wbh vm eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÊ 10 deª qvwi 2002

wbh vm eª v Ki M elyv Z_ wewpîv LÊ 10 deª qvwi 2002 eª vk M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm

MÖš ^Z : eª vk cöökvkkvj : deª qvwi 2002 cöökvkk cö Q` gy`ªy : eª vk, M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm 75 gnvlvjx XvKv 1212 : Mvjvg nvwdr gvmy` : eª vk wcö Uvm 66 gnvlvjx evwywr K GjvKv XvKv 1212 1999-Gi M elyv wi cvu jv _ K evqvbk Z 25wU wi cv U i mvims c G msl vq cökvk Kiv n jv gzvg Zi Rb m úv`k ev cökvkk `vqx b nb cöeümg~ n Dc vwcz mkj gzvgz M elkm Yi GKvš wbr ^ m úv`bv cwil` cöavb m úv`k m úv`k m`m : Avng` gvk&zvk ivrv PŠayix : nvmvb kixd Avn g` : mv jndïxb Avn g`, Avwgbyj Avjg, KvwbR dv Zgv, I gy. Mvjvg mvëvi Nirjash: Summary of selected BRAC research reports of 1999, Number 10, February 2002. Published by BRAC, Research and Evaluation Division, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.

m~wpcî m úv`kxq 1 Av_ -mvgvwrk welqk cöwz e`b evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk i zj Mg bi Î Q j I g q `i g a mgzv AR b 4 eª vk zj _ K câg kªyx mgvßkvix wk v_ x `i wklb cwigvc 8 evsjv ` k Kgy wbwu z ji Ae v ch v jvpbv 11 eª vk z ji wk K-wkw Kv `i Bs irx wel q cöwk Yi Kvh KvwiZv wbiƒcy 14 eª vk wk v Kg m~wp Z gvvch v q Kg iz Kg x I wk K-wkw Kv `i Bs irx wel qi Dci Áv bi gvîv g~j vqb 16 mikvi wba vwiz cövwš K hvm Zvi wfwë Z eª v Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk wk v Kg m~wpi g~j vqb 19 eª vk cvvvmvi I Zvi mgm vejx: GKwU ch v jvpbv 22 evsjv ` ki wkï `i gšwjk wk vi i I cöeyzv: 1993-1998 25 wk kvi-wk kvix `i Rxe b eª v Ki wk v Kg m~wpi cöfve 29 `vwi`ª I wcz Zvwš KZvq z`ª F Yi f wgkv 32

evsjv ` k AskMÖnYg~jK M elyv c wz Ges RÛvi ms e`bkxj WUv em: ez gvb cwiw wz I fwel r m ve Zv 36 eb vq wzmö `i kbv³kiy Ges mnvq-m úwëi q wz wbiƒcy: GKwU c wzmz ch v jvpbv 40 evsjv ` k wkï wbh vz bi gvîv I wbqvgk 44 e qi wbwi L Av qi h_v_ Zv: eª v Ki wkqy Kg m~wp wb q GKwU ch v jvpbv 46 mikvi I GbwRIi m úk : eª v Ki AwfÁZv 50 eª v Ki Dbœqb Kg m~wp _ K Kb wkqy m`m jvfevb n Z cvi Q bv? 55 eª vk m`m `i Rxe b cwiez b: GKwU RÛvi cöw Z 58 ^v welqk cöwz e`b Dbœqbg~jK Kg Kv Êi mv _ cörbb I hšb ^v i ms vcb: Z Yg~ ji Rb GKwU gwz j 61 MÖv gi gwnjv `i cömemsµvš wel q GKwU mgx v 66 XvKv kn ii ew evmx `i weï cvwb mieivn I ^v m Z cqtwb vkb e e vi Dci GKwU mgx v 71 wgr vcyi Dc Rjvq GBWm m PZbZv m úwk Z GKwU mgx v 74 ^v mwekviv Kx k vmzš msµgy wby q Ki Z cv ib? 77

Mf ve vq Avqib ewo me bi cöfve m úwk Z GKwU M elyv: gvvkg x `i AwfÁZv 80 MÖvgv j Mf ezx `i i³ ^ízvq Avµvš niqvi e vckzv 83 evsjv `k mgwš^z cywó cök íi MÖvg wfwëk cywó Kg Kv Ê e eüz m~p Ki g~j vqb 86

wbh vm 2002 deª qvwi;10:1-3 eª vk m v`kxq 1972 mv j cöwzwôz eª vk AvR we k i me e nr emikvwi Dbœqb cöwzôvb eª v Ki wewfbœ Kg mwp hgb wk v, ^v, cwievi cwikíbv, Avqe w, FY`vb Ges cöwk Y BZ vw` AvR evsjv ` ki cöz š A j cuš Q M Q hv ` k we ` k ek mgv` Z eª v Ki GB wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg mwp K cö qvrbxq M elyv mnvqzv `qvi D Ï k B 1975 mvj _ K M elyv I gj vqb wefvm KvR K i hv Q Kvb Kg mwpi ïi _ K Gi wekv ki cöwzwu ch v qb M elyvi cö qvrb M elyv I gj vqb wefvm eª v Ki wbr ^^ Kg mwpi Dci M elyv QvovI RvZxq I AvšR vwzk L vwzm bœ wewfbœ cöwzôv bi mv _ hš_fv e M elyv Kvh µg cwipvjbv Ki Q hvi A bk jvb ` k we ` k wewfbœ AvšR vwzk L vwzm bœ mvgwqkx Z cökvwkz n q Q wewfbœ iz cy M elyvi djvdj eª v Ki mkj Kg x we kl K i gvvkg x `i gv S cuš Q `qvi D Ï k 1995 mvj _ K wbqwgz Ôwbh vmõ cökvwkz n q Avm Q M elyv I gj vqb wefvm G ch š AvUk ZiI AwaK M elyv wi cvu cökvk K i Q hvi cövq me jvb Bs irx fvlvq iwpz eª v Ki mkj ch v qi Dbœqb Kg xmb hv Z M elyvi djvdj _ K DcK Z n Z cv ib mrb Bs irx wi cvu jvi mvims c mnr evsjvq wbh vm-g vb cvq M elyvi djvd ji e vck mâvi bi GB c` c MÖn Yi d j `vwi`ª we gvpb I Dbœqb m wk Z M elbvi djvdj Av iv AwaK msl K cvvk Rvb Z Ges cö qvm Ki Z cvi eb e j Avgiv Avkv Kwi wbh vm cökv ki ïi _ KB gvvkg x `i wbku wbqwgz cvvv bv n Q hv _ K eª v Ki cö Z K Kg mwpi Kg xiv mkj Kg mwp m K Rvbvi my hvm cvq wk v I Dbœqb IZ cövzfv e RwoZ G K_v wpšv K ib eª vk 1975 mv j wk v Kvh µg ïi K i wk kvi-wk kvix `i Rxe b eª v Ki wk v Kg mwpi cöfve Ges G wk v MÖn Yi d j Zv `i Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi Kvb cwiez b n q Q wkbv Zv wbh vm 1

m úv`kxq Rvbv hv e ez gvb msl vi GKwU M elyv wi cvu _ K eª vk zj _ K câg kªyx cvk K i wk v_ xiv KZUzKz hvm Zv AR b K i Ges Zv mikvwi cöv_wgk wk vi mv _ KZUzKz m½wzcy ZvI Rvbv hv e G msl v _ K ZvQvov mikv ii eü n q hviqv wksev PvjyB nqwb Ggb Kgy wbwu zj Pvjv bvi Î eª vk KZUzKz mdjzv AR b K i Q ZvI Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q Ab GK mgx vq GQvovI ez gvb msl v _ K eª vk wk v Kg mwp Z Kg iz wkw Kv I Kg x `i Bs irx wel q Áv bi gvîv Rvbv hv e XvKv kn ii AwaKvsk ew evmx LyeB `ytmn Rxeb hvcb K i Zv `i weï Lvevi cvwb mieivn Ges ^v m Z cqtwb vkb e e v LyeB AcÖZzj G e vcv i mikvi ev GbwRIiv Kx f wgkv wb Q Ges G Z Zv `i KZUzKz Pvwn`v ciy n Q Zvi e vl v i q Q GKwU wbe Ü ^v gvby li Agj m ` evsjv ` k GBWm e vckfv e we vi bv Ki ji Gi e vck we v ii m vebv G Kev i Dwo q `qv hvq bv GBWm m K evsjv ` ki gvbyl KZUzKz m PZb Ges G _ K euvpvi Rb Kx Kx c` c MÖnY Kiv h Z cv i ZvI Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q GKwU M elyvq ZvQvov MÖvgv j Mf ezx `i i³ ^ízvq Avµvš niqvi KviY I Gi cöwzkvi m K Rvbv hv e G msl vq FY Kg mwp `wi`ª `i `vwi`ª we gvpb I gzvq bi Î we kl f wgkv cvjb K i wkš GB FY Kg mwp `wi`ª `i wcz ZvwšKZvq Kx f wgkv iv L ev Av `Š Kvb f wgkv iv L wkbv G m K Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q GKwU mgx vq ZvQvov eª v Ki Dbœqb KgmwP _ K Kb wkqy m`m jvfevb n Z cvi Q bv Zvi e vl v i q Q GKwU wbe Ü mikvi I GbwRI-iv ` ki Dbœq b cvi wik mn hvwmzvi mv _ KvR K i hv Q GB `yõ qi m K Kgb, m K Dbœq b Zviv Kx Ki Q Ges AviI Kx Kx Kiv h Z cv i G m wk Z GKwU M elyvi djvdj vb c q Q G msl vq GwU wbh v mi 10g LÊ G L Ê 1999 mv ji M elyv wi cvu jv _ K evqvbk Z iz cb 25wU wi cv U i evsjv mvi-ms c Dc vcb Kiv n q Q wbh vm 2

m úv`kxq wbh vm cökv ki ïi _ KB Avgiv wewfbœ e w³, Dbœqb cöwzôvb Ges Dbœqb Kg x `i KvQ _ K gj evb civgk cvwq Ges GB civg k i wfwë Z wbh vm DË ivëi mg w jvf Ki Q ZvB wbh vm m K Avgiv Avcbv `i gj evb gzvgz Avkv KiwQ wbh v mi GB msl vwu Z m v`bv msµvš gj evb civg k i Rb Avgv `i mnkg x eª v Ki wbe vnx mnkvix Rbve ZvwiK Avjx K we klfv e ab ev` RvbvwQ m v`k wbh vm 3

