Attention Parents & Teachers The National Science Education Standards have established a set of goals for all children. The goals include focusing on student understanding and use of hands-on activities that teach the inquiry process. Lessons and activities in this manual are designed to meet these National Science Education Standards for Earth Science. The publisher and author have made every reasonable effort to ensure that the experiments and activities in this book are safe when conducted as instructed. Front cover The three major groups of rocks found in the rock cycle are represented by the sandstone with fossils, lava bomb and gneiss in the picture on the front cover. Textbooks and teacher s manuals by Myrna Martin Earth Science Student textbook Level 1 & 2 Earth Science Teacher s manual Level 1 & 2 Earthquakes Student textbook Level 1 & 2 Earthquakes Teacher s manual Level 1 & 2 Igneous Rocks Student textbook & Teacher's manual Level 1 Metamorphic Rocks Student textbook & Teacher's manual Level 1 Minerals Student textbook & Teacher's manual Level 1 Oceans Student textbook & Teacher's manual Level 2 Rock and Mineral Identification Field Guide Rock Cycle Student textbook Level 1 & 2 Rock Cycle Teacher s manual Level 1 & 2 Sedimentary Rocks Student textbook & Teacher's manual Level 1 Space Student textbook & Teacher's manual Level 2 Volcano Student textbook Level 1 & 2 Volcano Teacher s manual Level 1 & 2 Hands-on activity books by Myrna Martin Dinosaur Hands-on Activities Earth Science Hands-on Activities Earthquake Hands-on Activities Rock Cycle Hands-on Activities Volcano Hands-on Activities Copyright 1998 Ring of Fire Science Company LLC Revised for ebooks 2013. Revised or reprinted 2004, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2013. All pictures in this book are by the author or her son Brett Martin unless otherwise noted. The copyrighted pictures by Myrna and Brett Martin are the property of Ring of Fire Science Company LLC. Notice Permission is hereby granted to the individual purchaser to reproduce student materials in this book for non-commercial individual or classroom use only. No part of this publication may be reproduced for storage in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic, mechanical, recording, etc. - without written permission of the publisher. Reproduction of these materials for an entire school or school system is strictly prohibited. Published by Ring of Fire P.O. Box 489 Scio, Oregon 97374-0489 USA Office: (503) 394-2100 Catalog/Orders/Questions: 1-888-785-5439 Websites:www.RingOfFireScience.com www.sciencekitsforkids.com
Table of Contents Lesson 1 Teacher s Notes...1 Introduction...2 Quiz 1 Pretest...5 Looking at the Rock Cycle...6 Lesson 2 Teacher s Notes...10 Igneous Rocks...11 Quiz 2...14 Rock Cycle Concentration...15 Lesson 3 Teacher s Notes...17 Color: A Key to Igneous Rocks...18 Quiz 3...21 How Magnetic is My Cereal...22 Lesson 4 Teacher s Notes...24 Texture: A Key to Igneous Rocks...25 Quiz 4...28 Pumice & Obsidian...29 Lesson 5 Teacher s Notes...31 Pyroclastic Rocks...32 Quiz 5...35 Popcorn Cinder Cone...36 Lesson 6 Teacher s Notes...37 Volcanic Features...38 Quiz 6...41 Locating Famous Volcanoes...42 Lesson 7 Teacher s Notes...44 Sedimentary Rocks...45 Quiz 7...48 Rock Art...49 Lesson 8 Teacher s Notes...51 Clastic Rocks...52 Quiz 8...55 T-Notes on Clastic Rocks...56
Lesson 9 Teacher s Notes...57 Chemical Rocks...58 Quiz 9...61 Creating a Playa...62 Lesson 10 Teacher s Notes...63 Organic Rocks...64 Quiz 10...67 Linking the Rock Cycle...68 Lesson 11 Teacher s Notes...69 Metamorphic Rocks...70 Quiz 11...73 Starting a Rock Collection...74 Lesson 12 Teacher s Notes...75 Foliated Rocks...76 Quiz 12...79 Pressing Layers...80 Lesson 13 Teacher s Notes...82 Massive Rocks...83 Quiz 13...86 Rock Cycle Game...87 Lesson 14 Teacher s Notes...89 Rock Cycle Trivia...90 Quiz 14...93 Sand Slides...94 Lesson 15 Teacher s Notes...95 Rock Cycle ID...96 Quiz 15...99 Rock Identification Booklet...100 Lesson 16 Teacher s Notes...101 Rock Cycle Summary...102 Quiz 16 Posttest...105 Creating Concept Maps...106 Answer Key...108 Glossary...110 Bibliography...116 Books by Myrna Martin...117 About the Author...118
Teacher s Notes Lesson Content Lesson 1 Introduction Quiz 1 Pretest Activity 1 Looking at the Rock Cycle Activity Information Students will become familiar with twelve rocks common rocks in the rock cycle. Lesson Objectives 1. Know that the rock cycle consists of three major families of rocks. 2. Know the processes creating the families of rocks include erosion, deposition, burial, melting and cooling. 