AP Physics 1 - Summer Assignmen This assignmen is due on he firs day of school. You mus show all your work in all seps. Do no wai unil he las minue o sar his assignmen. This maerial will help you wih he firs couple of weeks in he course! Physics, and AP Physics in paricular, is a science course ha will demand an excepional knowledge of algebra-based mahemaics, rigonomery, and geomery. I will someimes feel as if you are in anoher mahemaics class ha consiss of only word problems. Because much of physics requires applicaion of algebraic mahemaics, i is srongly recommended ha sudens have a solid foundaion before enering his class o be successful. Things o know abou AP Physics: 1. Ignore your grade: if you focus on he conen, do your work on ime wih he course pacing, ask quesions as ofen as needed and you will do well. 2. Concepual knowledge is more imporan han he mah. We will cover concep afer concep and o ruly do well in he class, you need o be ready o apply ha knowledge in a differen way as he quesion being asked will always be differen han you expec. a. This means you need o be involved in he course and sudy regularly. If you do so, you can build upon your knowledge and gain a deeper undersanding of he conceps. 3. Your book is your friend. When old o read a chaper or wo (or more), you NEED o do i. To say you don undersand i or i does no make sense means you need o read i again (and again and again). Remember o read and undersand he words in bold, he diagrams and heir capions and review he pracice problems done for you as well as he chaper summary. a. When you are in college (which you are now hanks o AP), reading and aking noes are he key o success in he hard sciences. 4. We now live in he echnology era. You have THE INTERNET! I am making resources for you as fas as I can and hey will always be found in CourseSies bu you have THE INTERNET! You will find hundreds of videos eaching you everyhing and i will be worh i o find good sies and bookmark hem. 5. If you are spending an excepionally large amoun of ime on one problem, skip i. You will realize ha he answer will come o you laer when you ake a break and refer back o #1. 6. Your lab parner needs o be your guiding ligh. Rely on one anoher so ha you can help each oher when he ime comes and use your ime wisely (i.e. socializing during class means you will be doing work for class when you wan o socialize ouside of class). 7. Do no cram. If he course was primarily a memorizaion-based conen, hen you could mos likely ge away wih his bu unforunaely AP Physics is compleely applicaion-based. Therefore, afer cramming for eigh hours on a cerain scienific law and sample problems and you are cerain you will do well, he es will have quesions asked in a way you have never seen before and now you do no know wha o do. Firs, refer back o #1 again and learn ha you have o undersand he conceps well enough ha you can apply i when you are asked any ype of quesions by myself or AP Collegeboard.
Always use he correc number of significan figures in your answers wheher i is scienific noaion or regular noaion. When dealing wih significan figures, remember ha all non-zero numbers are considered significan. If here is a decimal in he number, he all numbers are significan saring wih he firs non-zero number and coninuing unil he end. If here is no decimal, hen only non-zero numbers and zeroes in he middle of non-zero numbers are significan. e.g. 123 3 sig figs; 101 3 sig figs; 1010 3 sig figs; 1010. 4 sig figs; 0.010 2 sig figs; 0.00001 1 sig fig Basic Algebra You will be using hese skills daily. Familiarize wih hese physics equaions as you solve hem wih he correc number of significan figures and correc uni of measuremen. (Hin: Whaever you do wih he #s you do wih he unis!) 1. K = 1 2 mv2 K = 1 2 210 kg (10.5 m/s)2 = Answer: Uni:. 2. F = G M 1M 2 r 2 Nm2 11 F = (6.67 10 kg 2 ) (5.64 1024 kg)(1.99 10 31 kg) (1.51 10 15 m) 2 = Answer: Uni:. 3. 1 R p = 1 R 1 + 1 R 2 + 1 = 1 R p 24 Ω + 1 18 Ω = Answer: Uni:. 4. τ = rf sin θ τ = 1.4m 28N sin 47 = Answer: Uni:. 5. T = 2π l g 0.34 m T = 2π 9.8 m/s 2 = Answer: Uni:.