wbh vm 2002 deª qvwi;10:4-7 eª vk evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk i zj Mg bi Î Q j I g q `i g a mgzv AR b Avng` gvk&zvk ivrv PŠayix, mgxi iäb bv_ I iv k`v K PŠayix wbku AZx Z evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk wk vi Î ek wkqy DbœqbgjK c` c bqv n q Q mikvwi, emikvwi I Dbœqb ms v KZ K M nxz Gme D ` v Mi d j wk vi Af šixb ` Zvi Î ek wkqy AMÖMwZi mpbv n q Q 1990 mv j _vbj v Ûi RgwZ q b AbywôZ mevi Rb wk v welqk wek m jb _ K evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk wk vi Rb D ` vm jv ek ó n Z _v K D ` vm mg ni g a D jl hvm nj: cöv_wgk wk v K eva ZvgjK K i RvZxq msm ` AvBb cöyqb, hvm Zv (Competency) wfwëk wk v e e v cöpjb, RvZxq wk v Kg mwp Z cöv_wgk wk v K m e vp iz cö`vb, g q `i wk vi Dci we kl iz cö`vb, c _K cöv_wgk I MYwk v wefvm MVb, wkï AwaKvi m jb Gi Av jv K RvZxq wkï bxwz cöyqb, Ges mikvi KZ K Dc-AvbyôvwbK wk vi Dci iz v ivc I wewfbœ GbwRI KZ K e vck msl K Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk zj Pvjy GB ipbvq Avgv `i D Ïk n Q wewfbœ fšmwjk Ae vb, Av_ mvgvwrk e e v, ag Ges RvwZ cwipq f ` wkï `i zj 'Enrolment at primary level: gender difference disappears in Bangladesh' kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (1999) mvi-ms c K i Qb mgxi iäb bv_ wbh vm 4

zj Mg bi Î Q j- g q `i mgzv AR b Mg bi Î Kvb wj½ ˆelg Av Q wkbv Zv AbymÜvb Kiv GRb GWz Kkb IqvP 1999-Gi Z_ (1998 mv j msm nxz) e envi Kiv n q Q IqvP cök í evsjv ` ki QqwU cökvmwbk wefv Mi MÖvgvÂj jv K wb q QqwU Ges gnvbmimgn I cšimfv jv Z `yõwu mn gvu AvUwU c _K Rwic cwipvjbv Kiv n q Q mviv ` ki 312wU MÖvg/gnjvi 42,584wU Lvbv _ K msm nxz Z_ we kly K i ez gvb M elyvwu Kiv n q Q Z_ we kl Y `Lv M Q evsjv ` ki wkï `i cöv_wgk zj Mg bi MÖm nvi M o 107, g q `i Î GB nvi 109 Avi Q j `i Î 104 GjvKv Abymv i Lyjbv wefv Mi MÖvgxY GjvKvq GB nvi m e vp (117) Avi gnvbmix jv Z me wbæ (101) cöv_wgk z j Mg bi MÖm nvi MÖvgxY GjvKvq M o 108 Avi kni GjvKvq M o 105 MÖvg Ges kni Dfq GjvKv ZB g qiv Q j `i Zzjbvq ewk nv i z j hv Q ïaygvî MÖvgxY PÆMÖvg GjvKv Qvov cöwzwu wefv MB g q `i z j Mg bi nvi Q j `i Zzjbvq ewk MÖvgxY PÆMÖv g Q jiv GK kzvsk nv i GwM q i q Q kªyxwfwëk Z_ we kl Y `Lv M Q cö_g I wøzxq kªyx Z Q j `i GB nvi g q `i Zzjbvq mvgvb ewk Ab w` K Z Zxq _ K câg kªyx Z GB nv i g qiv Q j `i Zzjbvq GwM q i q Q z ji aib Abymv i Z_ we kl Y `Lv M Q cövq `yb-z Zxqvsk QvÎ-QvÎx mikvwi cöv_wgk zjmg n jlvcov K i, emikvwi zjmg n hvq cövq 15% GbwRI cwipvwjz Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk zjmg n 8.5%, gv`ªvmvq 5.9%, Avi evkxiv hvq wkûvi Mv U b A_ev DP we` vjq msjmœ cöv_wgk z j hw`i cövq me ai bi z jb QvÎ Ges QvÎx `i AbycvZ cövq mgvb wkš Dc-AvbyôvwbK zjmg n g q `i msl v Q j `i cövq `o Y, Ab w` K gv`ªvmvi wpî Gi m Y wecixz evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk wk vi mvwe K Ae vi Dci wbqwgz Z_ msmön I we kly K i cöwz e`b ˆZix Ges cökvk Kivi D Ï k MYmv izv Awfhv bi D Ï v M 1998 mv j Gi hvîv ïi G ch š wzbwu IqvP AbywôZ n q Q, cöwz e`b cökvwkz n q Q `ybwu cöwz 100 Rb wkïi (6-10 ermi eqmx) wecix Z h Kvb eqmx KZ Rb QvÎ-QvÎx cöv_wgk i i q Q wbh vm 5

zj Mg bi Î Q j- g q `i mgzv AR b zj Mg bi bxu nvi cviqv M Q 77.1%, A_ vr 6-10 ermi eqmx Q j- g q `i cöwz 100 R b 77.1 Rb ez gv b z j hv Q GB nvi Q j `i Î 75.5% Avi g q `i Î 78.6% MÖvgxY I kni GjvKvq z j Mg bi bxu nvi h_vµ g 76.8% I 79% G Î hw`i kni GjvKvq Kvb wj½ ˆelg cviqv hvqwb wkš MÖvgxY GjvKvi g q `i g a z j Mg bi nvi Q j `i Zzjbvq ewk MÖvgxY hme GjvKvq g q `i z j Mg bi nvi Q j `i Zzjbvq ewk m jv njt XvKv, Lyjbv I ewikvj g q `i Ae v me P q fvj Lyjbvi MÖvgv j Avi me P q Lvivc PÆMÖv gi MÖvgv j cwiev ii Avw_ K m½wzi ms M Q j- g q `i zj Mg bi m K i q Q, Avw_ K m½wz evovi mv _ mv _ z j Mg bi nvii e o Q j Yxq welq nj `wi`ª cwievi jv Z g q `i zj Mg bi nvi Q j `i Zzjbvq ewk, Avi ^Qj cwievi jvi wpî m Y wecixz Aek GB wpîwu MÖvgv j hzuv cöku knivâ j ZZUv bq AviI `Lv M Q ^í wkw Z wksev Kvb w`bb z j hvqwb Ggb gv q `i g a Q j `i Zzjbvq g q `i K z j cvvv bvi cöeyzv ewk, hw`i wkw Z gv q `i g a Kvb ai bi ˆelg j Kiv hvqwb knivâ j me ai bi gv qivb Q j I g q `i z j cvvv bvi e vcv i mgvb iz w` q _v Kb gymwjg cwiev ii Q j- g q `i z j Mg bi nvi Agymwjg cwiev ii Q j- g q `i Zzjbvq A bk ewk gymwjg cwiev i g q `i z j Mg bi nvi ewk Avi Agymwjg cwiev i Q jiv ewk nv i z j hvq 1993 Ges 1998 mv ji Z_ Zzjbv Ki j `Lv hvq 11-12 ermi eqmx Q j- g q `i g a z j Mg bi bxu nvi e o 77% _ K 81% n q Q g q `i Î GB nvi 1993 mv j wqj 74% hv e o 1998 mv j `vwo q Q 84% Ab w` K Q j `i Î 1993 mv j wqj 80% Avi 1998 mv j GB nvi K g `vwo q Q 78% Dc iv³ Z_ we kly _ K `Lv hv Q, evsjv ` k cöv_wgk i wkï `i zj Mg bi nvi e o Q, hw`i GL bv Dchy³ eqmx Q j g q `i 23% z ji `vo Mvovi evb ib i q Q zj Mg bi nvi e w Z g qiv Q j `i Zzjbvq GwM q i q Q, GUv AZ š my Li K_v GB e w i nvi hw` a i ivlv m e nq Z e evsjv ` ki g q `i Av_ -mvgvwrk DbœwZ Z GKUv k³ wbh vm 6

zj Mg bi Î Q j- g q `i mgzv AR b wfz& iwpz n e Avgiv h MÖm nvi c qwq Zv mikvi cö`ë MÖm nv ii P q ewk GKUv welq j Yxq, ewkifvm `w Y Gkxq ` k MÖm Ges bxu nv i cv_ K 20% Gi ewk bq hv Avgv `i Î cövq 30% GwU GK w`k _ K fvj GB Kvi Y h cöv_wgk wk vi eqm cvi n q M Q Ggb Q j- g qivi GLb wk v MÖn bi Rb z j fwz n Q A_ vr Dchy³ eqm nviv ji wkw Z nevi my hvm G `i Rb eü n q hvqwb wkš Dchy³ eqmx h 23% GL bv z j hv Q bv G `i w` K bri `qv `ikvi, Zv bvn j GivI ewk eq m z j fwz n Z hv e RvZxq j wba vi Y MÖm Gi P q bxu Gi w` K Rvi `qv DwPZ z j fwz i nv i h AMÖMwZ Zv m e n q Q K qkwu we kl MÖ ci cö Póvi d j MÖvgxY RbMY, `wi`ª cwievi Ges z j hvqwb ev ^í wkw Z Ggb gv qiv Zv `i Q j- g q `i e vcknv i z j cvvv bvi d jb GB AR b m e n q Q Q j- g qi g a ˆelg `i Kivi ÎI G `i Ae`vb e vck GLb `ikvi GB AR b K a i ivlvi G Î mikvi K wb Z n e ewjô f wgkv, KviY ewkifvm Q j- g q GL bv mikvwi cöv_wgk z jb fwz nq mikv ii cvkvcvwk emikvwi cöwzôvbmgn KI GwM q Avm Z n e we kl K i GbwRI mgn K, KviY G `i z j GL bv bvix wk vi cöwz we kl bri `evi e e v i q Q mk ji mw wjz cö Póvq G AMÖhvÎv Ae vnz _vk e GB Avgv `i cöz vkv wbh vm 7

wbh vm 2002 deª qvwi;10:8-10 eª vk eª vk zj _ K câg kªyx mgvßkvix wk v_ x `i wklb cwigvc gv. AvjZvd nv mb, kvwnb AvLZvi I gv. Aveyj Kvjvg eª vk z ji wk v_ x `i cy v½ cöv_wgk wk v mgvc Yi my hvm m wói j cix vgjkfv e GK nvrvi eª vk z j wk v_ x `i câg kªyx ch š cov bv nq G D ` v Mi mvwe K AMÖMwZ ch v jvpbvi Rb eª vk zj _ K câg kªyx mgvßkvix wk v_ x `i wewfbœ wel q AwR Z Áv bi cwigvc welqk GKwU mgx v nv Z bqv nq GB M elyvi gj D Ïk wqj eª vk zj _ K câg kªyx mgvßkvix wk v_ x `i cov jlvi gvb hvpvb Kiv eª v Ki 4wU A ji 30wU GjvKv wk v Awdm _ K 1wU K i wug Awdm wbe vpb Kiv nq cöwzwu wug Awdm _ K 2wU K i zj Ges G 2wU zj _ K 7 Rb Q j I 7 Rb g q wbe vpb Kiv nq Gfv e gvu 420 Rb wk v_ xi cix v bqv nq wk v_ x `i wklb cwigv ci Rb evsjv, Bs irx, MwYZ, weávb I mgvr weávb wel q gvu cuvpwu cökœcî ˆZix Kiv nq G Qvov wk v_ x `i djvd ji Dc i Ab vb wel qi cöfve cwigv ci Rb `yõwu c _K cökœcî (GKwU wkw Kvi Rb Ges Ab wu wk v_ x `i wczvgvzvi Rb ) ˆZix Kiv nq M elyvq `Lv hvq h, weávb, mgvr weávb Ges evsjv wel q wk v_ x `i cövß Mo b ^i h_vµ g 64.4, 54.6 Ges 46.7 hv ZzjbvgjKfv e Bs irx Ges MwYZ wel q cövß Mo b ^i (34.5 Ges 33.9) _ K ewk Z e GB Mo b ^i cövwß Z Q j I g qi Î Kvbiƒc Zvrch cy cv_ K cwijw Z nqwb Learning achievement of the students after completion of grade five from BRAC schools kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (1999) mvi-ms c K i Qb gv. AvjZvd nv mb wbh vm 8

câg kªbx mgvßkvix wk v_ x `i wklb cwigvc nv mb I Ab vb djvdj _ K `Lv hvq, kzkiv cövq 79 Rb wk v_ x me welq wgwj q 33% b ^i c q Q Z e cöwzwu wel q Avjv`vfv e cvm K i Q (cvm b ^i 33 kzvsk) GiKg wk v_ xi msl v wqj cövq 30% kzkiv 60 b ^i c q Q GiKg wk v_ xi msl v 21 kzvsk, 45-59% b ^i c q Q kzkiv cövq 30 Rb wk v_ x Ges 33-44% b ^i c q Q cövq 27 kzvsk wk v_ x me P q ewk wk v_ x cvm K i Q weávb wel q Ges me P q Kg wk v_ x cvm K i Q MwYZ wel q wk v_ x `i djvdj we kly Ki j `Lv hvq h, ivrkvnx, h kvi Ges Rvgvjcy ii wk v_ x `i Zzjbvq XvKv AÂ ji wk v_ xiv ZzjbvgjKfv e fvj K i Q c vš i dbx AÂ ji wk v_ xiv mepvb Z Lvivc K i Q evsjv wel q wk v_ xiv fvj K i Q evk ˆZix I kªwzwjwc Z Ges ZzjbvgjKfv e Lvivc K i Q wpwv, ipbv, Ges wecixz kã jlv Z GKBfv e Bs irx Z kã w` q evk jlv, GKwU Aby Q` c o DËi jlv, Ges kªwzwjwc jlvi Zzjbvq wvkvbv jlv, msl v K K_vq jlv I Bs irx _ K evsjvq Abyev` Kivi Î wk v_ xiv ZzjbvgjKfv e fvj K i Q mgm vi As Ki mgvav b wk v_ x `i `ye jzv my ó G Î kzkiv gvî 10 Rb wk v_ x mwvkfv e mgm vi AsK mgvavb Ki Z c i Q Z e mnr hvm, we qvm, Y I fv Mi Î wk v_ xiv fvj K i Q ZvQvov `ye jzv `Lv M Q fmœvs ki hvm I we qvm Kivi Î cövwšk hvm Zv AR bi w`k _ K `L j `Lv hvq, evsjv wel q wk v_ x `i covi ` Zv jlvi ` Zvi Zzjbvq ewk AwR Z n q Q c vš i ï b jlvi Î wk v_ x `i hvm Zv me wbæ ch v q i q Q Bs irx wel q wvk GKB aib j Kiv M Q, hw`i evsjvi Zzjbvq Bs irx Z cövwšk hvm Zv AR bi nvi A bk Kg MwYZ wel q hvm Zv we kly Ki j `Lv hvq fvm AsK Kivi Î wk v_ xiv ZzjbvgjKfv e fvj Ki ji mgm vi As Ki Î G AR b wqj me wbæ Avi weávb I mgvrweávb wel q wk v_ x `i hvm Zv evsjv, Bs irx, I As Ki Zzjbvq fvj Ab w` K wk v_ x `i hvm Zvi Dci Ab vb wel qi cöfve msµvš we kly _ K Rvbv hvq h, wk K-wkw Kv `i wk vmz wbh vm 9

câg kªbx mgvßkvix wk v_ x `i wklb cwigvc nv mb I Ab vb hvm Zvi mv _ wk v_ x `i djvd ji GKwU BwZevPK m K i q Q bzyb `i Zzjbvq cyivzb wk K-wkw Kv `i Kv Q c o Q GiKg wk v_ x `i djvdj A c vk Z fvj Ab w` K wk v_ x `i iwwi, wuwf Ges ˆ`wbK msev`c Îi mv _ hvmv hvm Zv `i djvdj K cöfvwez K i Q wbh vm 10

wbh vm 2002 deª qvwi;10:11-13 eª vk evsjv ` k Kgy wbwu z ji Ae v ch v jvpbv gv. Aveyj Kvjvg I Ave`yjv nj nv`x mikv ii me Rbxb cöv_wgk wk v Kvh µ gi AvIZvq mevi Rb wk v wbwðzki Y mnvqzv Kiv n Q eª v Ki wk v Kvh µ gi Ab Zg D Ïk GB D Ïk AR b eª vk Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk wk v Kvh µg QvovI mikv ii m ½ hš_fv e wewfbœ wk v Kvh µg Pvwj q hv Q Kgÿ wbwu zj Kvh µg n Q GiKg GKwU hš_ wk v Kvh µg evsjv `k mikvi 1998 mv ji k li w` K eü n q hviqv wksev PvjyB nqwb Ggb 67wU Kgy wbwu zj cwipvjbvi Rb eª v Ki wbku n vši K i GmKj z ji 33wU eª vk BwZg a Pvjy K i Q G M elyvq eü n q hviqv wksev Pvjy nqwb Ggb Kgy wbwu z ji Ae v ch v jvpbvi D ` vm biqv nq hvi D Ïk nj Kgy wbwu z ji ez gvb I c e i Ae v Rvbv, wk K-wkw Kv `i gvb m K AeMZ niqv, wk v_ x `i cövdvbj ˆZix, Kgÿ wbwu zj bv Pjv ev eü n q hviqvi KviY AbymÜvb Ges fwel r gj vq bi Rb Z_ msmön Kiv `ke vcx Qwo q _vkv eª v Ki wbku n všwiz mkj zj Ges GmKj z ji wbkuez x mikvwi ZË veav b Kgÿ wbwu Øviv cwipvwjz zj jvi ga _ K 28wU zj G M elyvq Ašf y³ Kiv nq Gme z ji ga _ K 12wU z ji Dci Km& vww Kiv nq eª vk cwipvwjz 33wU I mikvwi ZË veav b Kgÿ wbwu cwipvwjz cöwzwu zj _ K 13 Rb K i QvÎ-QvÎx ˆ`ePq bi gva g M elyvi Rb wbe vpb Kiv nq G M elyvq QvÎ-QvÎx, Zv `i wczvgvzv, wk K-wkw Kv, zj cwipvjbv KwgwUi m`m, eª v Ki Kg x, Dc Rjv wk v KZ c Ges Kgÿ wbwui Ab vb m`m `i wbku _ K Z_ msmön Kiv nq An analysis of the situation of community schools in Bangladesh kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (1999) mvi-ms c K i Qb gv. Aveyj Kvjvg wbh vm 11

Kgy wbwu z ji Ae v Kvjvg I nv`x M elyvq `Lv hvq h, Ab Kgy wbwu z ji Zzjbvq eª vk cwipvwjz Kgy wbwu z j my hvm-myweav (cvqlvbv, cvbxq Rj), k Ljv, zj fe bi Ae v, zj cwipvjbv KwgwUi Kvh µg, wk v_ x `i Dcw wz (93%), QvÎ-QvÎxi AbycvZ (46:54) fvj, Ges DaŸ Zb KZ c i cwi`k bi mn hvwmzvgjk Zvic ii eª vk cwipvwjz K qkwu Kgy wbwu z j RvZxq m½xz MvIqv nqwb Ges D jl hvm msl K z j wbr ^ cvqlvbv I cvbxq R ji e e v bb kªyx Z M o wk v_ x msl v eª vk cwipvwjz I mikvwi ZË veav b Kgy wbwu cwipvwjz Dfq z j cövq mgvb Z e wk K msl v QvÎ-QvÎx Abycv Zi wepv i eª vk cwipvwjz Kgy wbwu z ji Ae v (1:33) Ab Kgy wbwu z ji (1:46) Zzjbvq fvj Mo wk v (10.9 eqi) I wk KZv AwfÁZvi (0.7 eqi) we epbvq `Lv M Q eª vk cwipvwjz Kgÿ wbwu z ji wk Kwkw Kv `i hvm Zv Ab Kgy wbwu z ji wk K-wkw Kv `i Zzjbvq Kg eª vk cwipvwjz z j wk K-wkw Kvi Mo wk v Kg G Kvi Y h wb qv Mi Î eª vk gwnjv `i (95%) cövavb w` q Q wbqgvbymv i h nzz mikvwi cövbgvix z j gwnjv `i wkw Kv wnmv e wb qvm c Z ZzjbvgjKfv e Kg wk vmz hvm Zvi `ikvi nq ZvB eª vki ZzjbvgjKfv e Kg wk vmz hvm Zv m bœ gwnjv `i wkw Kv wnmv e wb qvm w` q Q ZvQvov Dfq z ji ÎB `Lv M Q LyeB Kg msl K wk K-wkw Kvi AvbyôvwbK gšwjk cöwk Y i q Q gv-evevi wk v, Lvbvi Avw_ K I evox-n ii Ae vi wepv i eª vk cwipvwjz Kgy wbwu z j wk v_ x `i Ae v mikvwi ZË veav b Kgy wbwu cwipvwjz z ji wk v_ x `i Zzjbvq Lvivc ZvQvov eª vk cwipvwjz Kgy wbwu z ji QvÎ-QvÎxiv mikvwi ZË veav b Kgy wbwu cwipvwjz z ji QvÎ-QvÎx `i P q ewk eq mi eª vk cwipvwjz Kgy wbwu z ji cwipvjbv I gv bi e vcv i GjvKvi jv Kiv AZ š BwZevPK g bvfve e ³ K i Qb Zey Zv `i e³e _ K wkqy mgm v ewi q G m Q, hgb zj cwipvjbv KwgwU m K mȳ ó aviyvi Afve, QvÎ-QvÎx `i KvQ _ K wd Av`vq Ges Ab cöv_wgk zj _ K QvÎ-QvÎx wb q G m eª vk cwipvwjz Kgy wbwu z j fwz Kiv wbh vm 12

Kgy wbwu z ji Ae v Kvjvg I nv`x M elyvq `Lv hvq h, wewfbœ Kvi Yi g a e w³ ^v_ D vi bv niqv I vbxq ivrbxwz Kgy wbwu zj Pvjy bv niqv wksev eü n q hviqvi cq b gl f wgkv cvjb K i Kgy wbwui jvk `i g a Zv `i mšvb `i jlvcovi cöwz BwZevPK g bvfve Ges zj cöwzôvi cöwz Zv `i g ZK myôzfv e Kgy wbwu zj cwipvjbvq gj Dcv`vb wnmv e KvR K i eª vk cwipvwjz me Kgy wbwu z j RvZxq m½xz MvIqv Ges wbr ^ cvqlvbv I cvbxq R ji e e v wbwðzkiy, QvÎ-QvÎx `i KvQ _ K wd Av`vq, Ges Ab cövbgvix z ji QvÎ-QvÎx `i eª vk cwipvwjz Kgy wbwu z j fwz Kiv, Gme welq jv m K fvev `ikvi wbh vm 13

wbh vm 2002 deª qvwi;10:14-15 eª vk eª vk z ji wk K-wkw Kv `i Bs irx wel q cöwk Yi Kvh KvwiZv wbiƒcy mvwbqv myjzvb, gv. Kvqmvi Avjx Lvb, I ˆmq`v igbvr Bgvg gvbe m ` Dbœq b wk vi f wgkv LyeB iz cy ZvB wk v K mevi `vi Mvovq cuš Q `qvi j eª vk 1985 mvj _ K cöv_wgk wk v Kg mwp Pvjy K i, hv A b Ki cöksmv AR b K i Q GB M elyvi gj D Ïk wqj eªª vk z ji Z Zxq, PZz_ I câg ii Rb bzzb cöyxz Bs irx wel q cöwk Y Kvh KvwiZv gj vqb Kiv hv eª v Ki wk v Kg mwpi DcKiY Dbœqb BDwbU cö`ë cöwk Y gvb ervq i L gvv ch vq ch š cuš Q wkbv Zv ch e Y Kiv wewfbœ M elyvq `Lv M Q h, eª vk zj _ K cvk Kiv QvÎ-QvÎxiv evsjv I mgvr weáv b mikvwi z ji QvÎ-QvÎx `i Zzjbvq fvj Ki ji AsK Ges Bs irx Z ek `ye j GRb Zviv mikvwi z j fwz n ji ek mgm vq c o G K_v we epbvq i L eª vk wk v Kg mwpi z j Z Zxq kªyx _ K mikvi cöyxz Bs irx eb cvv K i Ges cvv`v bi Rb wk K mnvwqkv cöyqb K i G D ` v Mi D Ïk wqj MZvbyMwZK cöwk Y e e vi Avgj cwiez b G b wk K-wkw Kv `i AviI AvaywbK cöwk Y `v bi gva g cvv`v b ` Zv e w Kiv G D ` vm ev evq bi Rb eª v Ki wk v Kg mwp Z Zxq kªyxi Bs irx cvv eb Gi Dci wfwë K i wk K mnvwqkv ˆZix K i hvi avc 6wU, hgb, welqe m K aviyv cö`vb, eb cov, evbvb, PP v, gj vqb I wjlv D³ cöwk Y gvv ch v q cušqv bvi j eª v Ki DcKiY Dbœqb BDwbU avivevwnk wkqy cöwµqv ïi K i hgb, Kg mwpi gvv ch vq n Z AwfÁ I ` Kg x `i gvóvi UªBbvi (GgwU) Effectiveness of teachers training in BRAC schools kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (1999) mvi-ms c K i Qb gv. Kvqmvi Avjx Lvb wbh vm 14

Bs irx wel q cöwk Yi Kvh KvwiZv mvwbqv myjzvb I Ab vb cöwk Yi Rb wbe vpb K i Zv `i K qk avc cöwk Yi gva g gvóvi UªBbvi wnmv e ˆZix K i, hv `i ciez x Z wk Kwkw Kv `i mivmwi cöwk Y `qvi K_v wkš ciez x Z D³ cvv`vb KŠkj `ªZ gvvch v q cušqv bvi j I Kg x `i ` Zv e w i Rb gvóvi UªBbviiv gvv ch v qi Kg x `i cöwk Y `vb ïi K i ciez x Z Kg xivb wk K-wkw Kv `i gvwmk wi d«kvm cö`vb K i h nzz GB cöwµqvq cöwk Yi welqe K qkwu av ci gva g wk K-wkw Kv `i Kv Q cuš Q, ZvB mwvk gvb ervq i L Zv `i Kv Q cuš Q wkbv Zv hvpvb KivB GB M elyvi cöavb D Ïk Z_ msmö ni Rb ch e Y, gzvgz Rwic, cökœcî, wk Kwkw Kv I Kg x `i mv _ `jxq Av jvpbv I cöwk Yv_ x `i Ávb hvpvb Kivi Rb cix v bqv nq G Rb M elkmy DcKiY Dbœqb BDwbU KZ K gvóvi UªBbvi `i GKwU cöwk Y Kvm, gvóvi UªBbvi KZ K Kg x `i wzbwu cöwk Y Kvm, Kg x KZ K wk K-wkw Kv `i wzbwu wi d«kvm Ges QqwU z j wk Kwkw Kv `i cvv`vb KŠkj ch e Y K ib M elyvi djvd j `Lv hvq h, DcKiY Dbœqb BDwbU KZ K gvóvi UªBbvi `i cöwk Y Ges gvóvi UªBbvi KZ K Kg x `i cöwk Y AZ š djcöm I m švlrbk wkš Kg x wk Kwkw Kv `i wi d«kvm I wk K-wkw KvMY z j cvv`v bi gvb ervq ivl Z cv iwb M elk `i ch e Y I cöwk Yv_ x `i gzvg Zi wfwë Z GUv cözxqgvb nq h, cöwk Yi KŠkj G Kev ib bzzb Ges Bs irx wel qi Dci cöwk Y Áv bi mxgve Zvi Kvi Y gvvch v q cöwk Y AZUv djcöm nqwb ZvQvov, cöwk Yv_ xiv BwZc e cöyxz cvv`vb c wz Z Af ZvQvov cöwk Yi KŠkj bzzb niqv m Ë I mgqkvj wqj AZ š mxwgz GQvovI cöwk Yv_ x I M elkmy g b K ib h, DcKiY Dbœqb BDwbU KZ K cöyxz wk K mnvwqkv AviI mnr Kiv h Z cv i ZvQvov cöwk Yi 6wU avc K AviI mnr I cöwk Yi gqv`kvj AviI e w Kiv h Z cv i e j gzvgz e ³ Kiv nq GB M elyvi djvdj DcKiY Dbœqb BDwbU K cöwk Y AviI djcöm Kivi w`k wb ` kbv w` e ZvB cöwz e`b kl nevi c e B DcKiY Dbœqb BDwbU wk K mnvwqkv I cöwk Yi KvVv gv cwiez b Kivi Rb h_vh_ c` c MÖnY K i Qb wbh vm 15

wbh vm 2002 deª qvwi;10:16-18 eª vk eª vk wk v Kg mwp Z gvvch v q Kg iz Kg x I wk K-wkw Kv `i Bs irx wel qi Dci Áv bi gvîv gj vqb gv. Kvqmvi Avjx Lvb eª vk evsjv `k mikv ii me Rbxb wk v Kg mwpi j gvîv AR b mnvqzv Kivi j `yb ai bi cöv_wgk wk v Kg mwp ïi K i cö_g ai bi zj ïi K i 1985 mv j Ges wøzxq ai bi 1988 mv j hv h_vµ g wzb I `yb ermi gqv`x cö_g ai bi cök íi bvg GbGdwcB hv 8-10 ermi eqmx Q j- g q `i Rb Ges wøzxq ai bi cök íi bvg wk kvi-wk kvix hv 11-14 ermi eqmx Q j- g q `i Rb eª v Ki zj mg n mvaviyzt `wi`ª cwiev ii Q j- g q `i fwz Kiv nq, hviv Av `Š Kvb z j fwz nqwb wksev fwz n ji gšwjk wk v MÖn Yi c e B zj Z vm K i Q ev covïbv Q o w` q Q eª vk z ji wzb erm ii wk v mgvßkvix QvÎ-QvÎxiv mvaviyzt AvbyôvwbK z j 4_ kªyx Z fwz niqvi hvm Zv AR b K i Ges m Abyhvqx Zv `i fwz i e vcv i mn hvwmzv Kiv nq eª v Ki GB wk v Kvh µg K AvbyôvwbK wk vi gj mªvzavivi mv _ Lvc LvIqv bvi Rb 1997 mv j we kl D ` vm bqv nq hvi djkªwz Z eª vk Zvi z ji gqv` câg kªyx ch š e w K i Avkv Kiv nq h Q j- g qiv eª vk z ji jlvcov kl K i AvbyôvwbK z j lô kªyx Z fwz n e cöv_wgk ch v q eª vk GB cwiewz Z Kvh µg cix vgjkfv e gvu GKnvRvi z j ïi K i GB ch v q eª vk wk v Kg mwp wewfbœ M elyvi gva g AeMZ nq h eª vk zj _ K cvk Kiv Q j- g qiv Bs irx I As K AvbyôvwbK z ji Q j- g q `i P q ZzjbvgjKfv e `ye j `Assessing cognitive knowledge in English of staff and teachers of BRAC's non-formal primary education programme' kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (1999) wbh vm 16

Bs irx wel q Áv bi g~j vqb gv. Kvqmvi Avjx Lvb GK_v wpšv K i eª vk zjmg n we kl K i 4_ I 5g i evsjv `k U U eyk evw cöyxz Z Zxq kªyxi Bs irx eb cvv K i ebwu Z gvu 22wU Aa vq Av Q hvi wk bxq welq jv n Q Kv ji aviyv, AvwU Kj, Abyev` Kiv, evk ˆZix Ges wewfbœ kã wklb eª v Ki wk v Kg mwpi DcKiY Dbœqb BDwbU U U ebwui Dci wfwë K i GKwU cöwk Y MvBW Ges GKwU cöwk Y gwz j ˆZix K i GB gwz ji wfwë Z eª vk gvv ch v q Kg iz Kg x I wk K-wkw Kv `i cöwk Y `qv ïi K i D³ cöwk Y cöwµqvq eª vk gvv ch v qi wkqy Kg x K evqvb I cöwk Yi gva g gvóvi UªBbvi (GgwU) wnmv e ˆZix K i hviv ciez x Z wk K-wkw Kv `i cöwk Y I wi d«kvm cwipvjbv Ki e D jl h, Kg x wn m e hv `i gvb fvj Zv `i K GgwU wnmv e wbe vpb Kiv nq ciez x Z GgwUiv gvv ch v qi Kg x hviv zj cwi`k bi mv _ RwoZ Zv `i cöwk Y `qv ïi K i aviyv Kiv nq h hviv wk v Kg mwpi mv _ mivmwi RwoZ Zviv cöwk Y MÖn Yi gva g mswkó wel qi Dci mg K Ávb jvf Ki eb ZvB Zv `i Áv bi gvîv Rvbvi Rb G M elyv cwipvwjz nq D³ M elyvq eª vk wk v cök íi gvv ch v qi Kg x Ges wk Kwkw Kv `i Bs irx wel qi Áv bi gvîv Rvbvi Rb GKwU cix v bqv nq GB M elyvq D³ cix vi djvdj wel`fv e Dc vcb I we kly Kiv nq cix vwu eª vk wk v Kg mwpi 3wU Awd mi gvu 111 Rb wk K-wkw Kv 13 Rb wci I 5 Rb Rywbqi wci-i Dci bqv nq M elyvi gj D Ïk wqj eª vk Kg x I wk K-wkw Kv `i cuf wg Rvbv I Bs irx wel q Zv `i Áv bi gvîv hvpvb Kiv h nzz eª v Ki zj mg n U U eyk ev W i Aby gvw`z Z Zxq kªyxi Bs irx eb cvv Ges Z`byhvqx cöwk Y `qv nq, ZvB cix vi welqmgn GB eb _ KB bqv nq D³ cix vq me gvu 100 b ^i wqj hv 30 wgwb Ui wjwlz cix vi gva g bqv nq M elyvi djvd j `Lv hvq, wkw Kv `i PvKzixi AwfÁZv M o 5 ermi hv Kg mwp msmvk I Rywbqi Kg mwp msmvk A c v ewk wk vmz hvm Zvi Î `Lv hvq, Kg mwp msmvk M o 14 ermi, Rywbqi Kg mwp msmvkmy M o 13.6 esmi Ges wbh vm 17

