Chapter 1 The Human Organism 1-1
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: Scientific discipline that investigates the body s structure Physiology: Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things Structure (Anatomy) determines function (Physiology) 1-2
Topics of Anatomy Gross or macroscopic: Structures examined without a microscope Regional: Studied area by area Systemic: Studied system by system Surface: External form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging Microscopic: Structures seen with the microscope Cytology: Cellular anatomy Histology: Study of tissues 1-3
Developmental Anatomy: study of structural changes that occur between conception(fertilization) and adulthood Embryology: subspecialty of developmental anatomy examines changes from conception to the eighth week of development Pathology: medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from disease 1-4
Anatomic imaging: uses radiographs (x-rays), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures 1-5
Anatomic Imaging Clinical Focus X-Ray or radiograph is shadowy negative of internal body structures CT or computed tomography is refined version of an x-ray and shows computer analyzed slices through the body DSR or dynamic spatial reconstruction is refined 3-D imaging and allows movement Sonography or ultrasound is inexpensive and uses high-frequency sound waves MRI or magnetic resonance imaging uses radio waves and a magnetic field to produce very clear sections of soft tissues 1-6
Topics of Physiology Reveals dynamic nature of living things Consider operations of specific organ systems Cell physiology: Examines processes in cells Systemic physiology: Functions of organ systems Cardiovascular physiology-deals with the heart and blood vessels Neurophysiology: Focuses on the nervous system 1-7
Structural & Functional Organizations Chemical level Atoms Molecules Cell level-basic unit of structure and function Tissue level Organ level Organ system level 1-8
Structural & Functional Organizations Basic unit of structure and function Tissue level Organ level 1-9
Organ Systems of the Body Protection Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevent water loss,, vitamin D production. Skin, hair, nails and sweat glands Provides protection, support, body movements,blood cell production, mineral and fat storage Bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints Produces body movements, maintains posture, produces body heat. Muscles attached to skeleton by tendons 1-10
Organ Systems of the Body Removes foreign substances from blood and lymph, combats disease, maintain fluid balance, absorbs fats from the digestive tract. Consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs. Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air and regulates ph. Consists of lungs and respiratory passageways. Performs mechanical and chemical process of digestion, absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes. Consists of mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs. 1-11
Organ Systems of the Body A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiologic processes and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord,nerves and sensory receptors A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction and many other functions. Consists of glands such as the pituitary and tissues that secrete hormones. Transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and body temperature regulation. Consists blood, blood vessels and the heart 1-12
Organ Systems of the Body Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood ph, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands and associated structures Produces and transfers spermatozoa to female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of testes, accessory structures, ducts and penis 1-13
Characteristics of Life Organization: Condition in which there are specific relationships and functions Metabolism: All chemical reactions of the body Responsiveness: Ability to sense changes and adjust Growth: Cells increase in size or number Development: Changes over time Differentiation: Change from general to specific Reproduction: New cells versus organisms 1-14
Homeostasisthe existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body. For cells to function normally - temperature, volume and chemical content (variables) must remain within a normal range. Homeostatic mechanisms maintain body at ideal normal values. Organ systems control the body s internal environment so that it remains relatively constant. Disruption of homeostasis can result in disease and sometimes death 1-15
Feedback Positive Feedback: When a deviation occurs, response is to make deviation greater Leads away from homeostasis Can result in death 1-16
Negative Feedback- Regulates most systems of the body Receptor detects change (s) in external/internal environments Information relayed to a central control center (brain) Initial increase in response until effectors slow down response 1-17
1-18
1-19
Terminology and Body Plan Anatomic Position Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward Other Body Positions Supine: lying face upward Prone: lying face downward Directional Terms Superior versus Inferior Anterior versus Posterior Medial versus Lateral Proximal versus Distal Superficial versus Deep 1-20
1-21
1-22
Body Parts and Regions 1-23
Body Parts and Regions 1-24
Sagittal Body Planes Midsagittal / Median Parasagittal Frontal or Coronal Transverse or Horizontal Oblique: Other than at a right angle 1-25
1-26
Body Cavities 1-27
Body Cavities 1-28
Abdominal Subdivisions 1-29
Cover organs and line trunk cavities Visceral covers organs Parietal lines cavity walls Serous fluid secreted for lubrication by membranes Named for their specific cavity & organs Pericardium refers to heart Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity Inflammation of the serous membranes Serous Membranes 1-30
Serous Membranes 1-31
Serous Membranes 1-32