Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals: Phylogeny and Diversity

Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals: Phylogeny and Diversity

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 2

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Proteobacteria Chlamydias Spirochetes Cyanobacteria Gram positive bacteria Korarchaeotes Euryarchaeotes, crenarchaeotes, nanoarchaeotes Diplomonads, parabasalids Euglenozoans Alveolates (dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates) Stramenopiles (water molds, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae) Cercozoans, radiolarians Red algae Chlorophytes Charophyceans Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Domain Bacteria Universal ancestor 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 4

Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) Seedless vascular plants (ferns) Gymnosperms Angiosperms Amoebozoans (amoebas, slime molds) Chytrids Zygote fungi Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Sac fungi Club fungi Choanoflagellates Sponges Cnidarians (jellies, coral) Bilaterally symmetrical animals (annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, vertebrates) Plants Animals Fungi 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 5

Comparing the Domains 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 6

Nutritional Modes 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 7

Domains. 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 8

Prokaryote Shapes: Eubacteria 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 9

Endosymbiosis: more than the sum of the parts 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 10

Endosymbiosis..and plastids 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 11

Protista..lots of them! 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 12

Protist Diversity 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 13

The Algae: Protists or Plants Euglenozoa: Euglena and Peranema unicellular, flagellate, autotrophic Pyrophyta: dinoflagellates unicellular, flagellate, photoautotrophic, cellulose cell plates (red tide, fire algae) Bacillariophyta: diatoms Unicellular, photoautotrophic, silica test (Petri dish) diatomaceous earth Chrysophyta: golden algae Unicellular and multicellular, photoautotrophic, pectin or silica in cell walls Phaeophyta: brown algae Multicellular, photoautotrophic, cellulose cell walls, Kelp Rhodophyta: Red algae Multicellular, photoautotrophic, cellulose and polysaccharide cell walls Chlorophyta: green algae Unicellular, colonial, multicellular, photoautotrophic, cellulose cell walls 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 14

Ulva Life Cycle isomorphic alternation of generations green algae Chlorophyta Haploid gametes produced in gametangia have 2 flagella Haploid zoospores produced in sporangia have 4 flagella 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 15

gamy morphy spory so many terms, so little time.. Heterogamy Isogamy Anisogamy Oogamy Male and female differ in size and/or shape Male and female same size and shape Differ in size and/or shape Egg much larger than sperm Non-motile egg Heteromorphy Isomorphy Isospory Heterospory Sporophyte (2n) and gametophyte (n) are noticeably different in appearance Sporophyte (2n) and gametophyte are very similar in appearance All spores same size and structure Microspores Macrospores 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 16

Colonization of the Land Adaptations for reproducing on land Embryophyte plants Seed plants Subterranean and aerial organs Rhizomes and roots.leaves, cones, flowers. Chemical Adaptations Primary products: glucose, cellulose, amino acids for structure, storage, metabolism, growth Secondary products for protection Lignin wood Poisons eg cardiac glycosides Sporopollenin polymer resistant to environmental damage (spore coats) 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 17

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Plants 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 19

Alternation of Generations: General 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 20

Alternation of generations: variations on a theme. 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 21

Sporophytes & Gametophytes 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 22

Medicines derived from seed plants. 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 23

Angiosperms: Covered Seeds 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 24

Fungi 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 25

Fungi 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 26

Fungal hyphae.. 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 27

Specialized Hyphae 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 28

Fungal Life Cycle I 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 29

Fungal Life Cycle II 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 30

What is an animal? Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic Ingest food Lack cell walls Collagen as main structural protein Nervous and muscle tissue Diploid life stage dominant Only gametes are haploid 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 31

Animal Development: 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 32

Hypothetical transition from colonial protist to gastrula-like protoanimal 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 33

Parazoa Eumetazoa Radiata Bilateria Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomate Protostome Deuterostome 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 34

Parazoa: Multicellular No true tissues Porifera.sponges Eumetazoa Multicellular True tissues 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 35

Symmetry Radiata: Radial symmetry Diploblastic Cnidaria Ctenophoroa Bilateria Bilateral symmetry Triploblastic 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 36

Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Eucoelomate Coelom = Body Cavity 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 37

Acoelomate Solid body with no cavity Platyhelminthes planaria flukes tapeworms 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 38

Pseudocoelomate Body cavity has outer but not inner mesoderm lining nematodes rotifers 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 39

Eucoelomate (Coelomate) Body cavity lined completely with mesoderm annelids molluscs arthropods echinoderms chordates 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 40

Protostome or Deuterostome? 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 41

Protostomes Deuterostomes Spiral cleavage Radial cleavage Determinate cleavage Indeterminate cleavage Schizocoelous coelom Enterocoelous Mesoderm splits to form body cavity Mouth develops from blastopore (1 st mouth) and anus develops as a 2 nd opening.primitive anus become mouth! Mesoderm splits from wall of archenteron and becomes a coelom Mouth develops from a 2y opening (2 nd mouth) and blastopore becomes anus 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 42

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Selected Animal Phyla 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 44

Chordates 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 45

Chordate Characteristics 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 46

Vertebrates Agnatha Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 47

Source Campbell Biology 7 th edition http://www.aw-bc.com/campbell/ 1/8/2006 Phylogeny 48