Bs irx wel q Áv bi g~j vqb gv. Kvqmvi Avjx Lvb wk K-wkw KvMY M o 10 ermi zj-k j R c o Qb Ab w` K cöwk Yi Î `Lv hvq, Kg mwp msmvk I Rywbqi Kg mwp msmvkmy me jv Aa v qi DciB cöwk Y c q Qb wkš wk K-wkw KvMY M o 10 Aa vq ch š cöwk Y c q Qb cix vi djvd j `Lv hvq, Kg mwp msmvkmy gvu 100 b ^ ii g a M o 64 b ^i c q Qb Ab w` K Rywbqi Kg mwp msmvk I wk K-wkw KvMY c q Qb M o h_vµ g 76.4 I 39 b ^i D³ djvd j `Lv hvq h Rywbqi Kg mwp msmvkiv Kg mwp msmvk A c v ewk b ^i c q Qb KviY wnmv e g b Kiv nq h Kg mwp msmvk Ges Rywbqi Kg mwp msmvk `i g a wk vmz hvm Zvi Î Zgb Kvb cv_ K bb ZvQvov Rywbqi Kg mwp msmvkiv m` jlvcov kl K i PvKzix Z hvm`vb K i Qb cövß b ^ ii Î eª vk Kg x I wk K-wkw Kv `i g a `Lv hvq h, 39% Kg mwp msmvk, 80% Rywbqi Kg mwp msmvk Ges 4% wk K-wkw Kv 70 Gi Dci b ^i c q Qb 39% Kg mwp msmvk, 20% Rywbqi Kg mwp msmvk Ges 23% wk K-wkw Kv c q Qb 51-70 b ^i Ab w` K kzkiv 8 Rb Kg mwp msmvk Ges 39 Rb wk K-wkw Kv 0-30 Gi g a b ^i c q Qb eª vk Kg x I wk K-wkw Kv `i cövß Mo b ^ ii we kl Y `Lv hvq Zv `i wk vmz hvm Zv, PvKzixi AwfÁZv, cöz fv e zj cwi`k b, cvvµ gi Dci cöwk Y MÖnY Ges K v k cvvµg mgvßki Yi mv _ b ^i cövwßi GKUv hvmmî i q Q wk vmz hvm Zv, PvKzixi AwfÁZv, cöwk Y I K v k hz ewk cvvµg mgvß K i Q mbfv e b ^i µgvš^ q e o Q Z e Kg x I wkw Kv `i c`exi mv _ b ^i cövwßi Kvb hvmmî cviqv hvqwb Av jvpbvi mvwe K w`k _ K `Lv hvq h, eª vk Kg x `i M o 12 er ii AwaK zj K j Ri AwfÁZv _vk ji Z Zxq kªyxi Bs irxi Dci M nxz cix vi djvdj m švlrbk bq Z e mswkó M elk g b K ib h, hw`i Kg x I wkw Kv `i Ávb Avkve ÄK bq ZeyI eª v Ki wk v Kvh µg djcömfv e Pvjv Z Lye GKUv Amyweav nevi K_v bq KviY, Kg x I wkw Kviv ch vqµ g cöwk Y I Pjgvb Kvh µg _ K AviI klvi my hvm cv eb wbh vm 18

wbh vm 2002 deª qvwi;10:19-21 eª vk mikvi wba vwiz cövwšk hvm Zvi wfwë Z eª v Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk wk v Kg mwpi gj vqb mbr Kzgvi Nvl eª vk ` ki wk v we v ii Dci we kl iz w` Q KviY wk v ïay gvbevwakv ii wfwë cöwzôv K i bv, GKB m ½ gvbyl K Dbœq bi c_i `Lvq 1985 mv j h Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk wk v Kg mwp 22wU zj cöwzôvi gva g ïi nq AvR Zv cövq 34 nvrvi z ji gva g 11 j `wi`ª wkïi Kv Q wk vi Av jv cuš Q w` Q ez gv b GB Kg mwpi gj j jv nj cuvp eq ii cöv_wgk wk v Pvi eq i mgvcy, DbœZ wk v DcKiY cö ZKiY Ges µgkt ` ki wk v e e vi gj mªv Zi mv _ GB wk v Kvh µ gi m ³KiY A_ vr Avkv Kiv hvq h, AvMvgx w` b eª v Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk wk v kl K i wk v_ xiv AvbyôvwbK gva wgk wk vq mivmwi Ask wb Z cvi e GB cwi cöw Z GKwU cökœ Avm Z cv i, eª v Ki ez gvb Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk wk v Kvh µg mikvi wbw` ó cövwšk hvm Zvmgn KZUv ciy Ki Z cvi Q? G cöms M D jl h, cuvp eq ii cöv_wgk wk v mgvß Kivi ci QvÎQvÎxiv Kx Kx hvm Zv AR b Ki e Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv mikvi ˆZix K i Q G Z 53wU hvm Zvi K_v ejv n q Q G jv KB cövwšk hvm Zv ejv nq hvm Zv jv Avevi kªyx Abyhvqx fvm Kiv n q Q A_ vr cöwzwu kªyxi cöv šb hvm Zv wbw` ó Kiv i q Q G D Ï k cöv_wgkfv e eª v Ki wzb eq ii Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk wk v Kg mwp Ges mswkó Ab vb bw_cî 53wU cövwšk 'An appraisal of the BRAC`s NFPE programme in respect to coverage of terminal competencies specified by the Government of Bangladesh` kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (1999) wbh vm 19

Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk wk v Kg m~wpi g~j vqb mbr Kzgvi Nvl hvm Zvi wfwë Z hvpvb Kiv nq G M elyvq gjzt wk v Kg mwpi wjwlz bw_c Îi Dci wbf i Kiv nq GRb wzbwu Drm A_ vr cvv cȳ K, cvvµg mâvjk bw_cî I gj vqb msµvš bw_cî wbe vpb Kiv nq hvpvb qi YMZ wfwë aiv nq ÔLye fvjõ, ÔgvSvgvwSÕ I Ô gv UB bqõ G wzbwu K cövwšk hvm Zv wj K wklb djvd ji wfwë Z wzb fv M fvm Kiv nq, hgb, Af vm-avpiygjk, ÁvbgjK I wek vm-g bvfvegjk gjzt wjwlz Z _ i Dci wfwë K i mswkó Z_ msm nxz n ji cövß Z _ i h_v_ Zv wbiƒc Yi Rb kªyxwk Y I cöwk Y c wz ch e Y Kiv nq Ges wkw Kv, cwi`k K, cöwk K cöf wz e w³ `i mv _ gz wewbgq Kiv nq M elyvq `Lv M Q h, (1) eª v Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk wk v Kvh µg mvgwmökfv e mikvi wbw` ó cövq mkj cövwšk hvm Zv AR bi Póv K i (2) eª v Ki Z Zxq kªyx ch š cvv cȳ Kmgn weávbm Zfv e cö Z GLv b Af vm-avpiygjk Ges ÁvbgjK me cövwšk hvm Zv fvjfv e ev gvsvgvwsfv e cöwzdwjz n q Q Ges `yõwu ev ` me wek vmg bvfvegjk hvm ZvB h_vh_fv e cöwzdwjz h `yõwu hvm Zv cöwzdwjz nqwb m `yõwu n jv ag xq gj evawfwëk (3) cöwk Y DcKiYmgn welqwfwëk, eûgylx I weávbm Z GLv b Af vm-avpiygjk GKwU Ges wek vm-g bvfvegjk `yõwu mn gvu wzbwu hvm Zv h_vh_fv e cöwzdwjz nqwb wkš evkx 50wU hvm Zv h_vh_ fv eb cöwzdwjz n q Q (4) gj vqb msµvš bw_cî hvpvb K i `Lv hvq h, GB AskwU A c vk Z `ye j GLv b Af vm-avpiygjk 19wU, ÁvbgjK wzbwu Ges wek vm-g bvfvegjk mvzwu hvm Zv h_vh_fv e cöwzdwjz n Q bv Aek ÁvbgjK hvm Zv jv fvjfv eb cöwzdwjz n Q (5) AviI Mfxi we kl Y `Lv hvq, mikvi wbw` ó avivevwnk hvm Zvi g a gvî cuvpwu GB Kg mwp Z PP v bv Kiv n ji AwZwi³ Av iv AšZ 60wU RxebgyLx hvm Zvi PP v Kiv nq wbh vm 20

Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk wk v Kg m~wpi g~j vqb mbr Kzgvi Nvl me k l cövwšk hvm Zvi wfwë Z eª v Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk wk v Kg mwpi wkqy cwigvr bi my hvm i q Q we kl K i gj vqb c wz ms v ii K_v we epbv Kiv h Z cv i wbh vm 21

wbh vm 2002 deª qvwi;10:22-24 eª vk eª vk cvvvmvi I Zvi mgm vejx: GKwU ch v jvpbv gv. Kvqmvi Avjx Lvb MÖvg ch v q wk vi cwi ek m wói gva g mgv Ri me ai bi RbMb K Ávb AR b I mvwnz PP vi my hvm K i `qvi j cvvvf vm M o Zvjvi Rb B eª vk cvvvmvi vc bi D ` vm MÖnY K i ZvQvov bvix-cyil wbwe k l mevi g a wewfbœ iz cy wel qi Dci Av jvpbv, ^í gqv`x cöwk Yi gva g Zv `i Áv bi wekvk NUv bv Ges MÖvgxY Rb Mvôx K AwaKZi m PZb K i ZvjvB cvvvmvi vc bi gj j G j 1995 mv ji gvsvgvws mgq _ K eª vk MÖvg ch v q cvvvmvi vcb ïi K i ez gv b cvvvmv ii msl v 550wU, m`m msl v 2,44,588 Rb Ges gvu m` m i 43% gwnjv ez gv b eª v Ki wzb ai bi cvvvmvi i q Q hgb, mvaviy cvvvmvi, gwnjv cvvvmvi I QvU cvvvmvi cvvvmv ii aib f ` m`m msl v Ges cöz vwkz Znwe ji wbw` ó gvîv i q Q mvaviy cvvvmv ii cöz vwkz m`m gvîv me wbæ 500 Rb, Ges gwnjv I QvU cvvvmv ii Î h_vµ g 400 I 300 Rb Ab w` K Znwej MV bi me wbæ gvîv mvaviy cvvvmv ii Î câvk nvrvi UvKv, Ges gwnjv I QvU cvvvmv ii Î h_vµ g Pwjk I cuwpk nvrvi UvKv cvvvmv ii Rb Dchy³ Ni MÖvgevmx e e v K ib hv mvaviyzt 400-500 em dzu n q _v K cvvvmvi mvaviyzt mßv n 6 w`b Ges w` b 6 N Uv Lvjv _v K eª vk cvvvmvimgn vbxq RbM Yi e e vcbvq cwipvwjz nq cvvvmv ii mve wyk mev `qvi Rb GKRb jvb eªixqvb wbhy³ Kiv nq whwb e e vcbv KwgwUi mvwe K wb ` kbv g b P jb GB cvvvmvi m wk Z `Analysis of issues and problems of BRAC Pathagar` kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (1999) wbh vm 22

eª vk cvvvmvi I Zvi mgm vejx gv. Kvqmvi Avjx Lvb welq Ges Gi mgm vejx hv Kg mwpi Kvh KvwiZvi Î cöfve d j m m K Rvbvi Rb GB M elyvwu nv Z bqv nq M elyvi Z_ vejx wewfbœ GjvKvi gvu 6wU cvvvmvi _ K msmön Kiv nq Kg mwp mswkó `i wbr ^ gj vq bi wfwë Z 3wU Lye fvj Ges 3wU ZzjbvgjKfv e Kg fvj cvvvmvi wbe vpb Kiv nq (cöwz ai bi cvvvmvi n Z 2wU K i gvu 6wU) Z_ msmö ni Rb me gvu 258 Rb mswkó jvb eªixqvb, m`m m`m v, KwgwUi m`m, wk K I mvaviy RbM Yi mv _ `jxq I e w³mz Av jvpbv Kiv nq G QvovI c e i GK mgx vi 21wU cvvvmv ii Z_ I G M elyvq ms hvrb Kiv n q Q M elyvi djvd j `Lv hvq eª vk cvvvmvi m K MÖvgxY Rb Mvôxi aviyv AZ š BwZevPK Zviv g b K ib GB Kg mwp me mvavi Yi Ávb AR b AZ š Kvh Kix f wgkv ivl Z m g we kl K i Zv `i Q j g q `i PwiÎ MV b I fwel r Rxeb m K eª vk cvvvmvi BwZevPK f wgkv ivl e hw`i AwaKvsk RbMY Ggb aviyv cvly K ib ZeyI wkqy wkqy jvk g b K ib cix vi KvQvKvwQ A_ev cix v PjvKvjxb mg q z ji Q j g q `i Rb Mí ev Dcb v mi eb wzkvik n Z cv i MÖvgxY RbM Yi mwµq AskMÖn Yi gva g eª vk cvvvmvi cöwzwôz nq Zviv e w³mzfv e Puv`v cö`v bi gva g wb R `i Znwej MVb K ib Ges wb R `i cö Póvq m`m msmön K i _v Kb Zviv cvvvmv ii Rb GKUv Dchy³ N iii e e v K ib cvvvmvi vc bi Rb Zviv ïay A_ B cö`vb K ib bv, cvvvmvi cwipvjbvqi mwµq AskMÖnY K i _v Kb wkš eª v Ki Aby`vb cövwßi c i Zv `i mwµqzvq wkqyuv fvuv c o, Zv `i mfv mgn ek AwbqwgZ n q c o Ges A bk m`m cvvvmv ii LuvR Lei bb bv hw`i ewkifvm m`m cvvvmvi e envi K ib, ZeyI D jl hvm msl K m`m cvvvmv i gv UB Av mb bv ev cvvvmvi e envi K ib bv wewfbœ cvvvmv ii Z_ we kly K i `Lv hvq M o gvî GK-Z Zxqvsk wbqwgz Ges GK-Z Zxqvsk AwbqwgZfv e cvvvmvi e envi K i _v Kb Ab vb iv KL bv cvvvmvi e envi K ib bv AviI `Lv hvq h, cöwzwbqzb bzzb bzzb e envikvix evo Q Ges D jl hvm welq n Q cvvvmv ii m`m bq Ggb A bk jvki wbqwgz cvvvmv i Avm Qb wbh vm 23

eª vk cvvvmvi I Zvi mgm vejx gv. Kvqmvi Avjx Lvb cövß Z _ `Lv hvq h, cvvvmvi vc bi cö_g ermi eb jb ` bi nvi µgvš^ q e w cvq wkš wøzxq ermi _ K Zv n«vm cvq KviY wnmv e `Lv hvq KD KD Zv `i m`m c` bevqb bv Kivq Zv `i bv g eb Bmy Kiv m e nq bv d j eb jb `b Kg nq ZvQvov cix v Ges j ^v QywUi mgqi eb jb `b K g hvq M elyvq AviI `Lv hvq h, nvwrivi Î g q `i z j vwcz cvvvmv i gwnjv `i Ges Q j `i z j ev mvaviy v b vwcz cvvvmv i cyil `i cövavb ewk ewki fvm g q `i z j vwcz cvvvmv i cyil ev Q j `i cö ek G Kev ib wbwl cvvk-cvwvkv `i covi DcKi Yi Dci AvMÖn I Pvwn`v m wk Z Z _ `Lv hvq, hw`i cwîkvi welqe Abyhvqx AvMÖ ni wfbœzv i q Q ZeyI me ai bi cvvk-cvwvkv `i ˆ`wbK cwîkvi cöwz AvMÖn i q Q eb Gi cöwzi meai bi cvvkcvwvkvi Pvwn`v ev AvMÖn GKiKg bq QvU QvU Q j g qiv QvUM íi eb, Qovi eb, KvU yb, wgbvi eb, nvwmi Mí I iƒck_vi M íi eb Gi cöwz ewk AvMÖnx Avi DP wkw Z cvvk-cvwvkviv fvizxq jl Ki eb c Z AvMÖnx KweZvi eb, bvuk, wewfbœ ipbvejx I ågy Kvwnbxi Dci jlv eb Lye Kg jb `b nq Avevi A bk cvvk-cvwvkv ag xq eb m K AvMÖn cökvk K i Qb wkqy wkqy cvvvmvi cö qvrbxq Znwej msmön Ki Z bv cvivq cvvvmv ii myôz e e vcbvq mgm vi m ylxb n Q GgbwK jvb eªixqv bi ezbi w` Z cvi Q bv A_ev AZ š Kg ezb w` Q d j cvvvmvi Aí mgq Lvjv ivlv nq hv A bk cvvk-cvwvkvi cvvvmvi e env i Ašivq m wó K i AviI `Lv hvq h, eª vk cvvvmv ii cöpvi LyeB Kg hgb, Av kcv ki wk v cöwzôv bi wk K-wkw Kv ev A bk jvkb eª vk cvvvmvi m K AeMZ bq ZvQvov ek wkqy cvvvmv ii mvbb evw I cviqv hvqwb M elyvq GUv cözxqgvb nq h, eª vk cvvvmvi MÖvgxY RbM Yi g a GK bzzb w`m ši mpbv K i Q ZvQvov cvvk-cvwvkv `i Pvwn`vi cöwz bri i L I Zv `i Ae vb we epbv K i cvvvmvi mg n eb ev Ab vb DcKiY mieivn Kiv h Z cv i wbh vm 24

wbh vm 2002 deª qvwi;10:25-28 eª vk evsjv ` ki wkï `i gšwjk wk vi i I cöeyzv: 1993-1998 mgxi iäb bv_ I Avng` gvk&zvk ivrv PŠayix mevi Rb wk v wbwðzki Yi j wb q beÿb Gi `k Ki ïi Z AbywôZ n qwqj wek m jb G m jb wek e vcx gšwjk wk vi Av `vjb Rvi`vi Kivi Î e vck K g v ` v Mi mpbv K i G Z AskMÖnYKvix `kmgn wm vš bq h mevi Kv Q wk v cuš Q `qvi cvkvcvwk gvbm Z wk v wbwðzki Yi w` KI Rvi `qv cö qvrb m j b gšwjk wk vi msáv wba vib Kiv nq G Z ejv nq wk v n Z n e Rxe bi cö qvrb Abyhvqx hv gvbyl K klv e euvp Z, Rxe bi gvb Dbœqb Ki Z Ges DØy Ki e Ae vnz ÁvbvR bi cöwµqv Pvwj q h Z m j bi Nvlbvq ejv nq 2000 mv ji g a ivóªmgn cöv_wgk wk v AR bvc hvmx eq mi wkï `i 80 kzvs ki gšwjk wk v wbwðz Ki e evsjv `k D³ m j bi NvlYvc Î ^v i`vbkvix 187wU ` ki Ab Zg m jb ciez x cy iv `kke vcx evsjv ` k e vck wk v D ` vm cwijw Z nq hv GL bv Ae vnz i q Q mikvi cöyqb K i eva ZvgjK cöv_wgk wk v AvBb, cvv cȳ K I cvvµg K hy Mvc hvmx Kivi j Kiv nq e vck cwiez b, cöpjb Kiv nq hvm Zv wfwëk (competency) wk v Kvh µg cöv_wgk wk vi `Lvïbv Kivi Rb MwVZ nq c _K cöv_wgk I MYwk v wefvm mikv ii cvkvcvwk emikvwi D ` v MI Pj Z _v K e vck wk v Kvh µg, we kl K i GbwRI jv cöpzi msl K zj Pvjy K i Dc-AvbyôvwbK c wz Z cöv_wgk wk v Kvh µg K Rvi`vi K i Level and trend of basic education of children in Bangladesh:1993-98 kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (1999) mvi-ms c K i Qb mgxi iäb bv_ wbh vm 25

