AP Chemistry Readiness Liquids, Solids, and Solutions Review Page 1 of 16 AP Chemistry Review Session December 10, 2016 UCLA Michael A. Morgan mmorgan@lausd.net Richard Erdman xchemteach@yahoo.com Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School Venice High School (Emeritus) Intermolecular Forces 1) 2) 3) What do we mean by the term Van der Waals Forces? London Dispersion Forces The Halogen Family
AP Chemistry Readiness Liquids, Solids, and Solutions Review Page 2 of 16 Dipole-Dipole Forces Hydrogen Bonding The Boling Points Graph
AP Chemistry Readiness Liquids, Solids, and Solutions Review Page 3 of 16 Structural Effects on Intermolecular Forces H 2 O HF C 2 H 5 OH CH 3 COCH 3 CH 3 OCH 3 CH 3 CHO C 5 H 12 (multiple isomers)
AP Chemistry Readiness Liquids, Solids, and Solutions Review Page 4 of 16 Liquids Surface Tension Capillary Action Cohesive Forces Adhesive Forces Viscosity
AP Chemistry Readiness Liquids, Solids, and Solutions Review Page 5 of 16 What is a solid? What are the different types of solids? Crystalline Amorphous Polycrystalline Some Examples of Solids: Substance Examples Particles Present Major Inter-particle Forces
AP Chemistry Readiness Liquids, Solids, and Solutions Review Page 6 of 16 Types of Crystalline Solids Ionic Molecular Atomic Bonding in Metals Electron Sea Model
AP Chemistry Readiness Liquids, Solids, and Solutions Review Page 7 of 16 Alloys Substitutional "Brass" Interstitial "Steel" Network Atomic Solids Allotropes Molecular Solids Ionic Solids
AP Chemistry Readiness Liquids, Solids, and Solutions Review Page 8 of 16 The Liquid State Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure and Intermolecular Forces Vapor Pressure and Temperature (the Ice Cream Graph returns) Change in State
AP Chemistry Readiness Liquids, Solids, and Solutions Review Page 9 of 16 Measuring Vapor Pressure H 2 O(l) H 2 O(g) D H vaporization = 40.7 kj/mole Barometers Vapor Pressure as a function of temperature Clausius-Claperyon Equation
AP Chemistry Readiness Liquids, Solids, and Solutions Review Page 10 of 16 Heating Curves Normal Boiling Point The temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is exactly one atmosphere. Normal Melting Point The temperature at which the solid and the liquid states have the same vapor pressure under conditions where the total pressure is one atmosphere. Phase Diagrams For Water! For Carbon Dioxide and everything else.
AP Chemistry Readiness Liquids, Solids, and Solutions Review Page 11 of 16 Critical Temperature The temperature above which the vapor cannot be liquefied no matter what pressure is applied. Critical Pressure The pressure required to produce liquefaction at the critical temperature Critical Point Triple Point Super Cooling and Super Heating Location Altitude (feet) Atmospheric Pressure (torr) Boiling Point of Water
AP Chemistry Readiness Liquids, Solids, and Solutions Review Page 12 of 16 What is a solution? Solute Solvent Solution Unsaturated Saturated Super saturated Miscible Colloids Tyndall Effect
AP Chemistry Readiness Liquids, Solids, and Solutions Review Page 13 of 16 Particulate Diagrams Draw a picture of what a solution of NaCl looks like. Draw a picture of what a Saturated solution of NaCl looks like. Draw a picture of what an Unsaturated solution of NaCl looks like.
AP Chemistry Readiness Liquids, Solids, and Solutions Review Page 14 of 16 Draw a picture of what an Immiscible mixture looks like. Draw a particulate diagram showing what a calcium ion looks like interacting with water molecules in a solution. Draw a particulate diagram showing what a fluoride ion looks like interacting with water molecules in a solution.
AP Chemistry Readiness Liquids, Solids, and Solutions Review Page 15 of 16 Solution Formation Preparation of Solute Preparation of Solvent Formation of Solution Enthalpy of Solution Enthalpy of Hydration
AP Chemistry Readiness Liquids, Solids, and Solutions Review Page 16 of 16 Factors Affecting Solubility Structure Temperature Pressure Henry's Law In an Equation: