Today 5 families Lamiaceae (mint family) Scrophulariaceae (figwort family) Plantaginaceae (plantain family) Orobanchaceae (broomrape family) Phrymaceae (lopseed family)
Overview World: 200 genera, 5,500 spp. CA: 29 genera, 227 spp. Habit Ann to shrub Lamiaceae (Labiatae; mint family)
Representative genera Salvia (sage)* Stachys (hedge-nettle) * Mentha (mint)* Trichostemma (blue curls) Lamiaceae (Labiatae; mint family) Salvia mellifera black sage Stachys bullata CA hedgenettle Mentha arvensis field/wild mint
Many additional garden & kitchen species (a few here) Rosmarinus officinalis rosemary Lavandula spp. lavender Origanum spp. oregano & marjoram Thymus vulgaris, Thymus spp. thyme
Lamiaceae (Labiatae; mint family) Leaves Gen simple Entire to deeply lobed Gen aromatic (high [essential oil])* Gen opposite* Stem Gen 4-angled* ( square in cross section)
Flowers Gen bisexual INFL various, but most often as cymes/axillary clusters around stem, each separated by visible internodes* Calyx Gen 5-lobed (i.e, from 5 sepals) Radial or bilateral Corolla Gen bilateral 1-2 lipped; upper lip entire or 2-lobed (0), lower lip gen 3-lobed* Androecium Stamens 4 (2), epipetalous, gen exserted, paired, pairs gen unequal* Gynoecium Pistil 1 Ovary superior, 4-lobed* (4 nutlets as fruit) Style 1, stigmas gen 2
Fruit 4 nutlets!*
Some species we might see Salvia leucophylla purple sage
Some species we might see Salvia mellifera black sage
Some species we might see Salvia spathacea hummingbird sage
Some species we might see Salvia columbariae chia, chia sage
Some species we might see Stachys bullata CA hedgenettle, wood mint
Some species we might see Stachys albens white/cobwebby hedgenettle
Some species we might see Mentha arvensis field/wild mint
Some species we might see Mentha aquatica water mint introduced
Mentha spicata spearmint introduced
Mentha x piperita peppermint (not mapped on CALFLORA) Hybrid of: M. aquatica x M. spicata (watermint) (spearmint)
Some species we might see Trichostema lanatum woolly blue curls
Habit Ann to shrub Lamiaceae (Labiatae; mint family) Overview World: 200 genera, 5,500 spp. CA: 29 genera, 227 spp.
Scrophulariaceae (figwort family) Overview current (TJM2): World: 65 genera, 1700 spp. CA: 5 genera, 18 spp. Overview previous (TJM; as the snapdragon family ): World: ± 200 genera, ± 3000 spp. CA: 32 genera, many 100 s of spp. Scrophulariaceae* Many prominent genera to Plantaginaceae* Orobanchaceae* Phrymaceae* The morphological characteristics that distinguish these families from each other (and place certain genera within one family, rather than another) can be subtle, difficult to detect, shared among all families post scroph-split (e.g., epipetalous stamens), or absent (i.e., DNA-based)! After all, there is good reason that many genera were once lumped as Scrophulariaceae. However, many genera are highly distinctive and recognizable. Thus, for these families it is especially valuable to memorize the key genera!!
Representative genera Scrophularia (figwort)* Verbascum (mullein) * Buddleja (butterfly bush) Limosella (mudwort) Myoporum Scrophulariaceae (figwort family) Scrophularia californica Verbascum thapsus
Scrophulariaceae (figwort family) Habit Ann; or tree (e.g. Myoporum) Some ± aquatic
Scrophulariaceae (figwort family) Leaves Simple Variously colored, many light green/yellow/gray etc Gen entire Verbascum thapsus Scrophularia californica
Flowers gen bisexual Bilateral or radial some w/ INFL as spike, raceme, panicle Calyx 4-5 lobes (i.e., fused)* Corolla Petals 4-5 Androecium Stamens 4-5, epipetalous* 5 th a staminode in Scrophularia* Gynoecium Pistil 1, w/ 2 chambers Ovary superior Style 1, stigma lobes gen 2 Verbascum thapsus Limosella aquatica Scrophularia californica
Fruit Capsule, gen ovoid Limosella aquatica Verbascum blattaria moth mullein
Some species we might see Scrophularia californica CA figwort, bee plant
Some species we might see Verbascum thapsus woolly mullein Introduced, invasive
Some species we might see Limosella aquatica water mudwort
Scrophulariaceae (figwort family) Overview current (TJM2): World: 65 genera, 1700 spp. CA: 5 genera, 18 spp. Overview previous (TJM): World: ± 200 genera, ± 3000 spp. CA: 32 genera, many 100 s of spp. Scrophulariaceae* Many prominent genera to Plantaginaceae* Orobanchaceae* Phrymaceae* The morphological characteristics that distinguish these families from each other (and place certain genera within one family, rather than another) can be subtle, difficult to detect, shared among all families post scroph-split (e.g., epipetalous stamens), or absent (i.e., DNA-based)! After all, there is good reason that many genera were once lumped as Scrophulariaceae. However, many genera are highly distinctive and recognizable. Thus, for these families it is especially valuable to memorize the key genera!!
Plantaginaceae (plantain family) Overview: World: 110 genera, 2000 spp. CA: 26 genera, 148 spp. Note: before Scroph split: 1 genus (Plantago)!!!