wkï `i gšwjk wk vi i I cöeyzv: 1993-98 bv_ I PŠayix wk v Kvh µg Rvi`vi Kivi cvkvcvwk Pj Z _v K wk vi gvb cwigv ci D ` vm wk v welqk wek m j bi NvlYvcÎ _ K AbycÖvwYZ n q Ges Gi aviyv Aej ^b K i BDwb m di mn hvwmzvq eª vk 1992 mv j D veb K i gšwjk wk vi cwigvck hv Assessment of Basic Competencies ev ABC bv g e vck cwiwpwz c q Q D³ cwigvc Øviv PviwU wel q wkï `i Ávb I ` Zv hvpvb Kiv nq welq jv n jv- Rxeb ` Zv, covi ` Zv, jlvi ` Zv I MwYZ ` Zv hme wkï DcwiD³ PviwU wel q Ávb AR b K i Zv `i b bzg gšwjk wk v i q Q e j aiv nq G wel q we vwiz Rvbvi Rb wbh vm Gi wøzxq LÊ (1995) `Lv h Z cv i GMv iv-ev iv ermi eqmx wkï `i gšwjk wk vi gvb hvpvb qi Rb 1993 mv ji deªqvix I 1998 mv ji A ±vei gv m `yõwu Rwic cwipvwjz nq GKB c wz AbymiY K i RvZxq wfwë Z cwipvwjz bgybv Rwic `yôwu Z h_vµ g 2,520 I 3,360 Rb wkïi gšwjk wk vi gvb hvpvb Kiv nq Dfq ÎB mg msl K Q j I g q bqv n qwqj G Z MÖvg I kni, Dfq GjvKvi wkï `ib bqv n qwqj RwicØ q e eüz msávbyhvqx 1993 mv j 11-12 ermi eqmx wkï `i 26.7% gšwjk wk vi PviwU ` ZvB AR b Ki Z c iwqj, 1998 mv j G nvi `uvovq 29.6% A_ vr cövq mv o cuvp eq i gšwjk wk vi gv bi e w N U 2.9% MÖvgv ji wkï `i g a GB nvi 23.4% _ K e w c q 26.5% G cušqvq, Ab w` K knivâ ji wkï `i g a Zv 55.7% _ K 48.4% G b g hvq hw`i `yôwu Rwi cb g q `i Zzjbvq Q jiv fvj K i Q, wkš 1998 mv j Q j I g q `i g a cv_ K Av Mi P q e o Q GUv NUvi Ab Zg KviY nj G mg q knivâ ji g qiv GKB GjvKvi Q j `i Zzjbvq LyeB Lvivc gvb AR b K i Q Dfq Rwi cb knivâ ji wkïiv MÖvgv ji wkï `i Zzjbvq LyeB fvj gvb AR b K i Q ` Zvmg ni cvi wik Zzjbvq `Lv M Q wkï `i MwYZ ` Zv Lye DuPz gv bi Ab w` K Rxeb ` Zvi gvb me wbæ RwicØ qi ga ez x mg q Rxeb ` Zv I jlvi ` Zvi Î D jl hvm AMÖMwZ mvwaz n q Q wkïi Rxeb ` Zv hlv b 1993 mv j wqj 35.6%, 1998 mv j Zv e o `vovq 43.3% GKB mg q jlvi ` Zv 44.1% _ K e o wbh vm 26

wkï `i gšwjk wk vi i I cöeyzv: 1993-98 bv_ I PŠayix 51.4% G D V D jl, GB e w cwijw Z nq ïaygvî MÖvgv ji wkï `i g a knivâ ji wkï `i gv bi AebwZ N U covi ` Zv I MwYZ ` Zvq Z e mwvkfv e g q `i Î gv bi DbœwZ N U Q wzbwu wel q: Rxeb ` Zv, covi ` Zv I jlvi ` Zvq, Avi Q j `i Î DbœwZ N U Q `yõwu wel q: Rxeb ` Zv I jlvi ` Zvq Dfq Rwi cb `Lv M Q, knivâ ji wkïiv Rwi c Ašf y³ PviwU wel qb MÖvgv ji wkï `i Zzjbvq fvj K i Q Rxeb ` Zvi Ask ev` w` q Ab wzbwu wel qi (cov, jlv, MwYZ) djvdj GKwÎZ K i hw` Ômv izvõ cwigvc Kiv nq Z e `Lv hv e mv izvi nvi 1993 mv j wqj 39.6% Ges 1998 mv j 42.5% G ÎI mv o cuvp eq i e w i cwigvy 2.9% gšwjk wk vi gv bi gzb GLv bi knivâ ji wkïiv MÖvgv ji wkï `i Zzjbvq ek fvj K i Q mv izvi gvb e w i nv i MÖv gi wkïiv GwM q Avi kn ii wkïiv wcwq q c o Q Dfq Rwi cb `Lv M Q z ji wk v MÖn Yi mv _ Ô gšwjk wk võ I Ômv izvõi nvi e w i GKwU hvm evak m K i q Q Rwi c Ašf y³ h me wkïiv câg kªyx cvk K i Q Zv `i g a gšwjk wk vi nvi wqj 1993 mv j 41.7% Avi Zv e o 1998 mv j `vovq 56.9% Abyiƒcfv e mv izvi nvi 1993 mv j 64.9% _ K 1998 mv j 73.9% G cušqvq G _ K evsv hv Q cuvp eq ii eva ZvgjK cöv_wgk wk v MÖnY Kivi cii evsjv ` ki wkï `i c wek m j b w ik Z (AR b 80 kzvsk) i cušqv bv m e nqwb AviI `Lv M Q, MÖvgv ji wkï `i knivâ ji wkï `i mgvb gvb AR b Ki Z GK eqi ewk mgq jv M GLb cökœ n Q 80 kzvsk wkïi gšwjk wk v AR b wbwðz Ki Z evsjv ` ki KZ mgq jvm e DcwiD³ Z _ i cyb: we kl Y `Lv hvq h hw` mv o cuvp eq i Avgiv gvî 2.9% gvb e w Kwi, A_ vr eq i GK kzvs kii Kg, Z e 80 kzvs k cušq Z Avgv `i jvm e AviI 95 ermi Ab fv e ejv hvq hw` G MwZ ZB AMÖmi nb Z e 2093 mv ji c e Avgiv D³ j AR b Ki Z cvie bv mv izvi Î Abyiƒc we kly Avgv `i `Lvq h 80 kzvsk wkïi mv izv AR b Ki Z Avgv `i AviI 71 ermi mgq jvm e A_ vr 2069 wbh vm 27

wkï `i gšwjk wk vi i I cöeyzv: 1993-98 bv_ I PŠayix mv ji c e 11-12 ermi eqmx 80 kzvsk wkïi mv izv AR b m e bq AviI `Lv M Q, hw` me wkï K cuvp eq ii wk v `qv m e nq Z e 2006 mv ji g a B gšwjk wk vi jw Z gvb AR b Kiv m e ez gvb e w i nvi Ae vnz _vk j câg kªyx cvk Q jiv 2003 mv ji g a B j AR b Ki e Avi g q `i A c v Ki Z n e 2012 mvj ch š DcwiD³ djvdj _ K evsjv ` ki 11-12 ermi eqmx wkï `i gšwjk wk vi i mn RB evsv hv Q wewfbœ Rwi c `Lv M Q cöv_wgk wk v Dc hvmx eq mi wkï `i wzb PZz_ vs kii ewk GLb z j hv Q hw`i kªyxk Dcw wzi nvi 60% Gi ewk bq ZeyI cövq 73% wkï cuvp eq ii cöv_wgk wk v mgvß Ki Q D³ Z_ vejx _ K wnmve K i ei Kiv m e h cöv_wgk wk v mgvßkvix wkï `i gvî GK- Z Zxqvsk wkqyuv gvb m Z wk v AR b K i GK-PZz_ vs ki Kg wkï Zv AR b K i wba vwiz mg q G _ K evsv hvq MZ GK `k K Q j g q `i K z j Dcw Z Kiv bvi Î Avgiv ek AMÖMwZ AR b K iwq, wkš gvb m Z wk v AR b A bk wcwq q i qwq wkï `i K z j cvvv bvi Î AwffveK `i gv S m PZbZv evo ji Zv `i K Dchy³ eq m z j fwz Kiv bvi Î GL bv cöwzeükzv i q Q wkïi eqm 7/8 ermi n q M ji A bk AwffveKB g b K ib wkïi GL bv z j hvevi eqm nqwb wkïi z j fwz i Î G ai bi g bvfve RvZxqfv e w ik Z mg q jw Z gvb AR b cöwzeükzv m wó Ki Q Aek me P q eo cöwzeükzv n Q wkïi cöwz z ji `vwqz h_vh_fv e cvjb bv Kiv hviv z j Avm Q Zv `i K h_vh_ Dcv q gvbm Z wk v `qv m e n Q bv eva ZvgjK cöv_wgk wk v AvBb ev evq b mikvwi I emikvwi D ` vm wkï `i z j Mg bi nvi evwo q Q, wkš evovqwb wk vi gvb Gi Ab Zg KviY n Z cv i AvB b Ôwk vi gvbõ m K wkqyb bv ejv D³ AvBb ms kvab K i A_ev bzzb AvBb cöyq bi gva g G m wk Z `iz Kgv bv h Z cv i G wel q Z`viwK evwo q Ges vbxq RbM Yi Kv Q wk v e e v K AwaKZi Revew`wn K i Gi gv bvbœq b D ` vm bqv h Z cv i wbh vm 28

wbh vm 2002 deª qvwi;10:29-31 eª vk wk kvi-wk kvix `i Rxe b eª v Ki wk v Kg mwpi cöfve gv. AvjZvd nv mb I gv. Aveyj Kvjvg eª v Ki cöavb `yõwu D Ïk `vwi`ª we gvpb I gzvq b mvnvh KivB wk v Kg mwpi gj j Ges mw`k _ K `L j eª v Ki wk v Kg mwp mvgvwrk Kg mwpi Ašfz ³ Avi ZvB G Kg mwpi cöfve gj vqb Kiv LyeB cö qvrb GRb h, Kg mwpwu Zvi wba vwiz j I D Ïk AR b ev KvwLZ cwiez b Avbq b KZUzKz mdj Zv `Lv GQvov h cwi e ki Dc hvmx K i eª vk Zvi wk v_ x `i M o Zzj Q muv cöwzwbqzb cwiewz Z n Q Kv RB G ai bi gj vq bi cö qvrb G Kvi Y h, Zv Kg mwpi mdjzv ev `ye jzv jv K wpwýz Ki Z mvnvh Ki e hv cwiewz Z cwiw wz Z wk v_ x `i fvjfv e Lvc LvIqv bvi gzv evwo q w` e GB M elyvi D Ïk wqj wk kvi-wk kvix `i Rxe b eª v Ki wk v Kg mwpi cöfve cwigvc Kiv Z_ msmö ni Rb wzbwu GjvKv _ K 1991 mv j cö_g Kvm mgvßkvix wk kvi-wk kvix wk v_ x `i ga _ K 18 Rb wk v_ x K ˆ`ePq bi gva g wbe vpb Kiv nq (12 Rb g q Ges 6 Rb Q j) GB 18 Rb wk v_ xi g a A a KB eª vk zj kl Kivi ci Kgc 1 ermi Ab vb z j cov kvbv K i Q Ab w` K GKB eqm, wk v I Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v _ K 6 Rb g q I 3 Rb Q j mn gvu 9 Rb wbi i wk v_ x ˆ`ePq bi gva g wbe vpb Kiv nq Zv `i Av_ -mvgvwrk cwiez b jv K Dcjwä Kivi Rb PKwj ói gva g Z_ msmön Kiv nq Ges gšwjk hvm Zv gvcvi Rb GKwU cix v bqv nq A_ bwzk Ae v we kly Ki j `Lv hvq, h mg wk kviwk kvix eª vk zj _ K cvk K i Q Zv `i Avw_ K Ae v hviv Impact of the BRAC education programme on the adolescents kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (1999) mvi-ms c K i Qb gv. AvjZvd nv mb wbh vm 29

