Kingdom Monera 1
BACTERIA Bacteria - small one celled monerans Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment They are found almost everywhere: -water -soil -skin -on most objects -air -food -inside the body 2
3 Shapes of Bacteria Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups: Spiral: spirilla rod-shaped: bacilli, bacillus Round: cocci 3
3 Shapes of Bacteria Bacillus anthracis (bacillus) Neisseria meningitidis (coccus) Leptospira interrogans (spirilla) 4
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7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Capsule Cell wall Ribosomes Nucleoid Flagella Pilli Cytoplasm 6
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Capsule keeps the cell from drying out and helps it stick to food or other cells 7
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Cell wall Thick outer covering that maintains the overall shape of the bacterial cell 8
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Ribosomes cell part where proteins are made Ribosomes give the cytoplasm of bacteria a granular appearance in electron micrographs 9
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Nucleoid a ring made up of DNA 10
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Flagella a whip-like tail that some bacteria have for locomotion 11
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Amimation of E.coli 12
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Pilli hollow hair-like structures made of protein allows bacteria to attach to other cells. Pilli-singular Pillus-plural 13
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Cytoplasm clear jelly-like material that makes up most of the cell 14
Reproduction of Bacteria Binary Fission- the process of one organism dividing into two organisms Fission is a type of asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction- reproduction of a living thing from only one parent How?... The one main (circular) chromosome makes a copy of itself Then it divides into two 15
Reproduction of Bacteria BINARY FISSION Bacteria dividing Completed 16
Reproduction of Bacteria The time of reproduction depends on how desirable the conditions are Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in warm, dark, and moist conditions Some can reproduce every 20 minutes (one bacteria could be an ancestor to one million bacteria in six hours) 17
Bacterial Cell & Nucleiod DNA Ring DNA replication Cell wall synthesis Cell separation 18
Bacteria Survival Endospore- a thick celled structure that forms inside the cell they are the major cause of food poisoning allows the bacteria to survive for many years they can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions it encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm 19
Bacteria Survival Bacillus subtilis Endospore-the black section in the middle highly resistant structures can withstand radiation, UV light, and boiling at 120oC for 15 minutes. 20
3 ways to classify bacteria: 1. By method of obtaining food consumer-get food from an outside source autotrophs: blue-green bacteria - Make their own food through photosynthesis 2. Whether they use oxygen or not to break down glucose Aerobic use oxygen Anaerobic do not use oxygen 21
3. Thickness of their cell wall Gram positive one cell membrane layer with a thick peptidoglycan layer; stains purple; susceptible to antibiotics Gram negative 2 cell membranes; thin peptidoglycan layer sandwiched in-between; stains pink; resistant to antibiotics 22
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Gram staining process helps to identify the bacteria 24
Bacteria Survival Food sources parasites bacteria that feed on living things saprophytes use dead materials for food (exclusively) decomposers get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them 25
Harmful Bacteria some bacteria cause diseases Animals can pass diseases to humans Communicable Disease Disease passed from one organism to another This can happen in several ways: Air Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush Drinking water that contains bacteria 26
Harmful Bacteria Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas) 27
Helpful Bacteria Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay Most are used to make antibiotics Some bacteria help make insulin Used to make industrial chemicals 28
Helpful Bacteria E.coli on small intestines 29
Helpful Bacteria Used to treat sewage Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria, used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no longer present to produce odors, sludge, pollution, or unsightly mess. foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk 30
Controlling Bacteria 3 ways to control bacteria: 1) Canning- the process of sealing food in airtight cans or jars after killing bacteria endospores are killed during this process 2) Pasteurization- process of heating milk to kill harmful bacteria 3) Dehydration- removing water from food Bacteria can t grow when H 2 O is removed example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal 31
Controlling Bacteria Antiseptic vs. Disinfectants Antiseptic- chemicals that kill bacteria on living things means against infection Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, soap, mouthwash Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving things 32
Agar petri dishes demonstrating zone of inhibition = area surrounding disk where bacteria have stopped growing due to substance on disk 33
BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA Autotrophs make their own food through photosynthesis larger than most bacterial cells commonly grow on water and surfaces that stay wet such as rivers, creeks and dams Some live in salt water, snow, and acid water of hot springs food source for animals that live in the water 34
BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA can be toxic to humans and animals Blooms- occur when the bacteria multiplies in great numbers and form scum on the top of the water 35
Bacteria Survival Endospore- a thick celled structure that forms inside the cell it encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm They can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions Allows the bacteria to survive for many years 36
Bacteria Survival Food sources parasites bacteria that feed on living things saprophytes use dead materials for food decomposers get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them 37
Harmful Bacteria some bacteria cause diseases Animals can pass diseases to humans Communicable Disease Disease passed from one organism to another This can happen in several ways: Air Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush Drinking water that contains bacteria 38
Harmful Bacteria Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas) 39
Helpful Bacteria Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay Most are sued to make antibiotics Some bacteria help make insulin Used to make industrial chemicals 40
Helpful Bacteria E.coli on small intestines 41
Controlling Bacteria 42
BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA Make their own food through photosynthesis Bigger than most bacterial cells Commonly grow on water and surfaces that stay wet such as rivers, creeks and dams 43
BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA It can be toxic to humans and animals Blooms- occur when the bacteria multiplies in great numbers and form scum on the top of the water 44
Lake Champlain 45
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Bacillus anthracis - rod, vegetative stage prokaryote (bacterium) Image Number: 21185A 48
Neisseria meningitidis - coccus prokaryote (bacterium) Image Number: 97214E 49
Leptospira interrogans - spiral shaped prokaryote (spirochete) 50
Strep animation http://www.hybridmedicalanimati on.com/pages/jjani_qt/strep_pne umo_qt.html Ecoli movement animatoin http://www.hybridmedicalanimati on.com/pages/jjani_qt/ecoli_qt.h tml 51
Ecoli movement animatoin http://www.hybridmedicalanimation.com/pa 52 ges/jjani_qt/ecoli_qt.html
HIV movie http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/video/hiv.mov 53
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