3. Know that 95% of the Earth s crust is igneous and metamorphic rocks. NSTA Standards Unifying Concepts and Processes Systems, order and organization Evidence, models and explanation Change, constancy, and measurement Form and function Science as Inquiry Abilities to do scientific inquiry Earth and Space Science Properties of earth materials Changes in earth and sky Structure of the earth system Earth s history History and Nature of Science Nature of science Nature of scientific knowledge Historical perspectives Science in Personal and Social Perspectives Types of resources Natural resources Changes in environments Materials needed Pen or pencil *Special note for teachers: The student version of L2 Rock Cycle has Notes on the Lesson pages. These pages are for students to record information about each lesson and activity as they work through their L2 Rock Cycle unit of study. Vocabulary igneous rock Igneous rocks are derived from the cooling and solidification of molten magma or lava. Igneous is the Latin word for fire. Syn: volcanic rock. lithify Lithify means to turn to stone. metamorphic rock Metamorphic rocks are any rock that changes its structure due to the natural action of pressure and/or heat. The changes in the rock are in its mineral composition, texture and structure and are not due to weathering. sedimentary rock Sedimentary rocks are layered rocks resulting from the consolidation of sediment, for example a clastic rock such as shale, a chemical rock such as rock salt, or an organic rock such as coal 1
Introduction Lesson 1 T he rock cycle consists of three major families of rocks, each defined by the process that forms the rocks. The first major family is igneous rock, which comes from the Latin term igneous, meaning fire. All igneous rocks form when cooling molten rock solidifies into solid rock. Sedimentary rock is the second major family of rocks. Sedimentary Metamorphic Igneous Rock particles dissolve and are carried away by rainwater when rock weather. Streams carry most of the rock materials away from their source. Most of the water borne sediment eventually is deposited in the oceans. Winds also transport sediments from one area to another where they can form large sand dunes. Sedimentary rock forms when sediments lithify, turn to stone, through compaction and cementation. The third major family in the rock cycle is metamorphic rocks. The term comes from the Greek word meta, meaning change and morpho meaning form. Hence, the term metamorphic means change of form, which is what happens when metamorphic rocks are transformed by heat and/or pressure. The process is similar to potters firing clay pots in a kiln. The soft clay hardens like a rock. The mineral grains in the clay pot undergo chemical changes due to the heat in the kiln. The clay pot becomes both hard and firm. Metamorphic rocks form, as minerals in igneous and sedimentary rocks become unstable at high-temperatures and high-pressure. The unstable minerals recrystallize into a metamorphic rock without melting. 2
The processes that create the three families of rocks are erosion, transportation, deposition, deformation, burial, heating, melting, and cooling. All of the processes are instrumental in creating a variety of rocks in the three major families of rocks. Erosion, transportation, deposition, and burial are important factors in the creation of sedimentary rocks. Melting and cooling of the Earth s crust produces igneous rocks. Deformation and heating are important processes that create metamorphic rocks and uplift exposes them to the Earth s surface. These processes are the result of internal and external forces found inside and on the surface of the Earth. Scientists believe that currents inside the mantle create the pressures that force crustal plates to separate, collide and subduct. Rain, snow, and wind are important factors in creating rocks on the surface of the Earth. If these forces did not interact together to produce the various types of rocks the Earth would have a flat and muddy surface. Ninety-five percent of the crust is igneous rock or metamorphic rock derived from igneous material. Most of the rock we see on the surface of the Earth is sedimentary rock, which forms a thin layer over the mostly igneous crust below. The building blocks for rocks are elements and minerals. There are 92 naturally occur-ring elements and eight of these accounts for 98% of the Earth s crust. Oxygen (46.6%) and silicone (27.7%) are the two most abundant elements and they are both nonmetallic Aluminum (8.12%), iron (5.0%), calcium (3.63%), sodium (2.83%), potassium (2.59%), and magnesium (2.09%) are the next most abundant elements and they 8% 5% 3% 3% 2%1% Oxygen 4% Silicon 28% are all metallic. The remaining 84 elements make up approximately 1.44% of the crust. Rocks are made of mixtures of minerals. The proportion of minerals in each rock varies as does its size and shape. Silicate minerals are the most abundant minerals in the crust and mantle, which makes up four-fifths of our planet s volume. Silicate minerals all contain silicon and oxygen combined with at least one other element. Usually the element that silica and oxygen combine with is a metal. Common silicate minerals include mica, quartz, and feldspar. Carbonates are the second most abundant group and they are a combination of the elements carbon and oxygen. These two elements combine with metals to form calcite and dolomite. Other groups of mineral compounds commonly found in rocks are sulfides, oxides, halides, hydroxides, sulfates, phosphates, and tungstates. 46% Aluminum Iron Calcium Sodium Potassium Magnesium Other elements 3