Basic Algebra Con. Once again, his will be a daily rouine in his class bu now you mus do i wih jus variables. So pu away your calculaor and use your head. Don ge confused wih he leers, hink of hem as numbers and algebraically rearrange for he chosen variable. 6. U g = mgh; solve for h 11. F = k q 1q 2 ; solve for q2 r 2 7. P = W ; solve for 12. R = ρ l ; solve for a 8. a c = v2 ; solve for v r 13. v f 2 = v i 2 2a(x f x i ); solve for x i 9. qv = 1 2 mv2 ; solve for v 14. n 1 sin θ 1 = n 2 sin θ 2 ; solve for 2 10. y f = y i + v i + 1 2 a2 ; solve for a 15. T = 2π m ; solve for k k
Basic Geomery/Trigonomery You will use basic geomery (area, perimeer, shapes, angles, ec.) and rigonomery (sin, cos, and an) ofen. You will need o know he basic geomery equaions for shapes and areas and you will need o know he rig. for common angles wihou he use of a calculaor (see able below). Solve for he missing angles in he following problems: 16. 17. Solve for angles 1-5. Solve for angles A-D. 18. Solve for he missing sides: 19. Solve for missing side and angle: Solve for he area in he following problems: 20. 21. Complee he following able (learn hese values) Trigonomery Funcion sin 0 30 45 60 90 cos an
Measuremens, Meric, and Convering Like all science classes, all measuremens will be made wih he meric sysem, SI Unis. Therefore, you mus be absoluely comforable wih he meric prefixes, heir magniude of power compared o he base uni and be able o conver beween hem quickly. Complee he following able: Meric Prefix Power Symbol Tera- Giga- Mega- kilo- 10 3 k base uni 10 0 - ceni- milli- micro- nano- pico- 10-12 p Conver he following using dimensional analysis (show your work): 22. 35 kg g 25. 7.2 cm 2 m 2 23. 1.8 m m 26. 81 m 3 km 3 24. 9 MJ cj 27. 31 km/hr m/s
Graphing/Daa Analysis You mus be able o inerpre and creae graphs by hand and wih compuer sofware (I prefer Excel and here is a video on CourseSies for i oo). These come ofen on FRQs (Free Response Quesions). Remember o always spread he daa ou o ake full use of he graph s axes and label hem wih iles and correc unis. Do no break he graph unless absoluely necessary and hen pu a ile on oo. 28. Take he following daa and creae a disance versus ime graph (ge used o having ime on he x-axis). Never connec he dos as i is a scaer plo. Disance (m) Time (s) 0.0 0.0 3.6 1.0 7.1 2.0 11.1 3.0 14.6 4.0 18.2 5.0 29. Add in a bes-fi line wih a sraigh edge. Wrie briefly wha wo hings make a bes-fi line. 30. Wha relaionship is found beween he disance and ime?
Velcoiy (m/s) Graphing/Daa Analysis Con. 2.5 v- Graph 2 1.5 1 0.5 0-0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11-1 -1.5 Time (seconds) This graph depics a car saring from res and moving o he righ (posiive direcion). Inerpre he graph and answer he quesions below and remember o show your work when calculaing. 31. Wha is he slope of he line from 4 seconds o 7 seconds? 32. Wha is he area under he curve beween 0 seconds and 2 seconds? 33. A wha ime(s) is he car no moving? 34. During which period of ime is he car moving o he lef?
Scalar and Vecor Quaniies Measuremens of quaniies in physics will eiher be scalar or a vecor. Scalar quaniies are measuremens ha are described by only a magniude, number only (e.g. 30 m/s, 25 kg, 5 s, ec.) Scalar is usually said o always be posiive bu i can have a negaive sign in fron of i. This means ha he scalar quaniy is being removed from he sysem Examples: Time (measured in seconds) Mass (measured in kilograms) Disance/Lengh (measured in meers) Speed (measured in meers per second, m/s) Vecors are measuremens ha have a magniude and a direcion (e.g. 2 m/s eas, 9.8 m/s 2 down, 3 N ou, ec.) Lengh of vecors are proporional o heir magniude: 5 m/s eas 10 m/s eas Examples: Displacemen (measured in meers) Velociy (measured in meers per second, m/s) Acceleraion (measured in meers per second per second, m/s 2 ) Force (measured in Newons, N) Momenum (measured in kilograms meers per second, kgm/s) o o o Vecors can be posiive or negaive a any ime. The negaive is no a value less han zero as i is in mah bu an idenificaion of he direcion i is raveling. You have a posiive direcion and a negaive direcion, which is he exac opposie of he posiive. A -A Negaive vecors have same magniude bu are 180 opposie direcion Vecors can be moved o any locaion as long as direcion and magniude are no alered. Vecor Mah: You can add or subrac vecors bu you can always use addiion bu someimes wih a negaive number (subracion). o Resulan: The resul of adding vecors When adding vecors, here are wo mehods: ip-o-ail and mahemaical componens. A + B = Resulan A - B = A + -B = Resulan