Representative genera Plantago (plantain)* Penstemon (beardtongue)* Digitalis (fox glove)* Antirrhinum (snapdragon)* Keckiella (bush penstemon) Collinsia (chinese houses) Plantaginaceae (plantain family) Formerly in Scrophulariaceae Digitalis pupurea Antirrhinum multiflorum Penstemon centranthifolius Plantago lacineata
Plantaginaceae (plantain family) Habit Ann to shrub Some aquatic
Leaves Simple Basal to cauline Alt, opposite (whorled) Plantaginaceae (plantain family)
Flowers Plantaginaceae (plantain family) Uni- or bisexual Radial or bilateral Solitary or INFL raceme or spike Each fl subtended by bract* Calyx Sepals 4-5, gen fused at base* Corolla Petals 4-5, fused* Occ scarious (i.e., papery, dry, thin; e.g., Plantago)* Gen 2 lipped: upper 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed (often NOT obvious!)* Androecium Stamens 2 or 4, epipetalous, alternate corolla lobes Anthers opening by 2 slits* Gynoecium Pistil 1, from 2-4 carpels Ovary superior Style 1, stigma lobes 0-2
Fruit Plantaginaceae (plantain family) Capsule* All or part often persistent* Penstemon heterophyllus Antirrhinum multiflorum
Some species we might see Penstemon centranthifolius scarlet bugler
Some species we might see Penstemon heterophyllus foothill penstemon
Some species we might see Keckiella cordifolia heart-leaf keckiella
Some species we might see Antirrhinum multiflorum sticky snapdragon
Some species we might see Collinsia heterophylla (purple) Chinese houses
Some species we might see Plantago erecta CA/foothill/dwarf plantain
Some species we might see Plantago lanceolata English plantain Introduced, invasive
Some species we might see Plantago major common plantain Introduced, invasive
Some species we might see Plantago ovata desert plantain/indianwheat
Plantago psyllium Plantago ovata Seed husks high in mucilage (a soluble fiber)
Some species we might see Digitalis purpurea foxglove Introduced
Plantaginaceae (plantain family) Overview: World: 110 genera, 2000 spp. CA: 26 genera, 148 spp. Note: before Scroph split: 1 genus (Plantago)
Orobanchaceae (broomrape family) Overview: World: 99 genera, 2060 spp. CA: 11 genera, 94 spp. Orobanche fasciculata Castilleja affinis ssp. affinis Castilleja exserta ssp. exserta
Orobanchaceae (broomrape family) Habit Ann to shrub Parasites: - Complete parasites* (no photosynthesis) OR - Hemiparasites* (not all Carbon comes from host) Roots modified into absorptive structures (root parasites) Orobanche fasciculata Castilleja affinis ssp. affinis Castilleja exserta ssp. exserta
Orobanchaceae (broomrape family) Representative genera Orobanche (broomrape)* Castilleja (paintbrush, owl s clover)* Orthocarpus (owl s clover: not in SB) Formerly of Scrophulariaceae Orobanche fasciculata Castilleja affinis ssp. affinis Castilleja exserta ssp. exserta
Orobanchaceae (broomrape family) Leaves Gen simple Gen alternate Reduced to non-green scales in non-photosynthetic species Orobanche fasciculata Castilleja affinis ssp. affinis Castilleja exserta ssp. exserta
Flowers Bisexual, gen bilateral Solitary or INFL as spike, raceme, panicle Calyx Sepals / calyx lobes 0-5 Corolla Petals 5, fused* Corolla gen strongly bilateral and two-lipped: upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed* Additional abaxial lobes/bracts occ present* Androecium Stamens 4, epipetalous, 2 pairs (1 pair occ sterile), anthers unequal Additional staminode 0(1) Gynoecium Pistil 1, w/ 1-2 chambers Ovary superior Style 1, stigma lobes 0-2
Fruit Capsule, gen ovoid Many-angled seeds, surface smooth or netted Orobanche cernua fruit and seeds (B = ls of seed showing embryo in gray)
Some species we might see Orobanche fasciculata clustered broomrape
Some species we might see ssp. feudgei Orobanche californica CA broomrape ssp. californica ssp. grandis
Some species we might see Castilleja affinis ssp. affinis coast / indian paintbrush
Some species we might see Castilleja exserta ssp. exserta owl clover, purple owl clover
Orobanchaceae (broomrape family) Overview: World: 99 genera, 2060 spp. CA: 11 genera, 94 spp. Orobanche fasciculata Castilleja affinis ssp. affinis Castilleja exserta ssp. exserta
Phrymaceae (lopseed family) Overview World: ± 15 genera, ± 230 spp. CA: 1 genus, 63 spp. Representative genus Mimulus (monkeyflower)* Habit Annual to shrub Formerly in Scrophulariaceae RE: Mimulus a breaking up of this genus is probably the next step, requiring more than 100 name changes. (wikipedia 2014) Mimulus aurantiacus
Phrymaceae (lopseed family) Leaves Simple Opposite Entire or toothed Mimulus aurantiacus Mimulus cardinalis
Flowers Bisexual Radial or bilateral Fls 1-2 in axils, or INFL various Calyx Sepals fused into 5-lobed tube* Tube gen ribbed* Radial or ± bilateral Corolla Gen bilateral Petals gen fused into 2-lipped tube: upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed* Androecium Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, epipetalous Gynoecium Pistil 1, 1-2 chambers Stigma lobes 2, flat, fold together if touched* Ovary superior
Fruit Capsule Mimulus guttatus
Some species we might see Mimulus aurantiacus bush or sticky monkey flower
Some species we might see Mimulus cardinalis scarlet or cardinal monkeyflower
Some species we might see Mimulus guttatus Common, yellow, or seep monkeyflower
Phrymaceae (lopseed family) Overview World: ± 15 genera, ± 230 spp. CA: 1 genus, 63 spp. Representative genus Mimulus (monkeyflower)*; formerly in Scrophulariaceae Habit Annual to shrub RE: Mimulus a breaking up of this genus is probably the next step, requiring more than 100 name changes. (wikipedia 2014) Mimulus aurantiacus