wk kvi-wk kvix `i Rxe b eª v Ki wk v Kg m~wpi cöfve nv mb I Kvjvg KL bv z j hvqwb Zv `i Zzjbvq fvj M elyv _ K `Lv hvq h, 16 Rb eª vk zj mgvßkvix (`ybrb GLbI QvÎve vq i q Q) wk kvi-wk kvixi g a 10 RbB A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ê ^wb qvwrz, Ab w` K me KÕRb wbi i wk kvi-wk kvixb w`bgryi A_ev ekvi Ab w` K eª vk zj _ K cvk Kiv wk kvi-wk kvixiv we kl K i Q jiv AwaK AvqgjK Kv R wb qvwrz Kbbv G Kv Ri Rb cö qvrbxq wnmve wbkvk ivlvi ` Zv Zviv AR b K i Q Ab w` K eª vk zj _ K cvk Kiv wk kvixiv wbi i wk kvix `i Zzjbvq ewk nv i hy Mvc hvmx A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ê wb qvwrz Km& vww _ K `Lv hv Q h, mßv n cywóki Lvevi LvIqvi nvii eª vk zj mgvßkvix `i ewk Ab w` K eª vk zj kl Kiv AwaKvsk wk kvix Ges K qkrb wk kvi kvkmâx Pv li mv _ hy³, Ab w` K z j bv hviqv Kvb wk kvi-wk kvixb G Kv R wb qvwrz bb ZvQvov `Lv hvq h, eª vk zj mgvßkvix wk kvi-wk kvixiv ZzjbvgjKfv e ewk FY e envi Ki Q wkš Zviv KDB gnvrbx FY bqwb Ab w` K z j bv hviqv wk kviwk kvix `i `yb-z ZxqvskB gnvrbx FY wb q Q hšzzk cö`v bi Î eª vk zj _ K cvk Kiv Ges z j bv hviqv wk kvi-wk kvix `i aviyv I cö qv M Kvb cv_ K cwijw Z nqwb GKBfv e ^v i-wbi i wbwe k l KDB Q j- g q `i we qi cök Z eqm (AvBbZt) KZ Zv ej Z cv iwb GKRb eª vk zj MÖvRy qu Qvov 6wU iv Mi bvg Ab KD ej Z cv iwb ZvQvov AwaKvsk wk kvi-wk kvixb ^v m Z cvqlvbv e envi K iwb Z e wbivc` cvqlvbv e envikvix `i cövq mk jb eª vk zj MÖvRy qu vbxq mikv ii MVb, Kvh Kvj BZ vw` wel q eª vk zj _ K cvk Kiv wk kvi-wk kvix `i Ávb z j bv hviqv wk kvi-wk kvix `i Zzjbvq ewk n ji K `ªxq mikvi m K mevb G Kev ib AÁ G M elyv _ K `Lv hvq, eª vk zj _ K cvk Kiv wk v_ xiv g b K i cwiev i Ges mgv R Zv `i m vb e o Q, Kbbv Ab vb gwnjviv Zv `i Kv Q civgk PvB Z Av m Avevi A bk Q j- g q Zv `i cov jlv `wl q wb Z Av m Ges A b K GLb Zv `i wewfbœ mvgvwrk Abyôv b `viqvz K i Ab w` K z j bv hviqv cöwzwu wk kvixb g b K i mgv R ev msmv i Zv `i Kvb iz bb wbh vm 30

wk kvi-wk kvix `i Rxe b eª v Ki wk v Kg m~wpi cöfve nv mb I Kvjvg eª vk zj mgvßkvix mkj wk kvixb gwnjv `i N ii evb i hvzvqvz K mg_ b K i, hw`i KD KD g b K i h evb i h Z n j ^vgxi ev cwiev ii Ab Kvb cyil m` m i AbygwZ bqv DwPZ wkš z j bv hviqv Kvb Kvb wk kvix g b K i ÒevB i M j g qiv bó n q hvq Ó ZvQvov ewkifvm eª vk zj mgvßkvix wk kvix wm vš MÖnY cöwµqvq AskMÖnY K i wkš z j bv hviqv AwaKvsk wk kvixiv G cöwµqvq AskMÖnY K i bv eª vk zj mgvß K i Ab mikvwi z j cov wk kvi-wk kvix `i GKRb e ZxZ mevb b bzg hvm Zvm bœ (Competent), Ab w` K gvî GK-Z Zxqvsk wk kvi-wk kvixi b bzg hvm Zv (Basic competency) wqj Z e z j bv hviqv Kvb wk kviwk kvixib b bzg hvm Zv wqj bv wbh vm 31

wbh vm 2002 deª qvwi;10:32-35 eª vk `vwi`ª I wcz ZvwšKZvq z`ª F Yi f wgkv gwbij Bmjvg Lvb, Avng` gvk&zvk ivrv PŠayix, AveŸvm f Bqv I G K Gg gvmy` ivbv z`ª FY eª v Ki wewfbœ Kg mwpi g a Ab Zg MÖv gi `wi`ª gwnjv `i FY Kg mwp Z Ašfz ³ Kiv GB Kg mwpi gj j AZx Z f wgnxb `i cövwzôvwbk F Yi Kvb my hvm wqj bv, KviY cövwzôvwbk F Yi ce kz wqj FY cö`vbkvixi Kv Q Rwgi `wjj Rgv ivlv wkš eª v Ki z`ª FY MÖn Y G ai bi kz bv _vkvq f wgnxb `i FY MÖn Yi my hvm m wó nq z`ª F Yi cöv_wgk D Ïk n jv `vwi`ª we gvpb I gwnjv `i gzvqb gzj e eªª v Ki Dbœqb Kg mwp ïi nq 1992 mv j Pvi ermi ci 1996 mv j eª vk-avbwmwwwwavi,we M elyv cök íi Aax b `vwi`ª I wcz ZvwšKZvq z`ª F Yi f wgkv wbiƒc Yi Rb GKwU M elyv nv Z bqv nq gzj e eª vk _ K z`ª FY MÖnY K i Q Ggb 35 Rb gwnjvi Dci G M elyv cwipvwjz nq FY MÖnY _ K F Yi kl wkw cwi kva ch š F Yi cökí cwipvjbvq gwnjv `i AskMÖnY, wkw cwi kv ai Dcvq, G Kv R Zv `i f wgkv Ges `vwi`ª I wcz Z š z`ª F Yi f wgkv m K AewnZ niqvb wqj M elyvi gj D Ïk M elyvq Ašfz ³ FYMÖnxZv `i GKRb ^vgx cwiz ³v, wzbrb weaev Ges evkx 31 Rb weevwnzv Zv `i cuvprb eª v Ki Dbœqb Kg mwp Z hvm`vb K i Q GK eq iii Kg mgq c e, wzbrb 1-2 eqi, `krb 2-3 eqi, evirb 3-4 eqi Ges cuvprb Pvi eq iii Av M mvgvwrk Kvi Y eª vk mwgwz Z hvm`vb Kiv A bk gwnjvi Rb hgb mnr wqj bv Avevi mevi Rb GKiKgI bq hgb Zviv ï b Qb h eª vk we `kx ms v hv wbr ^ ag Ges ms wzi Rb wzkvik Zvic ii h mkj Kvi Y gwnjviv eª vk Assailing poverty and patriarchy, how does small money fare? kxl K GKwU M elyv wi cv U i mvi-ms c (1999) mvi-ms c K i Qb G K Gg gvmỳ ivbv wbh vm 32

`vwi`ª I wcz Zvwš KZvq z`ª F Yi f~wgkv Lvb I Ab vb mwgwz Z hvm`vb K i Qb FY MÖn Yi my hvm Zvi g a Ab Zg Zv `i Kv Q Rvb Z PvIqv nq Kvi civg k Zviv F Yi Av e`b K i Qb `Lv hvq h, cuvprb gwnjv wb Ri D ` v M, `krb ^vgxi civg k, evirb ^vgxi mv _ hš_ Av jvpbvi gva g Ges Ab iv AvÍxq I cwiev ii Ab vb `i civg k F Yi Av e`b K i Qb eª vk M nwbg vy I wewfbœ AvqgjK Kv Ri Rb FY cö`vb K i F Yi cwigvy me wbæ GK nvrvi UvKv _ K m e vp `k nvrvi UvKv ch š M elyvfz³ ewki fvm gwnjvb Qq nvrvi UvKv FY MÖnY K i Qb F Yi UvKv KD bzzb Kvb Kv Ri Rb, KDev Pjgvb cök íi Dbœq b e envi K i Qb Avevi KDev Ab K avi w` q Qb wksev mvsmvwik Kv R LiP K i Qb 35 Rb gwnjvi g a ewki fvm e j Qb h, F Yi UvKv wewb qvm K i Zviv jvfevb n q Qb Ges Lye Kg msl K gwnjvb e j Qb h, UvKv LvwU q Zviv jvf Ki Z cv ibwb F Yi UvKv w` q Zviv h Avq K i Qb Zvi 50% Gi wkqy ewk cybivq wewb qvm, 20% fvm Ges evkx UvKv FY cwi kv ai Rb e envi K i Qb AvqgjK Kv R ^vgx cwiz ³v I weaev e ZxZ weevwnz gwnjv `i mivmwi AskMÖnY LyeB Kg ZvQvov gwnjv `i AvqgjK Kv R AskMÖnY A bkvs k wbf i K i cvwievwik I mvs wzk Ae v bi Dci weevwnz gwnjviv M n vjx Kv RB ewki fvm mgq e q K ib Zviv Lye mkv j Nyg _ K D V DVvb Svo~ `q, _vjv-evmb cwi vi K i, nuvm-gyimx Qv o Ges mkv ji bv v ˆZix K i mevb K L Z `q Avi hv `i Q j- g q z j hvq Zv `i K z j cvvv bvi `vwqz I Zv `i hviv AvqgjK Kv R RwoZ Zv `i Kv Ri cwiwa Av iv A bk ewk M elyvq `Lv hvq h, FYMÖnxZvMY Zv `i Drcv`bkxj I e emvwqk Kv R gv S gv S wewfbœ mgm vq co Zb h mkj gwnjv Zv `i F Yi UvKv gj cwikíbv Abyhvqx LvUv Z cv iwb ZvivB wewfbœ msk Ui m ylxb n q Qb ïaygvî jvf _ K F Yi wkw cwi kva Kiv m e wqj bv, d j Ab vb Drm _ KI Zv `i K F Yi wkw cwi kva Ki Z n q Q ZvQvov FY MÖn Yi GK mßvn ci _ KB wkw cwi kva Ki Z nq e j Zv `i K Ab vb Av qi Dci wbf i Ki Z nq mvßvwnk wkw i Av M A bk gwnjvb D ØM I AwbðqZvi g a wbh vm 33

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