Midterm Review Ntes - Unit 1 Intr 3 States f Matter Slid definite shape, definite vlume, very little mlecular mvement Liquid definite vlume, takes shape f cntainer, mlecules mve faster Gas des nt have a definite vlume r shape, mlecules are mving very fast Prperties Physical anything that can be bserved withut changing the identity f the substance Chemical - characteristics which are exhibited as ne substance is chemically transfrmed int anther Changes Physical - change in which the matter's physical appearance is altered, but cmpsitin remains unchanged; can be reversed Chemical change that alters the cmpsitin f the riginal matter; can t be reversed Classificatin f Matter Pure Substance unifrm prperties thrughut the substance Element cmpsed f nly 1 type f atm Cmpund cmpsed f multiple atms, but cannt be separated Mixture Hetergeneus cmpsitin with a nn-unifrm cmpsitin, cmpnents can separate and very in cmpsitin Hmgenus cmpsitin is mixed unifrmly thrughut, desn t separate ut Slvent liquid that des the disslving Slute slid that is being disslved Unit 2 - The Atm Prtns - psitive charge, inside the nucleus, 1 amu; tell the identity f the atm Electrns - negative charge, rbits the nucleus (utside), 1/2000 amu; give atms their chemical prperties Neutrns - neutral charge, inside the nucleus, 1 amu Ins - atms with either extra electrns r missing electrns Isptpes - atms with the same # f prtns, but differing numbers f neutrns, which leads t different atmic masses Neutral atms - atms that cntain the same number f prtns and electrns Lewis structure - shws the bnding f valence electrns & lne pairs Valence electrns - number f electrns in the uter shell, can nly be 8 Orbital diagram - shw individual rbitals in each energy level s - hlds 2 p - hlds 6 d - hlds 10 f - hlds 14 Electrn Cnfiguratin Rules Aufbau must start at the lwest energy level & fill rbitals in the crrect rder
Midterm Review Ntes - Hund (pizza rule) every rbital has t have 1 electrn first befre secnd electrns can be given Pauli electrns have t g in ppsing directins Energy Levels E level 1 - hlds 2 All ther E levels - hlds 8 Mdels f the atms Demcritus - atms Daltn - first atmic thery JJ Thmsn - discvered electrns; Plum Pudding Mdel Rutherfrd - discvered prtns & nucleus; Gld Fil Experiment Bhr - Bhr mdel; electrns mve arund nucleus in shells Chadwick - discvered neutrns & had n charge Atmic Mdels Greek JJ Thmsn Rutherfrd
Midterm Review Ntes - Bhr Unit 3 - The Peridic Table Peridic Table lcatins PT Valence Electrns & Energy Levels Grup # = Valence Electrn # Rw # = Energy Level
Midterm Review Ntes - Unit 4 - Nmenclature & Bnding Naming Rules Plar vs Cvalent ID Rules Lne pair n central atm = POLAR Charge n mlecule = POLAR If neither f the abve are true & the lewis structure is symmetrical, symmetry trumps plarity = NONPOLAR
Midterm Review Ntes - Intermlecular vs Intramlecular INTER - attractins between mlecules (van der Waals) Inic H-Bnds (H & F, O, r N) Diple Lndn Frces INTRA - attractins within the mlecule (electrnegativity) Inic 1.7+ Plar 0.5 t 1.69 Nnplar 0.49 & belw Electrlyte vs Nnelectrlyte Electrlyte - any substance that separates (inizes r dissciates) int ins in water; cnducts electricity Nnelectrlyte - des nt cnduct electricity nr des it break dwn in water Unit 5 Chemical Reactins 5 Rxn Types (Written as Reactants Prducts) Synthesis 2 elements becme 1 mlecule A + B AB Decmpsitin 1 mlecule breaks dwn int 2 atms AB A + B Single Replacement 1 element takes the place f the like element in a mlecule) AB + C A + CB If C is + then it replaces the + atm in AB; if C is then it replaces the atm in AB) Duble Replacement catins and anins switch partners t frm new cmpunds AB + CD AD + CB Cmbustin hydrcarbn reacts with xygen t frm carbn dixide and water C xh y + O 2 CO 2 + H 2O Signs a Rxn has ccurred Frmatin f a precipitate (slid r liquid) Frmatin f a gas Heat r light is given ff (change in temperature) Change in clr Change in dr Driving Frces f a Rxn Duble Replacement Frmatin f a slid (*mst cmmn) Frmatin f water (H 2O in prducts) All thers Frmatin f gas (H 2, N 2, O 2, F 2, Cl 2) Transfer f electrns (*mst cmmn)