eurasia Africa Asia Pacific 7 (a) (i) Describe the changes shown in Figures 9a and 9b. [4 marks] (32)
33 7 (a) (ii) Comment on the information shown in Figures 9a and 9b with reference to the geopolitics of energy. [5 marks] Question 7 continues on the next page Turn over U (33)
34 7 (b) Describe measures taken to conserve energy in homes and/or workplaces. [6 marks] (34)
35 7 (c) Discuss how one country is managing both energy supply and demand. [15 marks] Question 7 continues on the next page Turn over U (35)
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38 8 Health Issues 8 (a) Figure 10 shows the number of people suffering from diabetes in 2007 and the projected number suffering from the disease in 2025 in different world regions. Figure 10 Key Diabetes sufferers (millions) 2007 2025 (projected) Scale: 1 mm to 1 million people North America Europe Middle East South Asia South and Central America Africa Western Pacific 8 (a) (i) Describe the distribution of diabetes sufferers in 2007. [4 marks] (38)
39 8 (a) (ii) Comment on the changes predicted to occur by 2025. [5 marks] Question 8 continues on the next page Turn over U (39)
40 8 (b) Describe the role of pharmaceutical transnational corporations with regard to global health matters. [6 marks] 8 (c) Discuss the provision of health care with reference to one local case study. [15 marks] (40)
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44 There are no questions printed on this page DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Copyright information For confidentiality purposes, from the November 2015 examination series, acknowledgements of third party copyright material will be published in a separate booklet rather than including them on the examination paper or support materials. This booklet is published after each examination series and is available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk after the live examination series. Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team, AQA, Stag Hill House, Guildford, GU2 7XJ. Copyright 2017 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. (44)