Vecor Mah Con. This ip-o-ail mehod can also be done in wo-dimensions A + B = A Resulan B A - B = A + B = B A 35. 37. 36. 38. The above examples demonsraed he ip-o-ail mehod where you can move vecors around as long as he ip of one vecor ouches he ail (back end) of he nex vecor. The resulan will sar a he ail end of he firs vecor and move in a sraigh pah o he ip of he las vecor. I is he only vecor in he diagram ha is no ip-o-ail. In he mahemaical componen mehod, we do no connec or move any vecor around he paper. We simply use he coordinae plane orienaion wih he four quadrans and use basic rigonomery o find he horizonal and verical componens ha make up he vecor (we ake he vecor as he hypoenuse and make a righ riangle). +Ax +Ay -By -Bx
Vecor Mah Con. = 53 Ax = 3 m Ay = 4 m Vecor A has a magniude of 5 m and a direcion of 53 above he x-axis Using rigonomery, you can find he sides and he missing angles (means herefore) he horizonal x-componen is 3 m and he verical componen is 4 m. Pyhagorean heory is essenial! You ry i now wih he following problems: Find he magniude of he x- and y-componens for he hree vecors (some will be negaive or zero) 39. Vecor 1 x-componen: y-componen: 40. Vecor 2 x-componen: y-componen: 41. Vecor 3 x-componen: y-componen: Given a vecor (magniude and direcion), you should now be able o graph i on a coordinae plane and using rigonomery find he x- and y-componens. Remember o keep your calculaor in Degree Mode (i.e. no Radians). Take he following vecors, draw i on a coordinae plane and calculae he componens: 42. 15 m @ 77 Quad 2 (91-179 ) Quad 1 (0-89 ) 43. 8.0 m @ 235 44. 11 m @ -45 (hink abou i negaive) Quad 3 (181-269 ) Quad 4 (271-359 )
Vecor Mah Con. Now work backwards! Take hese componens and find he vecor s magniude and direcion. e.g. A x = 10 m, A y = -5.0 m A x 2 + A y 2 = Resulan A x 10 2 + 5 2 = 11 m Resulan is 11 m @ 333 an θ = opp adj opp θ = an 1 adj 1 5.0 an = 27 or 333 10 A y 45. x = 200, y = 100 46. x = -100, y = 75 47. x = -25, y = -45 48. x = 30, y = -60
Kinemaics (science of moion), Labs & Simulaions There will be imes hroughou he year when you will be required o go online o complee online simulaion labs as well as research opics being discussed in he class. Here is your firs! One of he bes resources for basic physics undersanding and applicaion is www.physicsclassroom.com, so be sure o bookmark i for fuure reference (hyperphysics is anoher). You will use his websie o complee he following quesions and graphs, which will give you he foundaion needed for no only he firs uni of sudy (Kinemaics), bu for he whole course as i is cumulaive! Go o www.physicsclassroom.com Click on he link on he lef for Physics Tuorial In he middle under The Physics Classroom Topics choose he link 1-D Kinemaics Take your ime, record some noes for yourself and slowly read over all he maerial found in lesson 1 hrough lesson 6. Answer and complee he following: Lesson 1 49. Describe in your own words he meaning of a vecor s magniude. 50. Differeniae beween displacemen and disance and include he following: when are hey ever he same and when are hey differen? 51. Do he same as above for quesion 50 bu for speed and velociy. 52. How does acceleraion relae o velociy and give an example of when one would experience a negaive acceleraion?
Kinemaics (science of moion), Labs & Simulaions Con. Lesson 2 53. Draw an example of a icker-ape diagram for an auomobile acceleraing from res and moving o he righ. 54. Draw a vecor diagram for he same hing as 53. Lesson 3 & 4 55. Skech a posiion versus ime (posiion-ime or x-) graph and a velociy versus ime (v-) graph for each of he following scenarios (assume righ is posiive for boh displacemen and velociy): a. A car moving o he righ a a consan velociy x v b. A car moving o he righ wih an increasing velociy x v c. A car moving o he righ wih a decreasing velociy x v
Kinemaics (science of moion), Labs & Simulaions Con. Lesson 5 56. Wha is he symbol for graviy and wha value does i represen (memorize boh for he whole year!)? 57. Wha is he oal field graviaional value for Jacksonville? Use he widge a he boom of he page. 58. Explain he erm free fall in your own words. 59. Draw he curves for boh x- and v- graphs below for an objec in free fall assuming up is posiive (he objec would be dropping down oward he surface of Earh). x v 60. Wha value would he acceleraion on he objec above have now? Does i change anyime during is fall? Describe he moion of is fall. 61. If here was no air resisance, which objec falls faser: an unfolded piece of paper or an anvil? Lesson 6 Alhough physicsclassroom.com wries hem differenly, hese are he firs four kinemaic equaions and he firs four equaions you will learn/use hroughou he whole year (cumulaive remember ha!): v = x v f = v i + a v 2 f = v 2 i + 2a( x) x f = x i + v i + 1 2 a2 These equaions are used ofen and can have heir x-displacemens swiched wih y-displacemens for verical moion. 62. Which one would be bes o find he disance he objec fell from free-fall if i fell for six seconds, assuming i fell in he absence of air resisance and i sill hasn i he ground? Solve his problem and show all seps of work (you will need o replace he variables x wih y as he objec is moving only on he y-axis).